Aviation

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Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The invention was first thought of hundreds of years ago, but look how long it took us. From 10, when the Wright's flew eight horsepowered planes until now when we fly. Wilbur and Orville Wright's Contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. Most importantly it all began in their childhoods. The father of Wilbur and Orville Wright was a minister of the United Brethren Church, the Reverend Milton Wright (Rowland-Entwistle 6). Milton went to a small college at Hartsville, Indiana to study ministry (Rowland -Entwistle 6). He was given a license to preach in 1846 when he was only 18 years old, but he decided to spend some time teaching before taking up his duties as a preacher (Rowland -Entwistle 6). During a visit back to Hartsville, young Milton met a bright, charming girl named Susan Catherine Koener, who had been brought up on a farm (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Susan was good at mathematics (Rowland -Entwistle 6). From her father she inherited an ability to make and mend things (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Most women in those days were expected to make and mend clothes, but Susan could also carry out what we now call "do-it-yourself"Amos jobs around the house (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Milton and Susan were married in 185, about five years after they first met (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Milton was just 1, and

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Susan was 8 (Rowland -Entwistle 6). On April 16, 1867, Milton and Susan Wright welcomed their third child into their household near Millville, Indiana (Ford 1). The newest member of the family, Wilbur, had two older brothers to contend with Reuchlin, 6, and Lorin, 4 (Ford 1). Little did Susan know that she had given birth to the first half of one of the world's most famous inventive partnerships (Ford 1). The other half of the duo, Orville, was born four years later, on August 1, 1871, in the family's newly built home at 7 Hawthorn Street in Dayton, Ohio (Ford 1). Orville's sister, Katharine, was also born in that house on his third birthday (Ford 1). When the boys were young Milton brought the boys various souvenirs and trinkets he found during his travels for the church (Ford 1). One such trinket, a toy helicopter-like top, sparkled the boys' interest in flying (Ford 1). Orville wrote of his childhood We were lucky enough to grow up in an environment where there was always much encouragement to children to pursue intellectual interests; to investigate whatever aroused curiosity (Bradshaw 1). Both Brothers never graduated high school or went to college (Bradshaw 1). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The middle years of the Wright brothers were important years as well, but also very amazing. To earn pocket money Wilbur helped out on a church newspaper edited by his father, constructed a special machine to fold the papers for mailing (Freedman 10). Orville on the other hand published a weekly newspaper called the West Side News (Freedman 10). Later his older brother Wilbur, who had always Amos enjoyed writing, soon joined his brother as the paper's editor (Freedman 10). After a year, they decided to convert their weekly into a daily, The Evening Item (Freedman 11). A new invention from Europe gave the Wright brothers a new interest (Rowland-Entwistle -). It was the so-called safety bicycle; the kind now used with both wheels the same size, instead of the one big and one small (Rowland-Entwistle -). Orville and Wilbur each bought bikes, and decided to pen a bicycle shop to take advantage of the new craze (Rowland-Entwistle -). For a time they kept on the printing business (Rowland-Entwistle -). The bicycle shop included a repair shop to do bike repairs (Rowland-Entwistle -). Building, fixing and selling bicycles kept the brothers busy, but it was not a career that appealed to Will (Rowland-Entwistle ). He was looking for something new to invent (Rowland-Entwistle ). Then one day Will came across a magazine article about a German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, who had made a machine in which he could glide through the air (Rowland-Entwistle ). Will thought that Lilienthal's ideas on controlling his glider wouldn't work (Rowland-Entwistle 4). Sure enough, one day he read that Lilienthal had crashed and been killed (Rowland-Entwistle 4). At the time Orv was seriously ill with typhoid fever (Rowland-Entwistle 4). As soon as he was better Will began to discuss with him his new dream to make a machine that really would fly under its own power, controlled by a human pilot (Rowland-Entwistle 4). First, they read everything that had ever been written about flight (Rowland-Entwistle 5). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. Along with the important facts of the Wright Brother's early Amos 4years and middle years, is the important invention that the Brothers had created, " The Airplane" (Rowland-Entwistle 5). They designed and built a glider, big enough to carry a man (Rowland-Entwistle 5). To experiment with it they took the machine in parts to the tiny hamlet of Kitty Hawk in North Carolina (Rowland-Entwistle 5). There, on a wide sandy beach, there was plenty of space to practice Flying-and no one to watch them (Rowland-Entwistle 5). In September 100, the brothers traveled by train, ferry, and hired a boat to Kitty Hawk (Parker 15). They lived in a tent on the windy dunes, where sand blew everywhere (Parker 15). They had brought their first glider (Parker 15). It was a double-decker or biplane design, with a wingspan of 5.7 yards, a wooden frame, and woven cotton covering (Parker 15). The pilot lay on the lower wing (Parker 15). He operated the front elevator with his hands and the wing-warp by a pivoted bar at his feet (Parker 15). After three weeks of unmanned test, they took the glider along the shore, with help from the local postmaster, Bill Tate (Parker 15). Their launch site was a group of three huge sand dunes called Kill Devil Hills (Parker 15). Wilbur made the first test glides into the strong winds (Parker 15). The best covered over 100 yards in about 0 seconds (Parker 15). But the winds died down, and the brothers returned to Dayton (Parker 15). The first couple of gliders that the Wright Brothers had made had several problems such as turning left or right and moving the glider up or down which the gliders didn't do very well (Parker 15). After observing how buzzards keep their balance in the air, Wilbur realized that in order to operate successfully, an airplane must operate in three axes of motion pitch, roll, and yaw (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). It seems like an obvious observation to us now, but back then, Wilbur was the first to Amos 5recognize the need to control a flying machine in all three axes of motion (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). His solution to the problem of control was a technique called wing warping (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). By twisting the surface of each wing with levers, it changed the position of the wing in relation to the oncoming wind (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). So, one side could produce more lift as the other side produced less simultaneously (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). This enabled an aircraft to keep a level position even when disturbed by wind-very much like a buzzard twisted its wings to control its movement (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). Having resolved the control issue with tests on biplane kites, the brothers began experimenting with full-size gliders (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). Using their newfound knowledge, The Wright Brothers designed their 10 glider, the biggest yet (Parker 18). Its wings were longer but less broad, with a wingspan of 10.8 yards and chord of 1.6 yards (Parker 18). A hip cradle worked the wing-warp system (Parker 18). There was an elevator at the front and, for the first time, a tail-two upright, fixed fins (Parker 18). The design worked well, and the Wrights made hundreds of glides (Parker 18). There was only one crash-landing, but the Wright's luck, which saved them so many times, did not fail (Parker 18). Now, Will decided, they were ready to put an engine in the machine (Rowland-Entwistle 8). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The Wright Brothers could not just take a motor and put it into one of their gliders (Freedman 65). First they needed a motor that was light yet powerful (Freedman 65). Then they had to design propellers that would produce enough thrust to drive a flying machine through the air (Freedman 65). Finally they had to build an Amos 6aircraft body sturdy enough to carry the weight and withstand the vibrations of the motor and propellers (Freedman 65). Wilbur wrote to several manufacturers of gasoline engines, asking if they could supply an engine that would produce at least 8 horsepower, yet weigh less than 00 pounds (Freedman 65). No company was willing to take on the assignment (Freedman 65). Wilbur and Orville decided to build the motor themselves with the help of Charlie Taylor, a mechanic they had hired to help out in the bicycle shop (Freedman 65). Having designed a propeller with the same principles they used to design their wings, Wilbur and Orville then built their own 4-cylinder, 1-horsepower engine (Ford ). They built the 10 Flyer in sections in the back room of their cycle shop at 117 West Third in Dayton (Ford ). When completed, it was shipped down to Kitty Hawk and assembled (Ford ). It was a "whopper flying machine," according to Wilbur (Taylor 8). Twenty-one feet (6.4 m) long, wings stretching more than 40 feet (1. m) from tip to tip, the entire airplane weighed 605 pounds (74 kg) (Taylor 8). The Pilot would lie on his stomach on the lower wing, with a lever to operate the elevator out front (Taylor 8). Wires attached to a movable hip cradle twisted the wings to make the machine turn (Taylor 8). As the pilot shifted his weight to the right or left, the wing twisted and the rudders moved simultaneously to prevent the nose from swinging in the wrong direction (Taylor 8). They started the motor (Freedman 74). The propellers turned over, paddling loudly (Freedman 74). The transmission chains clattered (Freedman 74). The motor popped and coughed, and the whole machine seemed to shudder and shake (Freedman 74). The two small boys took one look, backed away, and went racing across the sand dunes with the dog at their heels (Freedman 74). Wilbur and Amos 7Orville tossed a coin to decide who would try first. Wilbur won (Freedman 74). Orville's stopwatch showed that the Flyer had flown for just .5 seconds (Freedman 74). He stalled it on take-off, causing some minor damage (Ford ). Because the brothers took the time to carefully calculate and test each component of the aircraft step by step, they knew their fourth glider - called the Flyer and now known as Kitty Hawk - would fly (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). So, in March of 10, nine months before their actual first flight, the Wright brothers filed an application for a patent on their work (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Their systematic experimentation came to fruition before five witnesses on the windy December morning of December 17th (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). At 105 a.m. on December 17th, they flew the world's first powered airplane (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). The flight lasted a scant 1 seconds and covered just 10 feet above the sandy beaches of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). But, that brief moment captured the extraordinary genius of two rather ordinary men (Wilbur and Orville Wright 1). The brothers flew a total of four flights that day, the longest covering 85 feet in 5 seconds (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The Later years of the Wright brothers were spent traveling the world showing off their new invention and setting new records in aviation. The Wrights continued to make progress. In 11, Wilbur fell ill with typhoid fever, and died on May 0. The world mourned, and all activity in Dayton Stopped during the funeral (Parker 5). Orville died on January 0, 148, at the ripe old age of 77 (Sabin 6). At the age of 77, Orville Wright dies of a heart attack while fixing a doorbell (Wilbur & Orville Wright Amos 85). Like his older brother Wilbur, he dies a bachelor-their one passion in life is aviation (Wilbur & Orville Wright 5). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. They are the inventors of the airplane in a much truer sense than inventors usually are, says Crouch, also a senior curator of Aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). The scope and scale of their breakthrough was incredible (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Even though the first flight only lasted twelve seconds, it was a very modest flight compared with that of birds, but it was, the first in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power into the air in free flight, and finally landing without being wrecked.

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