Sex Education in China

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A Review of Sexuality Education in ChinaIntroduction In the elementary and secondary schools in China, sexuality education, as a part of the health services, has traditionally been the responsibility of the school nurses. What they do is to provide one lesson of about 1 hour in the beginning of secondary school, showing the pictures of human body, and introducing basic knowledge such as the different features males and females have in the body. Boys and girls are separated in different classrooms in this class. After that, there¡¯s no follow-up consultations, and children don¡¯t want to talk about sex with adults either. However, in recent years, sexuality education has gain greater and greater attention among educators and researchers as one of the necessary services schools should provide and improve. This paper introduces the historical and cultural background for sexuality education in China, explores the current social situations for the development of sexuality education, and reviews the progress gained in recent years in this field.Historical and Cultural Background

Sex has always been a topic that cannot be talked directly in Chinese culture. Although there is a large amount of literacy records in sex topics, the research on them is not encouraged. Books with descriptions of love stories were considered prohibited to unmarried girls in ancient China. In 16, the premier of China once spoke out the importance of sexuality education for adolescence. He suggested that we should teach school age children correct sexual knowledge before they begin to develop and experience changed in their body. However, because of the disturbance of the Great Culture Revolution, the sexuality education was not developed eventually, and it became a blind spot in Chinese culture and education. The first action in sexuality education was in 188 coming with the issuance of the Notice of Developing Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools by the National Board of Education. In 1, the People¡¯s Republic of China Minors Protection Act was passed which provided the legal criteria for the sexuality education in school. Later in the September of 1, in the publication of the Requirements of Health Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools, it divides the sexuality education into the following three aspects sexual physiology, sexual psychology, and sexual morality education. Needs for Sexuality Education One basic need for sexuality education in elementary and secondary school is that the average age from which children¡¯s bodies begin to develop is earlier than that of some years ago. One research in China yielded that the average age of the school age girls having their first menstruate flow is 1.1 years old with the earliest at years old. The figure for girls in 40 years ago was 14 years old. For boys, the average age for them to have spermatorrhea is 14.4 year old with the earliest at the age of 6, whereas the figure of 40 years ago is 16.6 years old. However, compared with the early development in children¡¯s physical conditions, their psychological development is lagging far behind. Recently there happened a sexual assault case in a well-famed secondary school in Nanjing. The most discomposing thing is that the comments and discussions of the students toward the case were full of teasing and curious which showed their infantility toward sex.Another example is that a 16-year-old school girl who has got months¡¯ pregnancy knows nothing about it, and also doesn¡¯t know how and who the baby comes from. Therefore one of the purposes of sexuality education in elementary and secondary school is to guide the school age children to psychological mature. This includes teaching them the rights and wrongs, showing them the correct moralities, and letting them know what love is. The last need arises with the involvment of multimedia in children¡¯s life. According to a survey held in 10 elementary and secondary schools in Jiangsu province of China, only 5% of the students gained their knowledge of sex in classroom. The other 5% of their knowledge of sex came from various media such as television, movies, internet, fictions, strip cartoons, and etc. Of course the information exchange among students is also one of the important sources. Among these media, a large part of the contents concerning sex is quite erotic rather than scientific. What should be done through sexuality education is to deliver correct knowledge to students before they get the incorrect ones.Parents¡¯ Role in Sexuality Education From the above paragraph, we can easily see that parents¡¯ education is not a typical source of children¡¯s sexuality knowledge. This is especially true in a country with the culture background like that of China. However, through reviewing the records of interviews with parents with the issue of sexuality education between them and their children, we can find different thoughts among the parents. Some parents avoid children¡¯s questions of sex issues. Some of them don¡¯t want to start this topic by themselves. They think children will automatically know about sex when they grow up. Some of them hope the schools take the responsibility of sexuality education. However, what needs to receive enough attention is that some parents not only avoid children¡¯s questions, but also show negative attitudes toward children¡¯s request to know about sex. This would make their children regard sex as a shameful thing in the future. One mother in the interview claimed very regret that she blamed her 15-year-old girl when she told her about a classmate who got pregnant. The mother felt she missed a good chance to begin sexuality education to her daughter, and admitted that this brought about negative result later in that her daughter never questioned her about sex and was never willing to have discussion with her in this topic. However, there are some parents who practice sexuality education to their children. Although they do this in different ways, their thoughts about it are the same that they have done the right thing, and feel beneficial through telling the kids about sex. In the records of the interviews, there are all kinds of questions children will ask their parents about sex. Such as 'where do I come from', 'why can¡¯t I wear skirt', 'how do you know I¡¯m your child', 'what¡¯s the use of a bra', and etc. Mrs. Xiao, whose son is in the third grade this year, said her first question about sex from her son is where he came from. She replied the question very scientifically and objectively. When her son knew that he came from such a little place in his mother¡¯s body, he exclaimed that mom was so hard giving him birth. The First Textbook for Sexuality Education The first textbook for sexuality education in China, Blossom Out published by Chongqing University Press, is now being tested and probably will be applied next year. This book is written based on an investigation in sex knowledge through questionnaires to 700 students in 11 secondary schools and their parents in the city of Shenzheng. This book is one of the series of the books that are planned to be used in both elementary and secondary schools. This book is used in the elementary of 5 school districts in Chongqing province for the purpose of testing. In these 5 school districts, they arranged 0.5 credit hours for health education including sexuality education in grade 1 through grade 6. The textbook is designed very vividly and easy to be accepted by elementary school children. Through the dialogues of two lovely cartoon figures, it introduces the changes in the body in adolescent hood, the sexual organs of human body, methods to protect and clean sexual organs, and the relevant issues like HIV. The feedbacks from the children who have used this book are good. Some said they learned a lot from the book, and some said the classes are interesting. Most of the children appeared to be able to accept the content in the book. The most obvious effect is that it changes children¡¯s overall understanding toward sex. One interesting example is that when a teacher entered a classroom before one class section with the textbook in the hand, a boy told others that the teacher was carrying a 'yellow' book, but after the class, he claimed that it is not 'yellow', but science. The First VCD for Sexuality Education Compared with that of the first textbook, the feedbacks of the first piece of VCD for sexuality education are much more complex. It is called Sexuality Education for Elementary and Secondary Schools, published by Electronic Audio Visual Press of Hainan Provoince. The content of the VCD consists of three parts, respectively for use in the elementary, junior secondary, and senior secondary schools. Take the first part for an example. This part is designed for the use of elementary school. It consists of six big topics. They are 'what is sex', 'get to know myself', 'the mystery of growing', 'be proud of my gender', 'this is not a mistake', 'protect myself'. This VCD has received both praise and blame. The positive feedbacks include its creativeness, vividness, practicality, and significance as the first VCD in this area. A teacher highly appraised the topic of 'be proud of my gender'. She said we should give more attention to some psychological illness like transvestism among adolescents. However, there are a lot of negative feedbacks toward the VCD too. Some students said they can¡¯t accept the pictures of real human bodies in the VCD, especially the close-up of their sexual organs. A teacher said it spent too much time to explain sexual intercourse in the topic of 'what is sex', and it ignored some important health care knowledge in the topic of 'protect myself', such as not to wear pants those are too tight. A girl even complained that there were much more naked female bodies appeared in the picture than naked male bodies, which was unfair, and made her very uncomfortable. The comments from the experts are quite authoritative, saying that the overall design of the VCD is very good and significant, but considering the ability of the psychological receptivity of elementary and secondary school students, some pictures need to be removed and some contents need to be revised for the purpose and best effects of education. Conclusion Generally speaking, the sexuality education in China is experiencing a transformational period. Currently it faces many problems such as lack of historical and cultural traditions, lack of specialists in this area, lack of proper teaching materials, and etc. With the development of economy and the improvement of education, there is more and more concern about sexuality education to adolescents, one of the blind-spots in China¡¯s culture and education. The focus will be teaching the students to have correct understandings and attitudes of sex. ±±¾³õÖÐнÌýÏÖ×. [Current situation of sexuality education in Beijing]. Beijing Youth Journal. (000). Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//www.54youth.com.cn/gb/paper/1/class000004/hwz057.htmXiao, X., & Liang, Y. (00). ¹úÄÚÊ×Ì×нÌý¹âµúýÆðÕù.[The first sexuality education VCD causes disputes]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//law.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper4/7/class000400004/hwz6107.htmZhang, P. (00). нÌýºÎʱ×ßÉϽ²Ì¨£¿[When will sexuality education enter classroom?]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//education.legend-net.com/xinwen/jyzhtzl/xjy/zlgs.htmlXu, D. M. (Ed.). (00). пα¾Ê×νøÈÖØÇìÖÐС§. [First sexuality textbook being tested in elementary and secondary schools in Chongqing province]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//www.people.com.cn/GB/kejiao//0000/717.html Please note that this sample paper on Sex Education in China is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sex Education in China, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Sex Education in China will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

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Why Hong Kong?ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to show and explain the comparative country risk analysis between the nations of Hong Kong and Chile. The findings of this research are to compare and evaluate the economic and political factors that affect the business environment of these two counties. The main purpose of this document is to illustrate why Hong Kong is better place to invest, compared to another country.Hong Kong

Essay help on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

Hong Kong Country ProfileHong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on July 1, 17. Five years later, it remains the worlds freest economy, tenth-largest trading entity, and ninth-largest banking center. Hong Kongs standard of living exceeds that of Great Britain ($4,506 vs. $,41). The economy has been built on Hong Kongs status as a major trading port and financial center for East Asia. In particular, Hong Kong is renowned for its rule of law, lack of trade barriers, and low taxes. Despite a robust 10.5 percent GDP growth rate in 000, a drop in U.S. economic growth affected Hong Kong seriously and a concomitant fall-off in U.S. imports, with GDP growth collapsing to 0.1 percent in 001. The SAR was hit hard by the regional downturn of 17-8 and the US-led slowdown of 001-0. GDP growth will pick up again when external demand recovers, but the last five years have exposed economic shortcomings. The first is an over-reliance on the property sector for official revenue. This issue has attracted attention since the property price bubble burst in 17, leaving the government with a structural fiscal deficit. The second is rapid infrastructure development in China, which some fear risks sidelining the SAR. In response, officials are seeking to strengthen Hong Kong?s role as an entrept, focusing on financial services, logistics, tourism, and producer and professional services.Hong Kong Country Risk COUNTRY VIEWFROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity rating score risk policy risk structure risk RiskMarch B B A B AFebruary B B B B AShort-term risk eventFailure to bring about an improvement in the fiscal position?the deficit rose to the equivalent of 5.5% of GDP in 00/0?could prompt renewed speculation over the future of the fixed link between the Hong Kong and US dollars.Political riskThe passing of laws that prohibit acts of ?treason, secession, sedition and subversion? against the Chinese state, even if less draconian than initially feared, will impinge upon the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The creeping erosion of Hong Kong?s autonomy could damage investor confidence.Foreign tradeHong Kong levies virtually no import tariffs or duties and is considered a duty-free port. It also does not maintain anti-dumping or countervailing duties legislation or import quotas. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, some excise duties are charged on four groups of commodities [including] hydrocarbon oil, liquors, methyl alcohol and tobacco. Overall, there are very few barriers to imports in Hong Kong, which has one of the worlds most accessible markets. It is an important market for U.S. exports and consumes U.S. manufactured and agricultural goods at a higher rate per capita than most of the worlds other economies.Business environment ranking summaryValue of index() Global rank() Regional rank() 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-078.4 8.47 5 11 1 () Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 16 countries Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.Economic outlookStrong growth in re-exports will drive GDP growth of .7% in 00 and 4% in 004. However, consumer price deflation will persist in 00-04, as consumer and business confidence remains fragile. The current-account surplus will remain large in 00 (equivalent to 8.7% of GDP) because import growth is held back by weak domestic demand, but it is expected to narrow in 004 as stronger domestic demand boosts imports.Debt outlookHong Kong?s total external debt is forecast to grow from around US$4.5bn (0.% of GDP) in 00 to US$60.bn (4.% of GDP) in 004, as private companies borrow in order to finance expanded operations in mainland China. The debt-service ratio will be low in 00-04, averaging just over .5%.Economic forecast summary (Table 1) 00 00 004Real GDP (% change) . .7 4.0Consumer prices (% change; av) -.0 -1.5 -0.8Exchange rate HK$US$ (av) 7.80 7.80 7.80Current account (US$ m)Goods exports fob 01,71 7,787 46,606Goods imports fob -07,100 -,10 -54,47Trade balance -5,8 -4,4 -7,741Current-account balance 1,66 14,064 1,14Current-account balance (% of GDP) 8.6 8.7 7.4External financing (US$ m)Financing balance ,74 ,44 7,886Total debt 4,447 56,404 60,44Total debt service 7,457 8,08 ,05Debt-service ratio, paid (%) .6 .5 .6ChileChile Country ProfileChile has been a model of economic reform for Latin America since the beginning of the 180sa record of success that is due in large measure to a trade policy of unilateral liberalization coupled with an almost uniform tariff rate. Yet President Ricardo Lagos, who took office in March 000, has promoted a reversal of labor deregulation and spending restraint. Recently, Chile?s government approved long-promised labor legislation in September 001, adding significantly to the burden of doing business in Chile. Also, the tax on reinvested corporate profits rose from 15 percent to 16 percent, and will increase to 17 percent in 004. The tax increase will finance a cut in personal taxes to stimulate consumption. These two measures raise the cost of investment in Chile and will undermine prospects for lower unemployment, currently at percent; they also cast doubt on whether Chile will remain a model of reform for the rest of Latin America. The Lagos administration has committed to imposing a structural budget surplus rule of 1 percent of GDP but is struggling to keep its commitment. Chile recently signed a free trade agreement with the European Union, which now awaits ratification in Congress, and is engaged in trade negotiations with the United States. In addition, the low economic growth of the past five years, averaging .5 percent per year, prompted a meeting between representatives of the public and private sectors to elaborate a pro-growth agenda, which has yet to be introduced in Congress. Chiles fiscal burden of government score is 0.5 point better this year; however, both its government intervention and regulation scores are 1 point worse. As a result, Chiles overall score is 0.15 point worse this year, causing Chile to be classified as a mostly free economy.Chile Country RiskCOUNTRY VIEWFROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity rating score risk policy risk structure risk RiskSeptember B 1 A A C AJune B A A C AShort-term risk event A deterioration in crisis-hit Mercosur would have a negative impact on Chiles already volatile currency. Political Risk Although the ruling Concertacion and the opposition Alianza por Chile (the Alianza) coalitions have reverted to traditional consensus politics, the president, Ricardo Lagos, will use political polarisation in an attempt to stem the rise of Joaquin Lavin, the likely presidential candidate for the Alianza in 005. Nevertheless, the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) constituent of Concertacion will maintain a moderating influence on government political strategy. Despite a wider than previously forecast fiscal deficit for 00, fiscal policy remains cautious.Foreign tradeOn January 1, 00, according to the U.S. Trade Representative, the government reduced the flat tariff rate of 8 percent on most products to 7 percent. Chile has by far the best tariff regime in its region; however, its tariffs are still high by global standards. On some agricultural goods, such as wheat, vegetable oils, and sugar, Chile applies duties on top of the existing tariff rate, and this can increase the effective tariff rate dramatically. The U.S. Trade Representative reports that due to low international wheat prices in 1 and 000, this system led to applied import duties as high as 0 percent, well above Chiles WTO bound rate. In May 001, the price band was temporarily lowered until March 00. Since agriculture is one of the most important export sectors, barriers on agricultural products distort trade significantly. If the price band increases after March 00, Chiles trade policy score could worsen in future editions of the Index. Business environment ranking summaryValue of index() Global rank() Regional rank() 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-077.1 7.4 0 0 1 1() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 8 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and VenezuelaEconomic outlookGDP growth will weaken to .4% in 00, but should recover in 00 as confidence in both the domestic and global economies improves. Inflation is expected to remain within the -4% range set by the Central Bank. The current-account deficit will be manageable in the forecast period.Debt outlookThe expansion of the debt stock is slowing and Chiles debt profile remains healthy. The debt-service ratio will decline in the forecast period on the back of higher export earnings and lower debt repayments.Economic forecast summary (Table ) 00 00 004Real GDP (% change) .8 .4 4.Consumer prices (% change; av) .6 .1 .Exchange rate Ps US$ (av) 66. 685.47 60.54Current account (US$ m)Goods exports fob 17,440 18, 0,87Goods imports fob -15,877 -16,0 -18,601Trade balance 1,56 ,11 ,6Current-account balance -0 -0 -565Current-account balance (% of GDP) -1.4 -1.4 -0.8External financing (US$ m)Financing balance -5,7 -4,84 -4,10Total debt 7,5 ,17 41,47Total debt service 6,486 4,40 4,716Debt-service ratio, paid (%) 7.8 1.1 18.1Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The GDP is measures the value of a nations output of goods and services for some period of time, usually a year. GDP can increase for two distinct reasons. It can increase because more goods and services are being produced, or it can increase because prices of goods and services have risen. The economic forecast summary tables (tables 1 and ), revel in recent data that Hong Kong?s is much stronger in its GDP than is Chile. Chile?s GDP is clearly poor compared to Hong Kong?s. Hong Kong?s GDP is definitively very high, compared to Chile?s and to other nation?s and this fact is really proven through both, recent and historical economic data.ConclusionAccording to the findings of this research, both nations have advantages and disadvantages over their economic, political and business environment factors. Hence, it is very hard to say that these two nations (Hong Kong and Chile) are similar in their country risk structure. What is a fact is that Chile and Hong Kong are very different in most ideologies of economic expansion and development. Political and economic risks of both countries are definitively the driven forces that control and expand the business environment of each, but at the same time these forces are the power that removes barriers of foreign trade and investment of both nations. Chile?s foreign trade status is low, limited and pessimistic. During many years, Chile has been struggling a lot in improving and expanding its foreign trade rank, even nowadays. During the time, Chile?s trade barriers have been fixed and improved, but they still high by global standards. In other hand, Hong Kong?s foreign trade and investment barriers are highly much lower than Chile?s in terms of import tariffs, quotas, duties etc. In short, Hong Kong is better place to invest, relatively to Chile, because of its low level of protectionism. ReferencesLibrary References (UHD) Historical Economic GrowthOnline Journals. Web siteshttp//www.heritage.org/research/features/index/http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,16,00.htmlhttp//www.econ.pncbank.com/cra.htm Please note that this sample paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Friedrich August von Hayek

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Friedrich August von Hayek, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Friedrich August von Hayek paper at affordable prices!Friedrich August von Hayek 18-1A society that does not recognize that each individual has values of his own which he is entitled to follow can have no respect for the dignity of the individual and cannot really know freedom. F. A. von Hayek.Friedrich August von Hayek was an eminent Austrian born economist who won the 174 Noble Memorial Prize in Economic Science. He was a prolific writer and his Collected Works are currently being published by the University of Chicago Press and Routledge, which take up nineteen volumes. He is regarded as a one of the leading economists of the twentieth century and his works continue to be influential in business-cycle theory, political and social philosophy, legal theory and comparative economic systems. He spent over seventy years promoting the superiority of capitalism over socialism and challenged the prevailing opinions of many other social scientists and intellectuals during his life. In retrospect, many refer to the twentieth century with its battle between classic socialism and democratic capitalism as the "Hayek Century".

In this paper I will discuss Friedrich Hayek's life, important contributions. and major published works in economics and history during the twentieth century. His works always portrayed his unwavering belief that capitalism is a more efficient and just form of economic production than socialism. Within the academic and intellectual circles he was often derided for his belief that a competitive market is more conducive to freedom, knowledge, and economic production. But Hayek crafted increasingly powerful critiques that a socialist run state could not advance or engineer economic prosperity. Hayek was the great anti-socialist.Born in the cosmopolitan capital of Vienna on May 8, 18 to an upper class Austrian family, Hayek was surrounded with culture and great intellectuals. Vienna, the largest city in the world, was the capital and cultural center of the great Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 114 the First World War raged over Europe and Vienna collapsed along with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hayek entered the army in 117 and at the early age of 17 and served as an artillery officer in Italy until the war ended in November 118. He returned home to a changed Vienna as the multiethnic Austro- Hungarian Empire had dissolved. Borders were redefined all over Europe, eight new states were formed and the Soviet Union came into existence. Austria was now only one seventh of the population it had been. The economy disintegrated and post war Vienna with all its culture and economic prosperity was replaced with famine, lack of fuel, inflation and an epidemic of influenza. (page of Ebenstein's book) These social conditions that Hayek saw first hand lead him to enroll in the University of Vienna with an idealism that sought to improve economic conditions in post war Vienna and put an end to poverty, suffering, and misery of mankind.At university Hayek entered as a law student but was quickly drawn to the field of economics as he wanted to know if the Marxist socialism that many others found attractive was feasible as he wanted to build a more just world. He earned a doctorate degree in law (11) and then one in political science (1) and emerged as a changed man. He now totally believed in the liberal/free market of economics and that functioning socialism based on central planning was impossible. At university Hayek was greatly influenced by reading Carl Menger's publication entitled Principals of Economics and Investigations. After finishing his degrees in 1, Hayek went to New York University where he began a doctoral program on the problems of money stabilization. Unable to finish his research thesis due to a lack of funds, he returned to Vienna in 15 having learned English and published many articles on the American Banking System. Back in Vienna, Hayek became an avid follower of Ludwig von Mises, who was a great proponent of capitalism and liberalism. He regularly attended Mises' seminars along with other intellectuals on advanced economics and societal theory until 11.In 17, Mises formed the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research and appointed Hayek as its first director. Mises was impressed with the knowledge and understanding of economics Hayek had acquired at university and in America. The two great issues of the day were inflation and what drives business cycles (the tendency for economies to oscillate between booms and busts). Hayek's theory of a business cycle was that when central banks artificially lower interest rates economic activity through purchases of capital goods would increase. Over time however, this increased consumption cannot last because real savings in the economy do not exist to maintain it. The central bank then would be forced to allow market equalization through increased interest rates causing an economic slowdown or continue economic expansion through lowering interest rates further by injecting more money into the economy. The later would result in inflation and inflation destroys an economy because of the lack of a stable base for economic transactions. This research earned him the position of professor of economics and statistics at the University of London in 11 and he published a book on business cycles entitled Prices and Productions that year. Gradually Hayek's Austrian theory of the business cycle became accepted in England and he became the most influential young economist of his generation. Socialism on a national scale was untried in this period of history and many countries were trying to rebuild themselves after the war along socialist lines. Hayek contended that socialists could not calculate in advance the manpower, natural resources, capital, and products needed to satisfy human needs. In absence of markets and market prices which reflect the true state of supply and demand the central planners would have no way of knowing who would get what, when and why. His published writings entitled Economics and Knowledge (17) explained why central planning could not work. He wrote that free markets and free prices are the only means to convey and utilize information. Central planners would have a 'division of knowledge' problem and it would be impossible for them to know how to secure the best use of resources known only to individuals in a society. Hayek also stated that "we must look at the price system as such a mechanism for commuting information if we want to understand its real function" in his 145 paper The Use of Knowledge in Society. He believed that in the market system the free choice of individuals guides the running of the economic system. Competition through innovation, communication, and natural actions of individuals would direct and redirect resources to satisfy consumers in the most efficient way. Therefore capitalism would be a spontaneous knowledge-gathering mechanism. During World War 11 people willingly gave up their personal freedom and liberty to fulfill the common purpose of defeating the Axis powers. Powerful totalitarian societies had engaged every citizen's energy in the struggle. Britain, Canada, and the United States needed to do the same. They enlisted soldiers, labour, and determined what was to be produced for the war effort. Wages, profits, and prices were controlled. Strikes were not allowed, all were employed, and food was rationed. The general population marveled at the effectiveness of the war effort. Prewar scourges of poverty, hunger, and unemployment had vanished. After the war, government planners in England (Labour Party) and the United States (New Dealers) set about to continue these policies to reshape societies. Hayek, contrary to the central government planners and public opinion, knew that the loss of individual freedom would ultimately lead to economic devastation. Hayek wrote and published The Road to Serfdom in 144, which caused a sensation throughout the educated world and subsequently through the public in England and America. He became an instant celebrity and over 600,000 copies of his book were sold. pg. 7 of the Hayek Century Hayek had seen the negative results of national acts following World War 1 and feared that England would embrace nationalization of the means of production. His book was dedicated "to the Socialists of All Parties" and it was against classical socialism in which he spoke strongly against the totalitarianism practices of Stalin and Hitler. He said that central planning ultimately leads to dictatorship because dictatorship is the most efficient and effective way to a planned economy. The movement towards a centrally planned economy would be taking a road down to serfdom for individuals in a society. The state would then control people's incomes and distribute goods. He was a believer of human freedom and happiness and that people should have the highest material standard of living. A classical liberal order that he believed in is a maximized competition where prices, profits, private property, a competitive market, and a rule of law is prominent. He strongly purported in the power of individuals to build a life fit for themselves and others to live.

In 150, Hayek left England to join the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago where he was professor of Social and Moral Science, from 150-16. By 15, Hayek had ceased to work on economic theory as he became interested in psychology, philosophy, and politics. The Austrian view of economics entered a mostly dormant stage. Hayek retired in 16, left the University of Chicago, and went back Europe to live in Frieburg, Germany. He was soon after appointed professor of economics at the University of Frieberg in West Germany. In 16, he returned to Austria and became a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg. Hayek received the Nobel Prize in 174 in economics along with Gunnar Myrdal for their "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena." (Microsoft Encarta 000). Hayek was the first free market economist to win this prize. Interest in his Austrian theory of economics was revived and his writings were taught to a whole new generation. Another significant postwar event was when Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative government used the ideas from Hayek's book The Constitution of Liberty to understand and reverse the decades of increased state control of society and the economy. Thatcher rendered the oppositional Labour Party ineffective for many years and Thatcherism was embraced. Hayek lived to see the collapse of Communism, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the crumbling of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. Eastern Europeans now looked to his work for direction on how to foster the institutions of liberal freedom. At the age of 8, Friedrich von Hayek died in Frieberg, Germany. At his graveside Father Johannes Schasching officiated and stated (page 18 of Ebenstein book)"It is impressive how in the time of economic and political crisis of Austria, great men left the country and contributed outside, especially in the United States, in an important way to the solution of political, economic, and social problems. Among them was Friedrich von Hayek."Hayek's legacy has spread throughout the whole world. Privatization is now a worldwide phenomenon, including here in Canada where companies such as CN and Air Canada have been privatized. The growing push for free trade, flat taxes, sale of utilities, competition in telecommunication services, and the idea of tradable pollution credits under the Kyoto Accord on greenhouse gases all stem from Hayek's economic theories and insights. Hayek's insights and economic breakthroughs were a result of his way of thinking. He described himself as a "muddler" or "puzzler" never availing or accepting the current verbal arguments or conclusions of others. Instead, he would intuitively gain new knowledge through his individual thinking. His thinking or philosophy has guided us through the twentieth century. Today scholars in law, political science, philosophy, and other fields are turning with fresh interest to Hayek's ideas. His great message was "we ought to have learnt enough to avoid destroying our civilization by smothering the spontaneous process of the interactions of the individuals by placing its direction in the hands of any authority."BibliographyCaldwell, Bruce J. 15. "Introduction." In Hayek, 15 pp. 1-48.Cassidy, John. 000. "The Hayek Century." Hoover Institution Digest 000 No..Ebeling, Richard. 00. "Up From Freedom Friedrich von Hayek and the Defense of Liberty." ama-gi Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1.Ebenstein, Alan. 001. Friedrich Hayek A Biography. New YorkPalgrave.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 001.BibliographyCaldwell, Bruce J. 15. "Introduction." In Hayek, 15 pp. 1-48.Cassidy, John. 000. "The Hayek Century." Hoover Institution Digest 000 No..Ebeling, Richard. 00. "Up From Freedom Friedrich von Hayek and the Defense of Liberty." ama-gi Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1.Ebenstein, Alan. 001. Friedrich Hayek A Biography. New YorkPalgrave.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 001.Please note that this sample paper on Friedrich August von Hayek is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Friedrich August von Hayek, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Friedrich August von Hayek will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Aborigines their interpretations and representations in Australia from 1788 to 2000

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In Australia the Indigenous peoples show discrepancies in social inequalities. Through this paper it will attempt to analyze Australian Aboriginal culture, and heritage. Areas of literature, film, art, history and social sciences will be used to address the overall understanding of the interpretations and representations in Australia. The social inequalities faced by the contemporary indigenous peoples in Australia, are largely a consequence of their colonial and developmental history. Australia was once a part of the British Empire; their constitutional, political and social institutions are representations of this. Australia has developed economies largely dependent on primary production and extractive industries, initially for English, and later world, markets. Within the political and economic framework, indigenous peoples have severely been marginalized and excluded. This exclusion and associated poverty is frequently seen as the downfall of the Aboriginal people (Berndt, and Berndt 1 p40) At the time of Europeans arrival, Australian Aborigines were hunter-gathers. Captain Cook description of the Aborigine in 1770 was that of the noble savage. However others looked upon the hunter gather as savages, because of prior dealings with Africans, Black skin was synonymous with primitive and savage (Broom 001 P ). The colonists held two preconceptions of the Aboriginal. The educated minority who tended to romanticize them as the noble savage as seen in Kings 17 painting The Aboriginal Family (Appendix 1), while the uneducated majority considered them just savages (Broom 001p 0). Regardless of the label or preconception of the Aboriginal they were often seen as ignorant with no culture or society, a misconception leading to misunderstanding and inequality for the Aborigine.

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Aboriginal people welcomed the settlers in accordance with the egalitarianism native lifestyle (Armstrong14, p60), however relations soon soured, Europeans often took souvenirs, so the Aborigines retaliated by stealing, (Broome 001 p, Franklin 176, p). The squatting of settlers on traditional land forced the Aboriginal person to take some of the settlers stock, as their source of food and water supplies had been cut of. The farmer nevertheless considered this stealing; not understanding the problems their farms had created, (Broome p0; Franklin 176, p8), leading to the reciprocal behavior that was the Aboriginal culture.The British Government bringing about chances in laws, government, and land use proclaimed sovereignty over Australia. Disregarding the original owners of the country, their traditions or lifestyle (Macintyre1, p4; Rowse, 000). There were supporters in the missionaries that tried to understand the Aboriginal way of life, and their conflict with the settlers, however their ideas and warnings were ignored (Franklin 176, p, 76). Supplies of flour, sugar, tea and tobacco were sometimes given to the Aborigines from sympathetic farmers. However this new diet led to malnutrition, loss of vitality and boredom, which Europeans interpreted as Laziness (Broome 14 p.54)? Strengthening of the stereotype transpired when missionaries in the 180s tried to enforce confinement, education and white lifestyle on the Aborigines. Therefore being seen and understood as lazy fickle, deceitful and cunning, although this being used as an appearance of resistance an uncooperativeness strategy by the Aborigines. Aboriginals turned to alcohol out of boredom and frustration this being mostly supplied by the Europeans. The colonists for sexual relations exchanged alcohol with Aboriginal women, and Aboriginal labor. Therefore the introduction of alcohol caused apathy, poor health. Drunken fights, mangling and killing of each occurred after drinking sessions (Clark 1, p4), much the same as a cockfight. Drawings (see Appendix 11) at the time of depicted the race as drunken and neglectful thus creating their own poverty and poor health (Macintyre 1, p46, and 6), introducing a stereotype, which has existed for the last 00 years. The Aboriginal people were conceived to be at the bottom of the human evolutionary ladder, a pretense utilized to justify the eradication of their culture and people, (O, Donoghue, 1 p1-). Around the mid 1th century there was a softening towards Aboriginal people of mixed blood, although those of full blood frequently treated as equivalent to animals. Nevertheless the fact that labor was in short supply the part Aboriginal people were considered suitable for labor, but many households treated them as possessions, raping women and children using cruelty, and even murder (Frankline176, p67-7 Morris 00, and p)Attitudes altered in the 1800s contributing to all Aborigines perceived as equally low, they were paid a fraction of a white persons wage, and endured degrading cruelty and abuse by employers (Broome14p 7). The Aboriginal was prohibited from attending many areas that was acceptable to all whites, eg; state schools, churches and public bars this continuing into the 0th Century. The countrys white Australia Policy in the early 100s could restrict colored immigrants, but had to deal with its own black inhabitants (Macintyre 1,p 144). Segregating the Aboriginals was adopted for their own good from intoxicating drink and gross immorality. Nonetheless Aboriginals wishes and lifestyles were never taken into account, as they were considered to ignorant to understand what was best for them. Although this then had the added advantage of enabling settlers to take prime land away from the natives (Broome, 14, p 8; Eversley, 16 p4-4) Furthermore discrimination Laws denied Aboriginal citizenship which excluded them from welfare benefits most employment (Macintyre, 1,p14), in spite of the fact that they were the countrys original inhabitants. Aboriginals were even dispossessed of their indigeneity by locally born members of the Australian Natives Association (Macintrye 1, p144), inferring out of sight out of mind. Assimilation of Aboriginal children to be raised into white families, was considered a way of saving the doomed race by some, and a method of legal genocide by others (Broom, 00,p175; Rowse 000). These children later became known as the stolen generation that were removed from neglectful parents to give them a better life (Macintyre 1, p). However it could be argued as whether they did have a better life. Often being used as slave labor, as this was considered the limit of their intelligence also being starved, physically and sexually abused (Franklin 176, p10). According to Broome (14, p.140), in the 150 Aboriginal Children were allowed to attend schools, they faced prejudice, considered stupid, ridiculed, and discourage for trying to contribute their knowledge. Foley (000) promotes that they often performed poorly because of conflict between European values taught to them in school, and Aboriginal culture at home. Morris (00, p 6) acknowledges this with an example that Aboriginals part in helping with European exploration being virtually ignored. Furthermore the European had no understanding of the Aboriginal attachment and rapport with the land.Even when the Aboriginal did assimilate into white society, they were discriminated against socially and economically, suffering substandard housing, education and denied certain forms of employment (Broome, 14,p1; Franklin 176,p6). Racial anguish being felt after such films as Nice coloured Girls" that used visual metaphors of poverty stricken Aboriginals, out to take what they want, as they are to lazy to work for money, blaming the Aboriginal for their problems. Boyd's 15 painting Shopping Day, is relevant today portraying the dignity of the Aboriginal people trying to assimilate wearing white mans clothes, but still facing ostracization and loneliness in a dry dusty country town.White supremacists and Traditionalists further insist there never was any discrimination, claiming it is black armband history (Macintyre, 1,p6), However there is too much evidence to the contrary. Aboriginals are essentially excluded from the planning implementation of their health care. Suffering third world diseases such as trachoma and malnutrition as well as modern diseases (Franklin, 176, p6)They are the most disadvantaged people in Australia (Foley, 000p 44-50). Poems like The Unhappy Race, and The Past by Oodgeroo Noonucall (HX506 reader 00, p17), describe the Aboriginal plight. Beginning with colonization the Aboriginal people have been misinterpreted, compelled to deny their traditions and assimilate into a foreign culture. However the Aboriginal people are a sensitive, intelligent race and a strong part of Australia. Word Count;10 ReferencesBerndt, C. H. &Berndt, R. M. (11) The World of the First Australian Aboriginal Traditional Life Past and Present. Canberra Aboriginal Studies Press. Broom, R. (001). Aboriginal Australians. (rd Ed.). St Lenondards. N.S.W. Allen and Unwin.Broome, R. (1). Aboriginal Australians. (nd Ed.). St Lenonards. N.S.W. Allen and Urwin.Eversley, R. (10). Aboriginal Children and Their Families History and Trends in Western Australia. Youth Studies. Vol. . (). P. 4-4. Franklin, M. (176). Black and White Australians. An interracial History 1788-175. South Yarra. Heinmann Education Australia. HX506. Australian People, Institutions and Culture Reader. (00). S.B.S.S.H. Ballarat. University of Ballarat. Macintyre, S. (1). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.Morris, J. (00). Indigenous History Lecture notes University Ballarat. O,Donoghue, L. (1). Creating Authentic Australia An Aboriginal Perspective. Social Alternatives, Vol. 10, (), p1-.Rowse, T. (000). Culturally Appropriate Indigenous Accountability. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 4, (), 1. ReferencesBerndt, C. H. &Berndt, R. M. (11) The World of the First Australian Aboriginal Traditional Life Past and Present. Canberra Aboriginal Studies Press. Broom, R. (001). Aboriginal Australians. (rd Ed.). St Lenondards. N.S.W. Allen and Unwin.Broome, R. (1). Aboriginal Australians. (nd Ed.). St Lenonards. N.S.W. Allen and Urwin.Eversley, R. (10). Aboriginal Children and Their Families History and Trends in Western Australia. Youth Studies. Vol. . (). P. 4-4. Franklin, M. (176). Black and White Australians. An interracial History 1788-175. South Yarra. Heinmann Education Australia. HX506. Australian People, Institutions and Culture Reader. (00). S.B.S.S.H. Ballarat. University of Ballarat. Macintyre, S. (1). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.Morris, J. (00). Indigenous History Lecture notes University Ballarat. O,Donoghue, L. (1). Creating Authentic Australia An Aboriginal Perspective. Social Alternatives, Vol. 10, (), p1-.Rowse, T. (000). Culturally Appropriate Indigenous Accountability. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 4, (), 1. BibliographyAppendix 1.Native Family of N.S.W. by Phillip King. 17Appendix 11. The Shopping Day by Russell Drysdale. 15. Berndt, C. H. &Berndt, R. M. (11) The World of the First Australian Aboriginal Traditional Life Past and Present. Canberra Aboriginal Studies Press. Broom, R. (001). Aboriginal Australians. (rd Ed.). St Lenondards. N.S.W. Allen and Unwin.Broome, R. (1). Aboriginal Australians. (nd Ed.). St Lenonards. N.S.W. Allen and Urwin.Eversley, R. (10). Aboriginal Children and Their Families History and Trends in Western Australia. Youth Studies. Vol. . (). P. 4-4. Franklin, M. (176). Black and White Australians. An interracial History 1788-175. South Yarra. Heinmann Education Australia. HX506. Australian People, Institutions and Culture Reader. (00). S.B.S.S.H. Ballarat. University of Ballarat. Macintyre, S. (1). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.Morris, J. (00). Indigenous History Lecture notes University Ballarat. O,Donoghue, L. (1). Creating Authentic Australia An Aboriginal Perspective. Social Alternatives, Vol. 10, (), p1-.Rowse, T. (000). Culturally Appropriate Indigenous Accountability. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 4, (), 1. Please note that this sample paper on Aborigines their interpretations and representations in Australia from 1788 to 2000 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Aborigines their interpretations and representations in Australia from 1788 to 2000, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Aborigines their interpretations and representations in Australia from 1788 to 2000 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Team Dynamics

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Team Dynamics"Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, and working together is success." - Henry FordMany organizations are harnessing the power of teams to improve performance and replace traditional "command and control" methods. Robinson defines a team as "[…] a unit of people with complementary skills who are committed to a unilateral purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for performance to goals using a common process" (Maintenance Management 506). While effective teams may indeed generate synergistic results, ineffective teams may actually prove to be counter-productive. Team dynamics are affected by the characteristics of the individuals and the ways in which they interrelate as a group. Achieving high performance levels with teams is dependent on constructive interaction among the members. Teammates must be able, and willing, to draw on the individual strengths of each other as well as to compensate for weaknesses. While teams are used in many different ways, for this discussion we will focus on project teams.In constructing a project team, it is important to include members with complementary skills. The proper mix of skills and abilities is a crucial factor in the team's success. The selection process should ensure that the team is composed of people who possess the appropriate technical knowledge, the ability to solve problems effectively, and are able to make sound decisions. It is also important to include members with strong interpersonal skills (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). The latter can be especially important since each team member brings to the group his or her own unique personality, biases, and interests. This diversity is one of the reasons that effective teams are able to achieve levels of performance greater than that of the individuals; however, these differences may also be a source of conflict within the group.

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When a team is starting out, if those with stronger skills decide to move forward without consideration of those who do not possess the required skills, the team will begin to fall apart (Yager 11). To prevent this, and achieve optimal results, the team should draw on the knowledge and skills of each member, requiring them to be engaged in the process. Yager notes, "All learning, if it is to be effective, must proceed from awareness to choices and options, and then to applications and change" (11). In designing the way in which a team will operate, it is important to consider the different personality traits of the members and the affect on team dynamics. While some people are influenced more by their feelings, others require facts. Domineering personalities may cause those who are less assertive to withdraw and avoid voicing their views, potentially resulting in a loss of valuable insights. Personality and behavioral style tools such as the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator and the DISC Assessment can provide an insight into the ways individuals may interact with others. With a better understanding of their styles, team members can determine the most effective way to approach each other.The attitude each member brings to the process will have an influence on the dynamics of the team. Volunteers normally approach the process more positively than those forced into participation will. Some individuals may come to the team with a strong positive or negative bias toward the team objective. For example, if one of the members has previously worked on a project that the team's responsibility, there may be resentment that he or she was not allowed individual credit for the work. Others may lack motivation to participate in a process that does not generate benefits for them as individuals. In an altruistic environment, each member of the team would only consider the benefits to the team goal in their interaction. However, as humans, each member brings their own interests to the team process and, to some extent, will tend to influence situations from a personal gain or loss perspective. If the team is working on a high profile project, some members may view it as an opportunity to improve their visibility within the organization. If individual interests override those of the team, there is likely to be conflict.Creating a charter is an important first step in setting the team up for success. As the team works on its assignment, it will help maintain focus and guide the process. An effective charter covers areas such as the team's purpose, goals, methods, resources, boundaries, commitments, and process checks. Properly constructed, it can provide a basis to work through the normal issues encountered by new teams and help them deal more effectively with the conflicts that are certain to arise (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). In addition to the charter, the team should develop a good set of ground rules to guide the expectations for interaction of the group. The ground rules should be clear and agreed upon everyone on the team.Just as each person brings their own personal traits to the team, they also bring a unique background. This allows the team to draw from a variety experience, skill, and knowledge bases in working together. In forming a project team, it is important to assemble a group with the right skills and abilities for the work at hand. This often means the members will come from different functions and levels of an organization with various amounts of experience in working in teams. While building a team with individuals who bring a great deal of knowledge and experience relating to the project may seem ideal, it may also limit the creativity of the team. To obtain the best results, the team should find ways to challenge past methods and current thinking. Utilizing the diversity of experiences across the team may identify new approaches and options to the project at hand. Conversely, the team should contain a level of knowledge and experience to allow them to move forward at an acceptable rate. As the team works on various aspects of a project, different skills are required. Time spent acquiring the capabilities required for that phase may hinder timely progress. The selection of team members should take into consideration the various functions required for success. Subsequent training and follow-up is necessary to support the team members if the project outcome is to be successful. Effective teams will incorporate learning into the process as a priority. At times, the team must rely on outside means to supplement their own abilities and must establish ways to access these resources.Another consideration for team selection is the level of authority necessary to achieve results. If the project requires access to financial, labor, or other resources to execute the project, they must have the ability to obtain these resources. The scope and availability of resources granted to the team should be outlined early in the process and agreed upon by management. Teams often struggle in this area if tasked to achieve results without the necessary tools. Once these tools and resources are available, the members may require training and guidance in their use. A team sponsor or mentor may be able to provide the support and guidance necessary to keep the team moving forward.In some situations, it may be beneficial to include a senior manager or executive with the authority to approve use of resources beyond the scope of the team. A concern with this approach is the effect on team dynamics. There is a natural inclination for people to defer to the "boss" rather than voicing their views. This may inhibit some of the beneficial interaction and idea sharing found in a group of peers. It may be preferable to establish a process for the team to present their needs to the appropriate manager or executive group for approval. For a team to function effectively there are roles and responsibilities that must be fulfilled, such as leading meetings, agenda distribution, recording minutes, or arranging a meeting place. The ability to achieve results in a team environment is dependent the ability of the team to establish a structure that considers the combination of personalities, skills, and experience. In some teams, leadership responsibilities rest with one individual, others may rotate leadership at determined intervals, and still others may change leadership to best suit various stages of a project. Because of the varied interests, skills, knowledge and abilities of the members within a team, it is important to establish a leader within the team. Goals must be communicated by the leader so that the team members are inspired with a shared vision to maintain a commitment to the success of the project (Taylor 15). A key role of the leader is to ensure that the group stays on task while promoting participation by all members. It is essential that the team establish the methods for performing tasks and monitoring progress. Since it is very easy for team meetings to get off track, agendas are useful to maintain order, structure, and time control. When meetings continually stray, members may become frustrated or lose interest; however, at times, it does make sense. The leader must make the judgment of when to allow a valuable process to continue despite the agenda. Team leaders must be careful to avoid the use of a member's positional influence to sway the direction of the team.Most team members dread the task of recording minutes leading many teams to struggle with assigning this responsibility. The recorder must be careful to accurately capture the main meeting topics and decisions and avoid personal bias in presenting the information. Often this role limits direct participation; therefore, it may be desirable to rotate this role. An alternative would be to have a designated recorder who is not a team member to achieve that the greatest level of participation from all team members. Good record keeping will help prevent disagreements later in the process.There may be other ongoing roles depending on the structure and focus of a team. Tasks such as updating a project timeline or updating a management group are often assigned to one or more members of the group for the duration of the project. Though often overlooked, being a team member is a role in itself. Mark Taylor, president and CEO of TAYLOR Systems Engineering Corp., maintains, "No leader exists without gaining the support of others. The first natural law of leadership changes our view of followers because it recognizes the collegial, partnering role they play. Followers are allies who represent the necessary opposite side of the leadership coin." (15) A team can function at peak performance when all members take an active part in the team practice. Regardless of the team's structure or function, all members should participate in the process and provide feedback to the group. This can be difficult when there are strong personalities or authority figures on the team. A well-designed team charter and good ground rules will support a process where all team members feel equal and safe to share their views. This is especially important during brainstorming and problem solving processes where breakthroughs are often a result of one idea triggering another. By drawing from the diversity of the group, teams have a greater opportunity to identify new and innovative solutions to the problems they face. With teams becoming increasingly important in business today, understanding team dynamics will help to ensure they operate effectively. Good teams are able to tap into the diversity of members to achieve higher levels of performance. Drawing upon the various skills and experience of each individual, teams can accomplish things that individuals cannot. Teams will function best in an environment that is committed to their success and provides the support necessary for their development. Establishing processes to evaluate and support teams in achieving effective interaction of members will support organizational goals as well. Without this process, team dynamics may inhibit performance of the group, leading to less than optimal results. The ultimate level of success achieved by the team will be a function of the effectiveness of member interaction. George Eckes, the primary consultant for General Electric Co. wrote in The Six Sigma Revolution, published two years ago "By far the greatest source of team failures is poor team dynamics and poor facilitative leadership behaviors" (qtd. in Taylor 15). Works CitedTaylor, Mark. "When software fails The problem isn't the software, but the leadership."Frontline Solutions 8 (00) 15. 10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp. "Team Success You Can Help Make It Happen." Maintenance Management 506 (1) 5. 10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp.Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al. Tools for Teams. Boston PearsonYager, Ed. "Ropes Courses and Leaders." Enterprise/Salt Lake City 10 (000) 11. 10 March 00. http//web8.epnet.com/delivery.asp. Please note that this sample paper on Team Dynamics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Dynamics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Team Dynamics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Business to Business technology .

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Today's businesses are operating in a highly dynamic environment. The task environment and specific environments are changing dramatically and in such a short period of time that it is becoming basically impossible to adapt any long term strategic plan and keep a competitive edge. Production and operation efficiency help greatly in cutting costs and permits organizations to compete in terms of product price, however fierce price cutting is not the guarantee of survival. Innovation and technological progress are essential tools that revolutionized and continue to transform deeply the way businesses operate.Information technology (IT) in particular lead to the creation of sophisticated information systems that modified the structure of traditional firms and organizations and resulted in what is known today as BB (business to business) ,BC (business to consumer), as well as E-commerce, online auctioning, online trading and even an e-marketplace.The focus of this paper is on BB, its early days and how it developed, the different maturation stages it went through as well as the impact it has on organizations .We will open our discussion with a definition of BB and look at the technology behind it (the hardware, software ...) as well as the role of people in such a system. We will the examine the advantages and potential threats of this systems and how to implement it successfully.

Write a research paper on Business to Business technology .

We will conclude with a look at BB in Lebanon, the stage it is in and what we think the future holds for this business in Lebanon and in the world.WHAT IS BB? The most basic definition of BB is the following "Business that sells products or provides services to other businesses." But when we say BB we mean business to business using the information technology therefore we understand by BB today any Business conducting transactions with one another via the World Wide Web. To better understand BB we will illustrate this definition with a real life example and that is the case of American Express that established a new Bb system with Tradex. Following is the event summary TRADEX Technologies, the provider of a digital marketplace platform, and American Express, the largest corporate card provider, announced that they have partnered to create the BB Commerce Network, a new component-based e-commerce solution powered by TRADEXs Commerce Center™ platform. The American Express BB Commerce Network is an open digital marketplace for purchasing and catalog management that is designed to connect American Express corporate customers and suppliers with other horizontal and vertical marketplaces on the Internet. The BB Commerce Network will enable companies to enhance the benefits of their existing procurement applications with online payment tools, supplier services, content management services and advanced sourcing capabilities.American Express selected the TRADEX platform as the foundation of its BB Commerce Network. TRADEX enables the customization of the BB Commerce Network to reflect each buying organizations purchasing policies and negotiated prices, and provides flexible commerce transaction processes from requisition through payment. American Express BB Commerce Network also will provide customizable catalogs and content aggregation tools through ec-Content, Inc. a TRADEX partner.In addition to hosting an online corporate travel booking solution, American Express is working with ten electronic purchasing systems vendors to provide full interoperability with the Corporate Purchasing Card to streamline payment, reconciliation and reporting processes. Additionally, American Express has begun testing American Express @ Work, a business-to-business portal that integrates web-based applications and content with full-service support to help companies and their employees streamline activities across the full spectrum of travel and purchasing management.This example illustrates various dimensions of BB, first of all American Express is establishing a partnership with Tradex to launch its BB portal, secondly the website is offering to settle various transactions (payments and booking) as well as conducting the business operations with other companies that may be unknown previously to American Express via the web, an example is the customized catalog and prices to each and every client. Now that we defined BB lets look at its history and the various stages it went through to reach its current aspect

THE HISTORY OF BB It's important to mention that BB is as old as business because it was crucial for businesses in orders to survive to interact with other businesses suppliers, distributors, as well as strategic alliances. However the focus of the rest of this term paper is on computerized BB.E-Business dates back to the 160s, when many large companies started exchanging standard business documents, such as product specifications, purchase orders, work orders, and invoices, through secure private networks. Connections to these networks were very expensive and beyond the grasp of small and medium-sized companies. The first application of IT in a business was done by the bank of America Banks were swamped with the growing volume of checks that needed to be processed. By automating the function with ERMA, (the Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) the Bank of America reported that nine employees could do the job that previously took 50 people (United States, 18).In the 170s and 180s, businesses extended their computing power beyond the companys walls, sending and receiving information with business partners and suppliers electronically via EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). This process transmitted standardized data that streamlined the procurement process between businesses, so that paperwork and human intervention were nearly eliminated (E-Commerce Guides Ask the Experts, 18).EDI often occurred over private communications networks called value-added networks (VANs). The cost of installation and maintenance of VANs put electronic communication out of the reach of many small and medium-sized businesses. For the most part, these businesses relied on the fax and telephone for their business communications. Even larger companies that used EDI often did not realize the full potential savings because many of their business partners did not use it. Today, electronic commerce increasingly refers to business conducted over the Internet. EDI, for example, is being brought to the Internet and allowing companies to save money by eliminating the old systems expensive private networks and by expanding reach to include more businesses on the supply chain. Other business-to-business transactions are simply moving to the Web without using the standardized forms required by EDI (E-Commerce Guides Ask the Experts, 18). Companies of all sizes can now communicate with each other electronically, through the public Internet, networks for company-use only (intranets) or for use by a company and its business partners (extranets), and private value-added networks. Another aspect of BB that is growing today is what is known by the BB Transaction management A BB transaction management platform enables trading partners in enterprises and e-marketplaces to manage the fulfillment, payment, and settlement of transactions online. When these activities are integrated with an enterprise e-supply chain and e-procurement efforts, they deliver powerful economic benefits to BB trading partners. By allowing participants of online business to coordinate and manage logistical, financial, and other transaction-related services, this automated system tracks all terms and conditions related to the BB transaction, and provides added flexibility to include multiple parties if necessary.The most obvious reason for the expansion of electronic BB is the progress of technology and the sharp drop in prices that allowed the widespread of this business practice. The history of BB was shaped by the science of information systems; therefore we will look now at the technology behind BB.

BB THE TECHNOLOGY EDIThe technology used for BB is very similar to the regular information technology used to link any two parties on the World Wide Web.Each company must create an Integrator interface that is a website (or a powerful sophisticated portal) and makes it accessible online for the public to use. Such companies have internal systems that are connected by local areas networks (LANs) and that are here to assist workers in the company to complete the BB operations at various level in the hierarchy of the organization.The tools used for BB as mentioned earlier are quite similar to those in any information system. The hardware being a computer a keyboard, a phone etc… and the software being custom made information systems depending on every organization need. The determining dimension of a BB is what is called the EDI. A computerized system that allows linked computers to conduct business transactions, such as invoicing and ordering, over a telecommunication network. EDI covers two basic areas in business1/ Trade data exchange which includes all the data exchange such as purchase orders, bills and receipts,/Electronic fund transfer which includes all the money that is being transferred on the wire,How does EDI work?By definition, EDI involves one computer communicating to another. This may be a problem due to the incompatibility of two different computer systems. To combat the incompatibility, standards were developed to facilitate this inter-computer data exchange. The EDI process involves several steps as the transactions are sent back and forth between the systems. The sending computer translates its business transactions into a universally accepted EDI data format. The EDI formatted data is then transferred to an interceding computer that holds the transactions which will be polled, or retrieved, by the company for whom the transactions are intended. The receiving computer translates the retrieved EDI formatted data into the receiving systems format. Finally, the data is processed by the receiving system. The multi-step process is automated with the use of bridging software, eliminating any human interaction.Many types of interceding computer systems can be utilized to process the EDI transactions. Structured interceding computer systems are called VANs (value added networks). The VAN has the benefit of added security because the data is accepted on behalf of one company from another company based on a pre-established relationship. The VAN often verifies the transactions that appear to be valid EDI transactions. Trading partners can also use an Internet e-mail address. This is less costly, but more risky due to the lack of transaction security.Benefits of EDIBusinesses using EDI can achieve significant cost savings, including improvements in cash management and reduced administrative costs. In addition, customer relations improve due to faster response time and reduced errors in processing orders.Using EDI allows cash management to be more precise than relying on traditional check transactions since the timing of banking transactions is easier to predict.Operating costs decrease because paper is reduced. This affects administrative costs associated with clerical duties managing the documents, postage, preprinted forms, duplicating and document retention.Higher customer satisfaction can be achieved when lower inventory levels are maintained. This is the result of the vendors faster response time and higher accuracy on filled orders. The faster response time and improvements in accuracy are a result of the orders being processed directly from the customers computer, versus the traditional methods of taking orders by voice, fax and printed communications. Before we look at BB in Lebanon lets review the basic advantages and disadvantages of such a way to conduct organizationsBB Pro and drawbacks.A successful E-BB can have the following advantages  Lower Purchasing Costs o Materials procurement efficiency o Reduced labor costs o Reduced office supplies inventory  Reduced Inventory (Proper Inventory) o Just in time inventory o Increased turnover of inventory o Efficient use of manufacturing capacity  Networks to improve communication and analyze supply and demand and track production schedules  Lower Cycle Times (time to build product) o Reduction of fixed cost per item o Sharing of information o Coordinate production and scheduling requirements o Improved material flow through the supply chain  More Efficient and Effective Customer Service o Website with product/technical support info/software downloads o Customized database o Delivery tracking  Lower Sales and Marketing Costs o Automated ordering o Electronic catalogues o Build to order o Open 4x7 o New Sales Opportunities And here are some of the BB threats,(the threats themselves are no different, no matter what type of Internet-based transaction)• Message & data integrity • Authentication • Impersonation & non-repudiation • Confidentiality • No originator clearance (access controls) • Hacking • If the system collapses so does the entire organizations.• Other o Mis-routing o Denial of service The difference for BB is the level of protection organizations must apply to each potential threat.

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Aviation

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Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The invention was first thought of hundreds of years ago, but look how long it took us. From 10, when the Wright's flew eight horsepowered planes until now when we fly. Wilbur and Orville Wright's Contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. Most importantly it all began in their childhoods. The father of Wilbur and Orville Wright was a minister of the United Brethren Church, the Reverend Milton Wright (Rowland-Entwistle 6). Milton went to a small college at Hartsville, Indiana to study ministry (Rowland -Entwistle 6). He was given a license to preach in 1846 when he was only 18 years old, but he decided to spend some time teaching before taking up his duties as a preacher (Rowland -Entwistle 6). During a visit back to Hartsville, young Milton met a bright, charming girl named Susan Catherine Koener, who had been brought up on a farm (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Susan was good at mathematics (Rowland -Entwistle 6). From her father she inherited an ability to make and mend things (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Most women in those days were expected to make and mend clothes, but Susan could also carry out what we now call "do-it-yourself"Amos jobs around the house (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Milton and Susan were married in 185, about five years after they first met (Rowland -Entwistle 6). Milton was just 1, and

Write a research paper on Aviation

Susan was 8 (Rowland -Entwistle 6). On April 16, 1867, Milton and Susan Wright welcomed their third child into their household near Millville, Indiana (Ford 1). The newest member of the family, Wilbur, had two older brothers to contend with Reuchlin, 6, and Lorin, 4 (Ford 1). Little did Susan know that she had given birth to the first half of one of the world's most famous inventive partnerships (Ford 1). The other half of the duo, Orville, was born four years later, on August 1, 1871, in the family's newly built home at 7 Hawthorn Street in Dayton, Ohio (Ford 1). Orville's sister, Katharine, was also born in that house on his third birthday (Ford 1). When the boys were young Milton brought the boys various souvenirs and trinkets he found during his travels for the church (Ford 1). One such trinket, a toy helicopter-like top, sparkled the boys' interest in flying (Ford 1). Orville wrote of his childhood We were lucky enough to grow up in an environment where there was always much encouragement to children to pursue intellectual interests; to investigate whatever aroused curiosity (Bradshaw 1). Both Brothers never graduated high school or went to college (Bradshaw 1). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The middle years of the Wright brothers were important years as well, but also very amazing. To earn pocket money Wilbur helped out on a church newspaper edited by his father, constructed a special machine to fold the papers for mailing (Freedman 10). Orville on the other hand published a weekly newspaper called the West Side News (Freedman 10). Later his older brother Wilbur, who had always Amos enjoyed writing, soon joined his brother as the paper's editor (Freedman 10). After a year, they decided to convert their weekly into a daily, The Evening Item (Freedman 11). A new invention from Europe gave the Wright brothers a new interest (Rowland-Entwistle -). It was the so-called safety bicycle; the kind now used with both wheels the same size, instead of the one big and one small (Rowland-Entwistle -). Orville and Wilbur each bought bikes, and decided to pen a bicycle shop to take advantage of the new craze (Rowland-Entwistle -). For a time they kept on the printing business (Rowland-Entwistle -). The bicycle shop included a repair shop to do bike repairs (Rowland-Entwistle -). Building, fixing and selling bicycles kept the brothers busy, but it was not a career that appealed to Will (Rowland-Entwistle ). He was looking for something new to invent (Rowland-Entwistle ). Then one day Will came across a magazine article about a German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, who had made a machine in which he could glide through the air (Rowland-Entwistle ). Will thought that Lilienthal's ideas on controlling his glider wouldn't work (Rowland-Entwistle 4). Sure enough, one day he read that Lilienthal had crashed and been killed (Rowland-Entwistle 4). At the time Orv was seriously ill with typhoid fever (Rowland-Entwistle 4). As soon as he was better Will began to discuss with him his new dream to make a machine that really would fly under its own power, controlled by a human pilot (Rowland-Entwistle 4). First, they read everything that had ever been written about flight (Rowland-Entwistle 5). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. Along with the important facts of the Wright Brother's early Amos 4years and middle years, is the important invention that the Brothers had created, " The Airplane" (Rowland-Entwistle 5). They designed and built a glider, big enough to carry a man (Rowland-Entwistle 5). To experiment with it they took the machine in parts to the tiny hamlet of Kitty Hawk in North Carolina (Rowland-Entwistle 5). There, on a wide sandy beach, there was plenty of space to practice Flying-and no one to watch them (Rowland-Entwistle 5). In September 100, the brothers traveled by train, ferry, and hired a boat to Kitty Hawk (Parker 15). They lived in a tent on the windy dunes, where sand blew everywhere (Parker 15). They had brought their first glider (Parker 15). It was a double-decker or biplane design, with a wingspan of 5.7 yards, a wooden frame, and woven cotton covering (Parker 15). The pilot lay on the lower wing (Parker 15). He operated the front elevator with his hands and the wing-warp by a pivoted bar at his feet (Parker 15). After three weeks of unmanned test, they took the glider along the shore, with help from the local postmaster, Bill Tate (Parker 15). Their launch site was a group of three huge sand dunes called Kill Devil Hills (Parker 15). Wilbur made the first test glides into the strong winds (Parker 15). The best covered over 100 yards in about 0 seconds (Parker 15). But the winds died down, and the brothers returned to Dayton (Parker 15). The first couple of gliders that the Wright Brothers had made had several problems such as turning left or right and moving the glider up or down which the gliders didn't do very well (Parker 15). After observing how buzzards keep their balance in the air, Wilbur realized that in order to operate successfully, an airplane must operate in three axes of motion pitch, roll, and yaw (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). It seems like an obvious observation to us now, but back then, Wilbur was the first to Amos 5recognize the need to control a flying machine in all three axes of motion (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). His solution to the problem of control was a technique called wing warping (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). By twisting the surface of each wing with levers, it changed the position of the wing in relation to the oncoming wind (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). So, one side could produce more lift as the other side produced less simultaneously (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). This enabled an aircraft to keep a level position even when disturbed by wind-very much like a buzzard twisted its wings to control its movement (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). Having resolved the control issue with tests on biplane kites, the brothers began experimenting with full-size gliders (Wilbur & Orville Wright ). Using their newfound knowledge, The Wright Brothers designed their 10 glider, the biggest yet (Parker 18). Its wings were longer but less broad, with a wingspan of 10.8 yards and chord of 1.6 yards (Parker 18). A hip cradle worked the wing-warp system (Parker 18). There was an elevator at the front and, for the first time, a tail-two upright, fixed fins (Parker 18). The design worked well, and the Wrights made hundreds of glides (Parker 18). There was only one crash-landing, but the Wright's luck, which saved them so many times, did not fail (Parker 18). Now, Will decided, they were ready to put an engine in the machine (Rowland-Entwistle 8). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The Wright Brothers could not just take a motor and put it into one of their gliders (Freedman 65). First they needed a motor that was light yet powerful (Freedman 65). Then they had to design propellers that would produce enough thrust to drive a flying machine through the air (Freedman 65). Finally they had to build an Amos 6aircraft body sturdy enough to carry the weight and withstand the vibrations of the motor and propellers (Freedman 65). Wilbur wrote to several manufacturers of gasoline engines, asking if they could supply an engine that would produce at least 8 horsepower, yet weigh less than 00 pounds (Freedman 65). No company was willing to take on the assignment (Freedman 65). Wilbur and Orville decided to build the motor themselves with the help of Charlie Taylor, a mechanic they had hired to help out in the bicycle shop (Freedman 65). Having designed a propeller with the same principles they used to design their wings, Wilbur and Orville then built their own 4-cylinder, 1-horsepower engine (Ford ). They built the 10 Flyer in sections in the back room of their cycle shop at 117 West Third in Dayton (Ford ). When completed, it was shipped down to Kitty Hawk and assembled (Ford ). It was a "whopper flying machine," according to Wilbur (Taylor 8). Twenty-one feet (6.4 m) long, wings stretching more than 40 feet (1. m) from tip to tip, the entire airplane weighed 605 pounds (74 kg) (Taylor 8). The Pilot would lie on his stomach on the lower wing, with a lever to operate the elevator out front (Taylor 8). Wires attached to a movable hip cradle twisted the wings to make the machine turn (Taylor 8). As the pilot shifted his weight to the right or left, the wing twisted and the rudders moved simultaneously to prevent the nose from swinging in the wrong direction (Taylor 8). They started the motor (Freedman 74). The propellers turned over, paddling loudly (Freedman 74). The transmission chains clattered (Freedman 74). The motor popped and coughed, and the whole machine seemed to shudder and shake (Freedman 74). The two small boys took one look, backed away, and went racing across the sand dunes with the dog at their heels (Freedman 74). Wilbur and Amos 7Orville tossed a coin to decide who would try first. Wilbur won (Freedman 74). Orville's stopwatch showed that the Flyer had flown for just .5 seconds (Freedman 74). He stalled it on take-off, causing some minor damage (Ford ). Because the brothers took the time to carefully calculate and test each component of the aircraft step by step, they knew their fourth glider - called the Flyer and now known as Kitty Hawk - would fly (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). So, in March of 10, nine months before their actual first flight, the Wright brothers filed an application for a patent on their work (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Their systematic experimentation came to fruition before five witnesses on the windy December morning of December 17th (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). At 105 a.m. on December 17th, they flew the world's first powered airplane (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). The flight lasted a scant 1 seconds and covered just 10 feet above the sandy beaches of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). But, that brief moment captured the extraordinary genius of two rather ordinary men (Wilbur and Orville Wright 1). The brothers flew a total of four flights that day, the longest covering 85 feet in 5 seconds (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. The Later years of the Wright brothers were spent traveling the world showing off their new invention and setting new records in aviation. The Wrights continued to make progress. In 11, Wilbur fell ill with typhoid fever, and died on May 0. The world mourned, and all activity in Dayton Stopped during the funeral (Parker 5). Orville died on January 0, 148, at the ripe old age of 77 (Sabin 6). At the age of 77, Orville Wright dies of a heart attack while fixing a doorbell (Wilbur & Orville Wright Amos 85). Like his older brother Wilbur, he dies a bachelor-their one passion in life is aviation (Wilbur & Orville Wright 5). Wilbur and Orville Wright's contributions to aviation were among the most important in our century. They are the inventors of the airplane in a much truer sense than inventors usually are, says Crouch, also a senior curator of Aeronautics at the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). The scope and scale of their breakthrough was incredible (Wilbur & Orville Wright 4). Even though the first flight only lasted twelve seconds, it was a very modest flight compared with that of birds, but it was, the first in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power into the air in free flight, and finally landing without being wrecked.

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