Biology: Insulin.

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BRIEF INTRODUCTIONInsulin is a protein hormone secreted from the Beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is produced when there is a high level of sugar in the blood, insulin acts on cells in the body to help reduce blood sugar levels. Diabetics, who suffer from lack of insulin production, must rely on technology to produce insulin. Using Recombinant DNA Technology is one way artificial insulin can be produced. The processes for isolating and producing large amounts of insulin require specific enzymes, other bacteria and of course sophisticated technology. In this project, we 'll be discussing terms such as Restriction Enzymes they are specific proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Providing the right conditions they 'cut' DNA strands at specific locations, usually between the Guanine (G) and Adenine (A) bases. Restriction enzymes recognise specific sequences of DNA, and cut at these points. Similarly, another enzyme, called DNA Ligase, will also be discussed. The enzyme Ligase joins pieces of double stranded DNA at their sugar-phosphate backbones. The bonds that form here are strong (covalent) bonds. When isolating and cloning the gene - ligase, restriction enzymes and a vector, such as a plasmid found in bacteria, are used. A Vector (plasmid), is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. Because bacteria multiply in large amounts by binary fission, they're used to manufacture and clone large amounts of insulin in a short amount of time, as the vector will have the insulin gene inserted. Thus cloning the insulin gene also. JOINING DNA FRAGMENTSIn gene manipulation, the joining of pieces of DNA with sticky ends to make one circular piece is sometimes required. The enzyme LIGASE (pic 71) joins pieces of double stranded DNA at their sugar-phosphate backbones. The bonds that form are strong (covalent) bonds.TRANSPORTING DNA INTO CELL

School papers on Biology: Insulin.

Special carriers or vectors can transport DNA fragments into cells, such as bacteria. One example of a vector is a small circular DNA molecule, called a plasmid, found in bacteria. Under certain conditions plasmids can cross cell membranes and enter a cell. When it moves from outside to inside, it carries any passenger DNA which has been joined to it. Please note that this sample paper on Biology: Insulin. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Biology: Insulin., we are here to assist you. Your

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