Plan for Osmosis

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Plan for Osmosis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Plan for Osmosis paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Plan for Osmosis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Plan for Osmosis paper at affordable prices !

PlanThe aim of this investigation is to measure the rate of osmosis activity in a potato chip when placed in different solutions. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high water potential to a low water potential across a partially permeable membrane. Osmosis continues in this environment until a state of 'equilibrium' is achieved where the water gradient in one are is no different to another. The experiments I conduct will show the rate of osmosis between the potato chip and the solution.VariablesThe variables which affect the rate of osmosis are

Custom writing offers papers on Plan for Osmosis

· Temperature· Surface area· Solution Concentration· Length of experiment· Type of solutionTemperature Will affect the movement of surrounding molecules and so change the rate of diffusion.Surface Area With a larger surface area, it will mean that there is more area for osmosis to take place.Solution Concentration Should mean that more or less water will move in or out of the potato chip.Length of experiment A longer experiment will mean longer time for osmosis to occur.Type of solution The solution being diluted may have an effect on how much osmosis may occur.The variable I will be changing to see a different of osmosis is the concentration or molarity of the salt solution.MethodTo make it a fair test I will be doing the experiments in the same room at the same time to keep temperature change minimal, keeping the chips the same general size, repeating the experiment times for each concentration of solution and keeping the length of the experiment the same.The experiment will be set up using the following equipment Potatoes, Sodium Chloride Solution (different molarities needed), Water, Paper towels, a Balance, Stopwatch, Test tubes and a Rack. Each experiment will last 0 minutes long and will repeated times for each concentration. Please note that this sample paper on Plan for Osmosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Plan for Osmosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Plan for Osmosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Pm

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on pm. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality pm paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in pm, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your pm paper at affordable prices !

management that Frederic Taylor developed in the early 1900's because it wasn't working effectively for the companies. However as Rober Kanigel make clear in his biography of Frederick Taylor One Best Way the problem wasn't with the theory of scientific management , but with the Frederic Taylor and his attempts at managing his own theories. Frederic Taylor was an engineer, a perfectionist; he didn't have personality skills necessary to be an effective manager or leader. Someone how had these skills could manage a company well with his theory. What scientific management really is "a complete method of creative problem solving and decision making." Many of the ideas in scientific management, like setting time goal and streamlining the workload are good ideas and are used presently in the work force. The primary objectives of scientific management are to maximize profit for the company, to use the fullest potential each employee and for prosperity for employees. To accomplish this people must exert themselves to their maximum potential every minute of the time at work. Still many of Taylor's ideas did not work out because there he was too much like a robot and treated others like robots. He was inflexible, and failed to consider human emotions. For example he timed each person with a stopwatch and forced him or her to meet an inflexible and extreme time goal everyday no matter what. The job was not adjusted to meet the person but the person was forced to adjust to the job. Frederick Taylor wasn't capable of managing people under the scientific management theory the way he designed it. His use of the system eliminated the human aspect of the workplace, by treating people like machines. He described people as in capable of working in anything but what they were currently doing. Furthermore he doubled their work load and made them work at the most efficient pace that he conceived of and enforced this by timing people with a stop watch. His essential theory was: management decided what a fair day of work was and made all the decisions. The employees were only capable of doing manual work and were hired only for their manual labor. Scientific management the Taylor way was imperfect because he eliminated the human part. No one can manage other people Please note that this sample paper on pm is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pm, we are here to assist you. Your custom paper on pm will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Hiphop Culture

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hiphop Culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hiphop Culture paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hiphop Culture, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hiphop Culture paper at affordable prices !

Hip-hop A Channel For The Urban YouthsIts followers call it an art movement and will tell you, indeed, it is all about self expression. There are basically four elements to this culture we talk about. They are, rap, break dancing, graffiti art and DJaying. It belongs almost exclusively to the MTV generation from teens to those in their mid - 0's. Just like an art, youths all over the world use it to express themselves. This culture started back in the mid 70's in the black ghettos of New York. It limited gang violence there seeing many then decided to channel their anger and aggressions through it. Since, hip-hop has left its gang roots far behind. Its fan base is growing phenomenally world wide, especially here in Singapore. Reflections on everyday life are often expressed in the works of a follower of this culture. A follower, no doubt, is Syukri; our in house graffiti artist of Secondary E4, Woodgrove Secondary. Modestly describing himself as a little kid still learning in the street, he hopes to bring about appreciation from the non followers of the culture. He describes it as a medium to express one's self and recommends it to absolutely anyone who appreciates art as much as he does and creative individuals. One can never reproduce the same art piece as you feel different at every time. He has had a few collaborations done yet he prefers working alone because he finds it hard to share his personal train of thoughts with another person. As Syukri may tell you, colors and strokes are very important in this line of art as they depict to you how the artist was feeling at that point in time. A survey conducted showed that 8% of the student population of Woodgrove Secondary does not mind Graffiti Art pieces gracing the walls of their classrooms yet these feelings are not resonated among the teaching population of our school. Most feel that it is insignificant and does not share any correlation to what we learn in our education system. An Ideal classroom? Perhaps not. Yet, there is no harm picking it up as a hobby. To get started, all you need is a sketch, Pylon Spray Paints (recommended) and an empty wall space. Sketch Away! College papers on Hiphop Culture

Please note that this sample paper on Hiphop Culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hiphop Culture, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Hiphop Culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Glass Menagerie analysis

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Glass Menagerie analysis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Glass Menagerie analysis paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Glass Menagerie analysis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Glass Menagerie analysis paper at affordable prices !

Glass Menagerie is a memory play where illusion overcomes reality in more ways than one.Tennessee Williams uses various unconventional techniques to send the reader into an illusionary world where reality is hidden deep inside.Amanda Wingfield - Laura and Toms mother. A proud, vivacious woman, Amanda clings fervently to memories of a vanished, genteel past. She is simultaneously admirable, charming, pitiable, and laughable.Laura Wingfield - Amandas daughter and Toms younger sister. Laura has a bad leg, on which she has to wear a brace, and walks with a limp. Twenty-three years old and painfully shy, she has largely withdrawn from the outside world and devotes herself to old records and her collection of glass figurines.Tom Wingfield - Amandas son and Lauras older brother. An aspiring poet, Tom works at a shoe warehouse to support the family. He is frustrated by the numbing routine of his job and escapes from it through movies, literature, and alcoholJim OConnor - An old acquaintance of Tom and Laura. Jim was a popular athlete in high school and is now a shipping clerk at the shoe warehouse in which Tom works. He is unwaveringly devoted to goals of professional achievement and ideals of personal success.Mr. Wingfield - Amandas wife and Laura and Toms father. Mr. Wingfield was a handsome man who worked for a telephone company. He abandoned his family years before the action of the play and never appears onstage. His picture, however, is prominently displayed in the Wingfields living room.

Custom writing offers papers on Glass Menagerie analysis

Although the Wingfields are distinguished and bound together by the weak relationships they maintain with reality, the illusions to which they succumb are not merely familial quirks. The outside world is just as susceptible to illusion as the Wingfields. The young people at the Paradise Dance Hall waltz under the short-lived illusion created by a glass ballanother version of Lauras glass animals. Tom opines to Jim that the other viewers at the movies he attends are substituting on-screen adventure for real-life adventure, finding fulfillment in illusion rather than real life. Even Jim, who represents the world of reality, is banking his future on public speaking and the television and radio industriesall of which are means for the creation of illusions and the persuasion of others that these illusions are true. The Glass Menagerie identifies the conquest of reality by illusion as a huge and growing aspect of the human condition in its time. Please note that this sample paper on Glass Menagerie analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Glass Menagerie analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Glass Menagerie analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Research Paper on Funds and Banking

What's OTC?

More than the Counter (OTC) is a industry for securities that are not listed on

an exchange. Security orders are finalized via telephone and a

computer network that connects dealers. As conversely on the NYSE, which

is an auction market, the OTC is a negotiated market. OTC dealers may

either act as principals or agents for customers. The NASD regulates the

OTC market. OTC stock prices are listed daily in newspapers, beside the

National Market Procedure stocks listed individually inside sleep from the OTC

market. The OTC industry is a primary market for bonds.

The OTC market is self-regulated by members pertaining towards National

Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). The marketplace comprises of hundreds

of brokers and dealers tied jointly by the National Association of

Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) system. NASDAQ acts as a

principal clearinghouse for trades. It lists thousands of OTC stocks and some

non-OTC problems that trade on so-called pink or yellow sheets. Companies

not on a NASDAQ program could be intimately held, could be very good quality

firms, even so they are able to also might be disaster-prone penny stock companies.

Investors should be conscious of price differences among stocks on

registered exchanges and stocks on the OTC. OTC stocks have 2 prices,

the bid, that's the invest in cost and the ask, which is the selling

price. The bid price is usually up to 10 to 15 percent higher than the

ask price. This "bid/ask spread" is a commission that goes to the

broker/dealer. You buy at the asked price, which is higher cost and sell

at the bid, that's the lower price. The difference goes to the

broker-dealer, the marketplace maker to your stock. Such as NOT-SO-BIG business may perhaps have a bid of 5 and ask of 4 5/8. If

you bought 4000 shares, the commission would be 3/8 times 4,000, or $1500.

You will not see the $1500 commission charge on your order but the broker

or market maker is creating the money on the transaction. If you have been to at

as soon as market your 4,000 shares, the broker would pay you 4,000 x 4 5/8, or

$18,500. The $1500 has gone straight into your broker's pocket. However,

they'll claim they didn't charge you a commission. Smaller stocks on the OTC

markets typically move up or down in costs faster than larger companies.

Nonetheless, by reason of broad spreads, a trading strategy to take

rewards on the cost moves may possibly generate more commissions to your broker

than profits for you. Penny stock companies typically toll excessive

commissions. For instance, the SEC reported a brokerage that sold a

client $25,000 in stock and created a $12,500 commission.Market risk

Market risk pertains towards the risk of publicly traded securities, where

informed and uninformed decisions consume place, thereby increasing the

uncertainty. Exactly where the uncertainty or the risk pertaining on the capital

markets are concerned, 1 with the strategy to reduce these kinds of risk is

spreading the risk or diversifying. This strategy spreads the overall

risk, so in turn, the investor doesn't end up in doldrums. Another

strategy to reduce the marketplace risk is by managing it via buying of

national securities in capital markets, wherever the cost fluctuation is

lowest as these securities are backed and secured by the government.

Another thing that contributes to your relationship for your demand for

income and also the changes in the interest rates is the asset demand for the

money. In general, a well-constructed portfolio may possibly desire to contain low risk investments along with riskier ventures. But it is not in general

advisable to maintain M1 (currency or checking deposits). The reason is that

another assets, for example the federal government securities or safe funds market mutual income are just as safe asM1 and have greater interest rates. Thus the transaction dollars is dominated asset as other assets are both safe

but have higher yields. Thus the overall risk of capital markets can

either be diversified or reduced by the strategies outlined above.

Theater or home

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on theater or home.

What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements.

Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality theater or home paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in theater or home, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists.

Order your theater or home paper at affordable prices !

In a Theater or At Home?

Watching movie at a theater or at home, which one do you like better? I have all had good and bad experiences with both. The two different viewing styles can seem alike in many ways, but there are many differences in the cost, the quality, and the sociability between viewing a movie in a theater and viewing a movie from home.

One of the many concerns among college students today is going out and having fun while saving money. I could say one of the most common questions among my friends and I is "What can we do tonight that doesn't cost much?" Being college students, a movie would be a good choice. At the local AMC Luxury Theater, students can show a valid student ID card from the college and automatically get a reduced price of only five dollars for newly released movie (AMC). However, if we were to stay at home, we would have to drive to the move store, decide which (older) movie we would watch out of the hundreds to choose from, drive back home, put in the movie and pray for no problems with the quality of the used video. Although a rented movie only costs three dollars to rent, you still have the responsibility of retunring the movie on time to avoid the late fee. That is after you clean up from the mess, drive all the way back to the movie store and home again Therefore, with only one easy trip to the theater; with a choice of a few selected newer movies, you have already saved time, gas and money in the long run.

The quality of the movie, once decided, is another big issue. In the theater, you have the nice luxurious love-seat stadium style seating, with plenty of leg room. "The new AMC theater will seat more people and will feature radius-curved seating, allowing each seat to face the center of the screen. It will also offer a greater choice of viewing films and viewing times" (Current). And who knows what they will come out with next: delivering snacks right to your seats? On the other hand, at home you won't have the same sound or picture. I remember when "Saving Private Ryan" came out in the theater. It was the best. Sitting in my seat, it felt like I was the one in war. The surround sound in the theater made the shot of a bullet seem like it was actually flying right my my head. I jumped every time thinking I should duck to miss it. Also, the graphics of the movie were excellent. On the big screen, seeing the bits and pieces of bodies mangled and thrown everywhere actually seemed like they had really lost the limb. It just wouldn't have had the same visual graphics or surround sound from watching it in front of your TV screen at home.

Online writing services offer help on theater or home

Going to the theater is also a good idea to help a student be more sociable. A good ice breaker when meeting someone new would be to talk about a current movie playing in the treater. If you were to talk about a movie rented from a movie store, the likelihood of the person actually seeing the movie is very slim. I know in some of my classes most of the students talk among themselves and discuss what they did over the weekend. Many of the conversations would be, "Hey, did you see that new movie, such and such, that just came out?" Another reason to view movies from the theater is that you will be up to date

andin style with all of your peers.

So the next time, when deciding to go to the movie theater or stay at home and rent a movie, you will know that you will save money, get a better quality movie, and be more sociable if choosing to go to the theater instead of renting one. So you can change all those good and bad experiences to great ones by "going to a local theater near you."

Please note that this sample paper on theater or home is for your review only.

In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes.

In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on theater or home, we are here to assist you.

Your custom paper on theater or home will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 paper at affordable prices !

The computer misuse Act was introduced in September 10 following much debate and controversy. Before this time the misuse of computers for activities such as hacking was legal and hard to control. Computer security was poor and it was relatively easy for a skilled hacker to break into a computer system. However as more important and sensitive information was being stored in computer databases, eg government defence files, the problem of hacking and computer misuse became much more serious and threatened the security of the nation. With the current legislations unable to cope with the problem of hacking (proved by the number of failed prosecutions), a new law was urgently required to meet the threat of computer hacking and misuse.As a result in September 10 the Computer Misuse Act was introduced. From the 1st of September 10 three new offences were created under the new act. These were the unauthorised access to computer material, the unauthorised access with intent to commit further offences and the unauthorised modification of computer material. Basically speaking the act was split into three sections. Section one dealt with the offence of hacking without the intent to commit serious crime e.g. fraud. This is regarded as a relatively minor offence and can be dealt with in a Magistrate's court with a maximum sentence of six months or more commonly a £000 fine.Section two on the other hand deals with the unauthorised access to computer systems with the intention to commit serious crime. This regarded as a much more serious crime and is triable at a Crown court and carries a maximum penalty of five years in prison or an unlimited fine. Section three covers the unauthorised modification of computerized information and includes the use of viruses, Trojans ect. This carries the same punishment and is regarded as serious as a section two offence.

Custom writing offers papers on COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990

Therefore the computer misuse act has provided the authorities with a valuable basis to prosecute and sentence those using computer for criminal activities. As a result the Computer Misuse Act has provided a strong deterrent to hackers and helped keep the numbers of cases of computer crime such as blackmail, fraud and malicious hacking to a minimum.However there are still many implications and problems with the act, which has by no means totally solved the problem of computer misuse. Many have argued that sentences have been extremely light compared to the losses sustained from the damage created by the hacker. For example in one case, a hackers action cost one company £6000 in lost business while the hacker was just fined £1650 by the court. The main reason for this is that many Juries see hackers as mavericks that just want to beat the system. Judges and barristers also lack specialist knowledge of computers and rarely apply the law as it was intended. Another problem is that the police have great difficulty in enforcing the law, as evidence is hard to collect as many files can be erased without trace. As a result the police often have to rely on local expertise and advice on how to catch and trace hackers. The computer misuse act is also devalued as many companies are often reluctant to report cases of hacking due to the bad publicity it may bring to the company. Many also argue that the computer misuse act is a breach of human rights by restricting computer users access and performing certain tasks.Although there are many problems with the act, the 10 Computer Misuse Act as provided a vital deterrent and has overall reduced the use of computers for criminal activities. Please note that this sample paper on COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Everclear

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on everclear. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality everclear paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in everclear, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your everclear paper at affordable prices with !EVERCLEAR"EVERY THING TO EVERYONE"This literary review is to discuss the content and purpose of the song, "Everything to Everyone', by Everclear. This song is lyrical and it is about trying to fit in to society and someone trying to be 'everything to everyone' instead of being themselves. This album, called "So Much for the Afterglow" was published in 1997. It was produced by A.P. Alexakis, mixed by Andy Wallace and recorded by Neal Avron. The song "everything to Everyone" was recorded in November 1996 by A & M Studios, Los Angeles.The setting for this song could be a conversation between two people. They could be friends or have just met and are having an in-depth conversation. They could be having a coffee together or just visiting each other. Online writing services offer help on everclear

The purpose of this song is about infringing on people's rights, or taking people for granted and using them. The mental attitude of the person, who is the 'victim' in the song, is that they try to do everything for everybody without taking into consideration what they are doing for themselves. She gives to other people all her mental and physical energy and she doesn't ever think of her own situation. Her situation is one of being used and abused. The other person is trying to get her to have more consideration for herself and her own well being, rather than trying to impress other people and what she can do for them. Another purpose of the song is to try and impress upon people with low self-esteem to realise that all is equal and that everybody should be allowed to enjoy their own lives.The audience could be anyone who leads a mundane life in their own world and also anyone who know of people in this situation. The main audience would be teenagers who often feel that they need to please everyone, rather than taking care of themselves.The song is a conversation between two friends. One of the friends is trying to tell her that she is a victim. However, she has been brought up like this so is unable to see that there is anything wrong with her situation.. The friend is trying to convince the other person so stop trying to please everybody and that you should just be yourself. For example,"You try to be everything to everyoneYou know all the right peopleYou play all the right gamesYou always try to beEverything to everyone"This song is in lyric form because it expresses emotion, feelings and a sense of sadness. It has a regular rhythm and a social message. In the first two verses the friend is trying to explain that she has a problem in dealing with life. The last three verses show that she will never change because that is the way she was brought up and she does not know any different. The chorus supports the fact that she is trying to be 'everything to everyone'. everything to everyoneyou put yourself in stupid placesyes i think you know it's truesituations where it's easy to look down on youi think you like to be the victimi think you like to be in paini think you make yourself a victimalmost every single dayyou do what you doyou say what you sayyou try to be everything to everyoneyou know all the right peopleyou play all the right gamesyou always try to beeverything to everyoneyeah you do it againyou always do it againyou say they taught you how to read and writethey taught you how to counti say they taught you how to buy and sellyour own body by the poundi think you like to be their simple toyi think you love to play the clowni think you blind to the factthat the hand you holdis the hand that holds you downchorusspin around and fall downdo it againyou stumble and you fallyeah why don't you ever learnspin around and fall downdo it againyou stumble and you falli wonder if you will ever learnwhy don't you ever learncome on nowdo that stupid dance for meyou do what they tell you to doyou say what they sayyou try to beeverything to everyoneyou jump through the big hoopyou play all the right gamesyou try to beeverything to everyonespin around and fall downdo it againyou stumble and you fallyeah you do it againspin around and fall downdo it againyou stumble and you fall... Please note that this sample paper on everclear is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on everclear, we are here to assist you. Your custom paper on everclear will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Violence

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Violence.

What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements.

Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Violence paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Violence, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists.

Order your Violence paper at affordable prices

Video Game Violence: Is It a Real Threat?

Since April 20, 1999, the date of the infamous Columbine shootings, many, including parents and teachers, have come to question whether or not video games possess the ability to influence children to commit violent acts. In a time in which over 90% of households with children own or rent video games, the subject of video game violence has become a hot topic across major newspapers and internet news groups alike. In the media flurry surrounding the debate, parents have become quick to blame their children's problems on video games, when in fact; the cause for nearly all of their children's problems can be traced to bad parenting.

Grossing nearly 6.3 billion in the United States in 1998, and steadily growing yearly, the video game industry has found a niche in today's society nearly as large as that of the movie industry. Because the video games have found their way into so many homes, their content is monitored and rated by the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board), on a scale similar to one that the MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America) uses to rate movies. The rating system provided by the ESRB includes a recommended age group for the game (ranging from early childhood to adults only), and warnings of specific content (such as violence, comic mischief, or sexual themes). The ESRB even offers parenting advice on their website, including how to talk with your children about a game's content, and how to judge whether or not your child is mature enough to play certain games. Just as it would be irresponsible parenting to take children to "R" rated movies, it would be irresponsible for a parent to buy a child a video game that is out of the child's age range, or that the child is too immature to comprehend.

Online writing services offer help on Violence

Throughout history and long before any existence of video games or computers, bad parenting has invoked violence in children. A classic example is the Hitler Youth Movement, started by Adolph Hitler in 1933, in which children were separated from their parents in their adolescence to be raised in schools that instructed in anti-Semitism and killing. Some psychologists who study the Hitler Youth Movement believe that the lack of parenting rather than the instruction in anti-Semitism caused the children to become violent. In the same respect, video games as a substitute for good parenting leads to violence because it is bad parenting to leave children with their video games as if they were digital babysitters. Parents who sit with their children and make sure they understand the games, as well as monitor their play exhibit good parenting skills. Just as a total lack of parenting helped turn innocent German youth into killers during World War II active participation by parents fully eliminates the threat of video game induced violence.

Many people feel that video games, especially ones containing violent content, promote aggressive behavior in children. However, statistically 90% of all households with children own or rent video games; and of that percentage over 80% of video games preferred by children contain violent content. Based upon this information, one could only ask why more children aren't turning violent. The answer, once again, lies in good parenting. When one more closely observes the gaming habits of Columbine killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, one cant help but to uncover a chilling fact: both Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold played video games for hours at a time. The average game time for children is 20 minutes because many parents limit their children's video game time. Because both Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were both allowed by their parents to play for such extended periods of time without monitoring, one could reason that bad parenting caused the Columbine shootings.

The media flurry surrounding the video game industry after the Columbine shooting has led many parents to blame video games for their children's problems. But with so many children playing video games that live normal lives and do not exhibit any aggressive behavior, it seems inappropriate to blame video games. A more reasonable explanation is that bad parenting, not video games, causes aggressive behavior in children. It has been documented that children whose parents actively participate with them and monitor their play do not display aggressive traits. Rather than search for a place to lay their blame, parents should spend more time actually parenting.

Please note that this sample paper on Violence is for your review only.

In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Violence, we are here to assist you.

Your custom paper on Violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use"

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use" paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use", therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use" paper at affordable prices !

Dee is the main character in the short story "Everyday Use," written by Alice Walker. Alice characterizes Dee as a young and struggling African- American. Dee is blessed with a younger sister, Maggie, who envies Dee as an older, beautiful, and powerful sister. Maggie sees her sister as a strong person but the truth is hidden in her

Custom writing offers papers on Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use"

actions. In the short story "Everyday Use" Alice Walker characterizes Dee by what Dee does, what Dee says, and what others say about Dee. Dee is characterized by what she does. When Dee comes home from Augusta for the first time, she steps out of the car and starts to take pictures. The pictures are of hermother and Maggie along with a cow eating grass, she also makes sure to get their house in the picture. She does this for a reason; she is hoping that when she goes back to school and shows her friends the pictures, they will feel sorry for her considering how her familyis living. At the dinner table later that night, her boyfriend comments on how their religion doesn't eat unclean meat and how he doesn't like collards. Dee, knowing exactly what he said, keeps right on eating. Dee doesn't acknowledge or respect her new religion or her boyfriend's feelings. Later, during dinner she asks if she may have the butter churn that her Uncle Buddy carved, so she can hang it on the wall in Augusta. Dee is able to go to the store and buy butter whenever she needs it, but for her family this butter churn is the only means of having butter. Later that night Dee spots two quilts that her grandmother had made. Dee asks her mother if she may have them as well. These quiltsare one thing that her mother and sister can use for warmth during the winter time. Dee,on the other hand, has heat as well as air-conditioning where she lives. Her mother thenremembers how she had already offered them to her when she went away to college, butDee refused by saying that they were old- fashioned and out of style. This is one out of many things that Dee says that characterizes her. Dee is further characterized by what she says. Before she came to visit she wrote a letter to her mother and at one point said that no matter where they choose to live, she will manage to come see them. She also wrote that when she came to visit she would never bring her friends with her. This is very insulting to her family. When she first comes home she further insults her mom and her family heritage greatly by telling them that she has changed her name to Wangero and by saying that Dee is dead. She then says "I couldn't bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me," meaning her family holds her down and doesn't let her live her life to the fullest. Her family, knowing Dee the best, thinks of Dee in many ways. Dee is also characterized by what others say about her. According to Dee's mother, Maggie has always thought "her sister had held life always in the palm of her hand, that 'no' is a word the world never learned to say to her," meaning Dee is stubborn and always gets her way. Her mother says that Dee will look anyone in the eye and that she doesn't know how to hesitate. Dee was known by her family for wanting nice things and having a style of her own at a young age. Dee was also known for being a very determined person. Dee's mother thinks that when Dee used to read to her and Maggie, that she would read down on them, knowing that they didn't know how to read. Her

mother says that she used to read to them without pity. When Dee wrote the letter to her mother saying that she would never bring any friends home to meet her family, Maggie said "Mama, when did Dee ever have any friends?" In conclusion, Alice Walker characterized Dee into a self-centered young woman in the short story "Everyday Use". Even though Dee has nice hair and a great figure, she is insecure because of the environment she grew up in and her origins. Dee's insecurity affects other people by putting them down, in what she does and in what she says, in order to make herself feel better. Dee thinks being mean and greedy will help her feel less insecure, but in fact it just pushes her away the people who care about her the most. Please note that this sample paper on Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use", we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Alice Walker's Characterization of Dee in the Short Story "Everyday Use" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Jane Eyre's Settings

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Jane Eyre's Settings. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality; Jane Eyre's Settings paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Jane Eyre's Settings, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Jane Eyre's Settings paper at affordable prices !

Jane Eyre is considered to be one of the most inspirational fictional independent woman character. Jane is portrayed in the book Jane Eyre as a plain woman who transforms herself into a remarkable woman who risks everything for love. However before she risked everything she becomes independent with the inheritance of 0,000 pounds from her Uncle John. An independent woman during that century was preposterous. Yet, Jane flabbergasted the world with her individuality at the age of twenty. It has been scientifically proven that character traits depend on a person genes and surroundings. Jane Eyre has lived in four very different kinds of settings. Gateshead was the first home for Jane. Gatehead was the manor of her benefactress, Mrs. Reed, Jane's aunt. Jane had three cousins John, Georgiana, and Eliza. Her family was cruel and unjust. The servants even disdained due to her mundane looks. Due to the lies her cousins told the adults believe Jane as an insolent, evil, and wicked little girl. She lives a life of abuse and torture. To live a life like this one must think the child would grow up to be an abuser. However, one day when Jane was locked in what she believed a haunted room she fainted. That night a doctor came and treated her. Furthermore, he questioned her about her life. She answered, he believed her and convinced Mrs. Reed to send Jane off to school. Therefore, soon afterward Jane is sent off by Bettie and arrives to Lowood at the age of ten. Ms. Temple was her headmistress. She had a boss but he was eventually overruled by the board. However, her life in Lowood was completely different. She did not live luxuriously, she worked for her keep and studied. She learned a sundry of courses but she also learned about forgiveness. She made friends with Ms. Temple and Helen. She loved them dearly and she learned revenge was not sweet. Helen had admonished Jane about revenge and Jane finally rubbed off and comprehended. She became a respectable young lady. She eventually became a teacher at Lowood but grew weary of it and hunted for a job. This job search led her to Thornfield. She was hired as a private tutor to an adorable French girl name Adele. Jane taught her without knowing who was her master. One day she meets man who fell off his horse. She aids him in getting back on his horse and leaves him. But before she leaves him he asks her if she was a fairy. She says no and they depart. Surprisingly when she arrives at Thornfield she meets him yet again. Mr. Rochester was her master and she finds him intriguing. She lives contently as a governess and enjoys Mr. Rochester's interesting company. Yet astoundingly she surprises herself by becoming jealous when Mr. Rochester brings the beautiful Ms. Ingram to his manor. He shows her off as his future wife and Jane suffers greatly. Mr. Rochester craftily uses Blanche Ingram as his tool to get Jane jealous. He succeeds and Jane finally tells that she also loves him. Before admitting her love Jane left Thornfield and returned to Gateshead. She found Aunt Reed on her deathbed, and she was willing to forgive Mrs. Reed but Mrs. Reed was not ready to receive it. She died and Jane did not care about revenge like she did as a child. She even found out about an uncle whom Mrs. Reed never told her about. This proves Jane had changed from a vengeful child to a forgiving adolescent. After this she returned and both confessed their love. They plan to get married secretly but during the procession Jane learns of Mr. Rochester's wife, Bertha Mason. Jane is devastated and she runs away leaving her possessions behind.

Online writing services offer help on Jane Eyre's Settings

She arrives to Whitcross where she lives as a beggar for a few days. Luckily she meets St. John and his sisters, Diana and Mary who takes her in. He gives her a job as a teacher of orphan girls. Ironically they learn that they are related. But even before this knowledge she was known as Jane Elliot. She begins to love Diana and Mary as good friends and admires St. John. But when the secret is out she is even more happy due to having family at last. She finally has a family and this changes her in many ways. Jane finally has a family to love and to love her in return. This emotion can change anyone. She lives life happily until St. John asks her to marry her. She refuses to do so. Yet, eventually she agreed but on that night she hears Mr. Rochester through the wind. After hearing this she runs off and searches for her love. She finds Mr. Rochester blind and scarred and Bertha Mason dead. Mr. Rochester was shocked and ecstatic. They both end up living happily married with children. Jane Eyre is a wonderfully written novel that deals with a young mistreated child who grows up to be a respectable teen and becomes an independent woman. Without her four homes she would have never became the Jane Eyre we all love and know. Jane Eyre will forever be a role model to those who fought for love and independence and those who will fight. Please note that this sample paper on Jane Eyre's Settings is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jane Eyre's Settings we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Jane Eyre's Settings will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants paper at affordable prices !

Assess the impact of War Communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP) on both the peasantry and proletariat in Russian society between 118 and 18.The policies of war communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP) had a great impact on both the peasantry and the proletariat. Both policies were a desperate attempt to preserve the revolution and this is greatly reflects the reasons why some groups were advantaged and why others were disadvantaged.War communism was implemented as a result of the civil war. Historians such as Maurice Dobb, E. H. Carr, and Stephen Cohen -- have interpreted war communism as a short-term expedient imposed on the Bolsheviks by the emergency demands of civil war and foreign intervention. According to this version, the system was never intended to last into normal peacetime conditions and had no special ideological significance. While this has since become the standard account, several well-informed economists writing in the 10s, such as Boris Brutzkus and Leo Pasvolsky, viewed war communism in a much more ideological light -- as an attempt to realise Marx anti-market socialist or communist utopia. The features of war communism were that peasant land was seized and then nationalised, however the peasant's control. As insufficient grain was reaching the cities the government introduced grain requisition, excess food was seized with Cheka support, it couldn't be sold for a profit. Large scale businesses were nationalised without compensation; this was extended to all business with more than ten people by 118. All private trade was abolished, and the government controlled food with ration cards and workers were paid through food rations. Workers were told when and where to work, often working up to ten hours a day, and strikes became illegal. The impact of War Communism was great on both the peasantry and the proletariat. Most peasants were prepared to burn their crops and kill their livestock rather than hand them over to the Cheka, however the dire consequences that resulted in doing this meant that many peasants did reluctantly hand them over. As the Cheka also took the seed grain an acute shortage of food and a great famine occurred during the period 10-11. Peasants resented these changes and there were many great uprisings during this period of time. This included the peasant revolution led by Antanov and the Tambok region in 11. Peasants that did not cooperate were sent to concentration camps and labour camps. The famine of 11 caused peasants to flee urban centres in search of food. The impact on the peasants were that their livelihood was destroyed they had no way of feeding their families and hence dissatisfaction with the government grew. A wave of strikes in Pertograd demanded the abolishment of grain requisitioning, freedom for peasant to run their own farm, a Soviet based government rather than a Bolshevik based government and amnesty for political prisoners.

Custom writing offers papers on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants

War communism also caused dissatisfaction within the proletariat. They were unhappy about the extremely long working hours and the punishment they received simply for being late. Industrial production declined, as raw materials were not reaching the factories. Food shortages occurred and many starving workers went to the countryside to try and find food. Factories had to close down as raw materials and fuel was not reaching them. The disfavour towards the government by the proletariat was shown as membership of the proletariat to the Bolshevik party greatly declined during this period of time. The great number of illegal strikes and demonstrations caused Lenin to rethink his policy of war communism in order to preserve the revolution.The solution to War Communism was done through the New Economic Policy (NEP). The NEP partly reintroduced capitalism as it was a return to small industries. The NEP abolished requisitioning, concessions were given to the Kuklas, who were allowed to sell their surplus after paying a tax, who could rent land for limited periods of time, hire labour for cultivation and choose what they grew. It was a limited return to the cash economy with cash given rather than the ticketing system in place and private ownership of factories were allowed. Small business owners (Nepman) could purchase raw materials and sell their products but the state still had control of large scale heavy industries within its central planning regime. Lenin was quick to recognise that the peasants were very important stating that "Only the agreement with peasants can save the socialist revolution in Russia" hence the policy seemed to benefit the peasants more than the proletariat, whose lives the revolution was supposed to benefit.When firstly introduced in 11 the NEP had no impact on the peasants as it was introduced too later for the 11 sowing and severe droughts ruined crops in Central Russia and Volga area. This led to the great famine of 11. However in the period 1-1 the harvests were so good, largely due to corn seedlings from the USA, that Russia was able to export a small amount of grain. With the new conditions peasants were able to diversify and produce vegetables and fruits. As a result of this the peasants; standard of living began to improve. However agriculture still remained primitive and inefficient as peasants did not have the capital for investment, and peasants had a tendency to hoard food until prices were higher. This meant that although initial successes had been gained by 16 production levels were only equal to that of 11. Hence the NEP had initial positive impacts on the peasants, however this was not so with the proletariat.Large industry was much slower to recover from the detrimental effects of war communism as was the proletariat, who were supposed to be the beneficiaries of the October Revolution. Although major industries was owned by the government, 'Red Mangers' (former factory mangers) were employed to run nationalised industries. They were often brutal and caused hostility by the proletariat towards the government, as their methods seemed to be a reversal for what the revolution stood for. With demobilisation there was a surplus of labour in town which caused unemployment and low wages at a time of rising agricultural prices. Industrial prices remained low so there was little profit and consequently little investment to expand industry. In the early years the proletariat questioned the NEP more and more and they suffered while the peasantry prospered. The proletariat saw it as the "New Exploitation of the Proletariat".In conclusion both War Communism and the NEP had a great impact on the lives and livelihood of both the peasantry and the proletariat as described above. Whilst the NEP caused a refreshing new outlook to the peasantry after the suffering under War Communism this was not so for the proletariat. Both policies were implemented to preserve the revolution and although the initial revolution was to benefit the proletariat, the preservation of the revolution benefited the peasants. Please note that this sample paper on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Central Business District

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Central Business District. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Central Business District paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Central Business District, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Central Business District paper at affordable prices !

THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTIntroduction The central business district (CBD) acts as the most important part of a city where the businesses are found along with the commercial activities in the centre of the city, forming what is known as the core. The CBD is a gradational fragmented zone rather than a single line that can actually be found. There are many important factors that contribute to the growth of the CBD. More purchasing power, better transportation and a larger population are preliminary conditions that have occurred as a slow process in their convergence after 1870. Other conditions that occurred over time include the economies of scale, the elimination of middlemen, the growth and location of dime stores, a need for financial exports and the vertical growth of buildings in the CBD. Changes in technology and the effects on the CBD during the later 1800's will be discussed. Street patterns and block sizes will be touched on briefly with examples of why they are important factors in the growth of the CBD. In terms of retail location, there are certain principles that will be outlined and explained. It is clear that the CBD is an extremely important part of a city as it provides its citizens with the convenience of easily accessed goods and services because of improvement in transportation and other developments in the centre of the city. (Brozowski, 00) The core of the city has undergone many changes which began as a benefit for society and for each business or industry within the district. This paper will illustrate that all the factors previously mentioned are what keep a city and a society functioning in the easiest yet most beneficial way possible.A Brief History of the CBD

Purchase your paper on Central Business District

The central business district began as a "retail-commercial district" and transformed into an "office-commercial complex" from the turn of to the middle of the century. From mid century to now, the CBD has changed again to a "convention-tourist-entertainment centre" in the larger cities. In cities that are not as large, the CBD still remains a "retail-commercial" centre. (Hartshorn, 1;p.) Between 1840 and 170, industrial and commercial industries expanded as retail spread from place to place. Retail was mixed between warehousing and finance. The industrial sector began to decrease as other sectors expanded in the downtown area by 1870 and 100 as well as wholesaling. The Industrial Revolution was an important turning point for the changes in the growth of the CBD. Important Factors in the Growth of the CBD

The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of the preliminary conditions that were brought into the CBD after 1870. More purchasing power appeared in the CBD resulting from the Industrial Revolution. There was more money available to people because of the expansion of the city after the revolution which in turn gave people the desire to buy more goods. The retail sector therefore gained more purchasing power as the industrial sector expanded and hired more people. The spending habits of urban families also show the importance of travel and transportation. (Oi, and Shuldiner, 16;p.) The second preliminary condition was the increase of better transportation. The streetcar became important with the expansion of retail in the downtown area. Again, when there are more people, there is more money to circulate and build a better CBD. With better transportation, more people are attracted to the city centre because it is more convenient for shopping in the different sections and stores in the area. Lastly, population is a huge factor in the growth of the CBD. Growth being the key word, we can say that when there is a larger population, there is growth in a community with jobs and transportation creating more money and expanding the city outwards. Immigration is the reason for the rapid expansion and population growth in cities after 1870. Immigration continues to be a factor in the extended population and expansion of cities all over the world. Some other factors that affect the growth of the CBD are the conditions that change over time but not as slow as the preliminary conditions. Economies of scale deal with production and selling of goods. The more goods that are produced means that there are more goods to be sold and eventually the products will be cheaper depending on the amounts that are selling. For example, large numbers of VCR's were produced and sold. The more that were produced, the more that were sold. When the DVD player came out, the prices of the VCRs decreased and sold and the DVD players began to sell as more were made of the new product. The prices eventually drop and sell more rapidly until people are used to the next new product. Another factor is the 'cut out' of middlemen by the manufacturers.. (Brozowski, 00) It was cheaper to buy goods from a retail store and transportation was available and easy to acquire. The growth of dime stores and there locations at the transport stops contributed in the growth of the CBD because it costs less to transport goods when the stores were located directly at the stops. Dime stores, as there name suggests, were what we call bargain shops today. They were cheap and convenient. The growth of the finance centre began with the need for financial exports. More people were needed to handle the money that entered into the CBD. With the growth of the finance centre, the growing height of buildings became a factor. The vertical growth of buildings resulted in retail pushing industry and wholesale out to the side which was beneficial for the growth of finance. Population is what was wanted from this change and the overall vertical growth produced many technology changes and positive effects on the CBD. (Hartshorn, 1;p-5) Changes in Technology and Effects on the CBD

Before 1880, buildings were constructed with dense building stone and the strength of the walls determined the height that the building would be able to reach. If a taller building was wanted, the walls would have to be constructed extremely thick to support the weight. The thick walls proved to be a waste of space in the CBD.. (Brozowski, 00) New technology was the solution to this problem and the beginning of a new city. At the beginning of the 1th century, iron girders were used as part of the industrial framing system and support for building height. In 1847, Henry Fiedler came up with a technique to make beams with cast and wrought iron sections. Rivets were used with angles and plates to make connections. (Jayachandran, 11;p) "Wrought iron was used in tension since it was twice as strong as cast iron; cast iron was used mostly in struts or columns." (Jayachandran, 11;p) The stress was no longer on the walls of the building structure but on the girders instead. The vertical growth of the city expanded and buildings could be constructed in less stable areas since the buildings were supported by iron bars. The vertical growth of the cities posed the question of transportation from the bottom to the top since stairs were not a reasonable suggestion for travelling the number of floors that were constructed within the building. This is when the invention and introduction of the elevator appeared. In the mid 1800's, the elevator was introduced as a safe means of vertical transportation in the new enhanced vertical buildings. (Brozowski, 00) The increase in height also presented a need for improvement of materials in the areas of stability and safety precautions such as fire proofing and communication because of the stronger winds that are present at higher elevations. The result of the vertical growth began with a large number of new offices that were built due to the verticalness equalling the addition of space and moved to the improvement of the concentration of employment. A problem that occurred with the vertical growth was the congestion of the people at certain times of the day and with their cars since parking was limited and more people were working and traveling around the core. Bigger freeways and multi-level parking had hoped to solve this problem but instead more cars caused more congestion so the subway became the most relevant means of transportation in the improved CBD. The vertical growth made way for improvement of new street patterns and block sizes in the CBD as well.Street Patterns and Block Sizes

These two improvements, street patterns and block sizes, are extremely important in the internal structure of the CBD. They help to form the framework for the city as do the vertical buildings for vertical calculations of the city. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.) The patterns used for the streets and the sizes of each sector in the city play a huge role in the succession of the CBD. Different zones are developed in the city, a pattern which is to help guide the construction of the it and to define each area to better itself and make improvement more visible. An example of a zone pattern includes; Retail Business Uses which are subdivided beginning with food; restaurants, grocery stores, all stores dealing with all foods. Clothing; all types of clothing and fabric stores and shoe stores. Household; fireplace, ovens, sinks, baths, chairs and couches. Automotive; car and truck sales, service centers, tires and parts. Variety; typical convenient stores selling cigarettes, lottery tickets, and treats. Miscellaneous; anything from jewellery to flowers and second hand shops. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.6) These classifications which are clearly subdivided are giving an idea of the land uses which help to map out the block sizes and street patterns in the CBD. Retail location is one of the zones that were just discussed when looking at land use, size and street patterns. There are other certain principles that influence the growth of the CBD as well when dealing with the retail location.Retail Location and its Principles

"More important than the size and shape of the CBD are the ways in which the district is occupied and used." (Murphy, and Vance, p.1) "The "location" of a company may not be confined to the address of the headquarters." (Grant and Nijman, 00;p5) Some businesses such as factories may be located elsewhere in the city, not just at the prime business sites. In terms of retail location, certain principles arise beginning with the trading area potential. The trade area are the shopping malls for example. The possibility of population growth in the future may have an effect on its location within the CBD as well as grocery stores which are already starting to move out of the immediate congested areas. Accessibility to the trade area is another principle that relies on location for the transport routes. If a store is located away from the transport routes, that business is not going to be as successful as the stores that are located on or nearby the routes. The growth potential for the city and the whole area is important because if that area is declining, the location of a business there might not be the best idea. Business interception is a possibility when a store is located in an area that population is in competition(Hartshorn,1p8-4). This idea can be viewed in the description of "ring interceptors"(Hartshorn,1p65). A cumulative attraction was the next factor where the shopping centers were filled with different business chains presenting the image of 'look at all the nice stuff' in the hoping that people will come and buy their products. This was followed by compatibility and then the decreasing competitive hazard of grocery stores and site economics (rent). Grocery stores were spreading out to there own locations, not in immediate congested areas as stated before and depending on the location, rent was great or horrible as was the success of a business according to location. (Brozowski, 00) Location has been stated more than once as one of the most important factors within the CBD and many changes have occurred to make location of areas more successful. The CBD has undergone many positive changes and expansions as well as deterioration which is not covered in this paper simply because the focus is merely on the positive factors, changes and effects of the CBD. Conclusion Although the CBD does cause some problems in the city, the suburbs that have formed because of these issues is just another view of city growth on the outskirts as seen in Toronto and many other large cities. Overall, the CBD is greatly appreciated and beneficial for millions. All of the factors that have been discussed throughout this paper have illustrated positive results for the final outcomes and this in turn presents the question that if the CBD didn't exist, how well off would people be? Without the CBD, life in general would not be as easy as it is today only because of the CBD and the changes that have taken place over the years to upgrade it. All of these factors dealing with the CBD have influenced our entire population and has given us all the best and easiest possible means of life. The CBD is the most beneficial invention to mankind. Without it, there wouldn't be enough time in a year to do the things people do in a day throughout the CBD.Ashlee Gowan Please note that this sample paper on Central Business District is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Central Business District, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Central Business District will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

JOHNSON TO CLINTON

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on JOHNSON TO CLINTON. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality JOHNSON TO CLINTON paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in JOHNSON TO CLINTON, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your JOHNSON TO CLINTON paper at affordable prices !

The assassination of John Kennedy led to the arrival of another accidental president. Kennedy now becomes the third president killed in office after Garfield and McKinley and Texan Lyndon Johnson became the fifth accidental president in modern American history. Lyndon Johnson was a well experienced politician; this Texas cowboy started his political career in Texas policies and had earned a reputation as a successful congressman. He became the master of political manipulation and the art of power politics. He now planned to expand upon the New Frontier policies of John Kennedy; his slogan was the Great Society- an expansion of the New Frontier. This is the last major political slogan in our modern history and this slogan represents the climax of an active federal government. The Great Society was a drastic expansion of the powers of the federal government. Johnson planned a war on poverty and during his five year presidency, he became the most productive modern president. Yet he is rated only average as president; this is greatly due to his foreign policy which featured the most criticized and most expensive war in our modern history- the Vietnam War.The Johnson accomplishments are numerous and they clearly show that he worked with congress better than most modern presidents. Medicare- health insurance for the elderly- is considered one of his most important and most significant programs. He is also to be remember as one of the most effective civil rights presidents; Kennedy talked of the necessity of legislation to protect the civil rights of all Americans, especially minority Americans. Johnson took Kennedys ideas and push congress to pass the Civil Rights Act- which effectively killed Jim Crow in American society. Johnson is also to be remembered for the passage of the Voting Rights Act which ended the voting restrictions for black Americans. Johnson is also referred to as our freeway president due to the fact that most of our major freeway systems were built with federal government money during his presidency. Johnson expanded community action programs, low income housing projects and created the Office of Economic Opportunity. This became the government agency for minority programs. With pressure from his wife Lady Bird, he adopted the City Beautiful programs to plant trees and flowers where signs and billboards had stood. He also expanding upon Trumans idea of urban renewal. Effective in education reform, he was resonsible for education legislation which instituted bilingual education in schools across the nation as well as purchasing equipment for classrooms with federal funding. He created the agency for the humanities and the arts and went a long way toward the establishment of Public Television in America. Social welfare was expanded with the raising of minimum wage and the raising of social security payments; he created the welfare program and expanded unemployment benefits. Congress was well aware that an effective politician was in the white house and while this politician was crude, he really knew now to be effective with congress. Johnsons achievements also include major expansion of space projecgts, attack on disease through federal funding for medical research and development of depressed regions. The Great Society was a major expansion of the New Deal approach to government and represents the high point of government programs toward individual citizens.The Johnson programs at home were limited by his foreign policy. Johnson believed that he could use the same political manipulation in foreign policy. Johnson believed in the Truman Doctrine and in the Domino Theory; he decided to expand upon Kennedys military aid to South Vietnam. Johnson became the president of the Vietnam War; this war was his undoing. Criticism mounted as did the price tag; Americans could also watch television nightly and see that were not winning the war. This war was the undoing of Johnson and the Great Society; the war took away major funding for his Great Society programs. This war was one situation that Johnson could not control. By 168 he indicated that he felt isolated in the white house and he announced on national television that he would not seek re-election. The Johnson legacy in domestic programs is a very important one and a very detailed one, but he is still remembered today as the president of the Vietnam War- the only war that America ever lost in our entire history. The Johnson rated of average is a mixed bag; here is one of the most effective congressman/presidents, but here is one of the most criticized war presidents. In 168 the anti-Johnson votes would be very numerous; Democratic Herbert Humphrey was in the shadow of Johnson. Republican Richard Nixon was now elected president.Richard Nixon by 168 had made a remarkable political comeback. He had lost a close election to Kennedy in 160 and then he lost when he ran for governor of California. After that loss Nixon announced to the media that he was leaving public office and that they would not have Nixon to kick around anymore. But Nixon remained active behind the scenes in Republican politics and his hard work paid off when he was nominated for president in 168 and elected on the anti-Johnson votes. Insecure Richard Nixon now took over the job of president, always aware of the polls and his overall rating as president.

Purchase your paper on JOHNSON TO CLINTON

To achieve popularity, Nixon tried to appeal to both the conservatives and liberals in America. Actually Nixon was a conservative Republican who planned to cut back the programs of the Great Society and he did just that. The Office of Economic Opportunity, for example, was discontinued. On the other hand, many of his programs appealed to liberals and seemed to try to expand the Great Society. To say that Nixon was inconsistent as a domestic leader is correct. He is responsible for the fact that 18 year olds could vote, for an independent post office, and for major ecology programs. He also ended the draft system and pushed anticrime laws. And during his first term he took major credit for his achievements in space when a man landed on the moon.The Nixon rating is similar to the Johnson rating- both men are rated average, but there strength lies in opposite areas. While Johnson was successful at home, Nixon was successful in foreign policy. Nixon created the Nixon Doctrine which took a new approach to foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine was directed at containment of world communism; the Nixon Doctrine embraced reality in foreign policy. This reality in foreign policy involved dtente- open communications with Russia. Nixon became the first American president to visit Moscow and to take our relations with Russia in a new direction. Nixon felt that we must begin to accept world communism and deal with it in a realistic way. We see this clearly with his China diplomacy. Nixon first invited the Chinese ping pong team to visit the United States; this ping pong diplomacy led to Nixons historic trip to China and to the beginning of diplomatic relations with China. China was even allowed to participate in the United Nations. While Nixon found the Vietnam situation a difficult one to get untangled from, by 17 he had gotten us out of Vietnam. This is Vietnamization and is part of the Nixon Doctrine. Nixon also felt that the United States could not longer send massive foreign aid to western Europe, so he began the New Atlantic Charter which saw a cutback in foreign aid. Today the United States in foreign policy is clearly in the tradition of the Nixon Doctrine; the Truman Doctrine has disappeared as has much of world communism. Americans owe a great deal to Nixons leadership in foreign policy.But Nixons quest for a high rating as president as well as his insecurity and his sensitivity to criticism would be his undoing. Nixon was renominated for president in 17, while most Americans felt that Democrat George McGovern was too liberal for them. But during the campaign there was a break in at the Democratic Headquarters in the Watergate Office Building. This break in did not become an issue during the campaign and Nixon was easily re-elected. But the Watergate break in would become Nixons Watergate Scandal. A special congressional committee was established to investigate the break in and committee research revealed that the committee established to re-elected Nixon was responsible for the break in and for other illegal uses of government power such as wiretappings. Members of Nixons staff became to resign and some of them were charged with crimes. Recorded conversations from the Nixon white house made it clear that Nixon was responsible for the misuse of government powers. While Nixon continued to plead his innocence, a House committee charged him with crimes as president that would lead to his impeachment. Polls showed that Nixon would be found guilty during the trial in the Senate. So in August, 174, Richard Nixon became the first president to resign the presidency. When Nixon was elected in 17, Spiro T. Agnew was elected vice president. But before Nixon resigned, Agnew had resigned. He had been charged with crimes when he was governor of Maryland. Before the Nixon resignation, House minority leader Gerald Ford of Michigan had been appointed vice president. With the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford now became the most accidental president of all. Richard Nixon became the third major scandal president after Grant and Harding. Watergate destroyed his presidency and his presidential rating. He was a real leader in foreign policy but he is still not rated any better than average.Gerald Ford now had a very difficult task. He must restore confidence to government and to move beyond the Watergate Scandal. Gerald Ford had earned a reputation as a hard working, honest congressman who was a former athlete and football center at the University of Michigan. But his goal of restoring confidence was hurt by his early decision to pardon Nixon for any possible crimes he may have committed as president. In addition, Ford was an uninspiring speaker and was viewed as a clumsy president when he nearly fell down all the stairs when he was exiting an airline. This image of a clumsy, dull president who had pardoned Nixon would stay with him for his two years. Ford actually accomplished little. He said that he was a moderate in domestic affairs, a fiscal conservative, and an internationalist in foreign policy. But he would be hurt by runaway inflation and a slow down in the economy. His WIN-whip inflation now- campaign was not successful and he would accomplish little in his relations with congress. Meanwhile the Nixon Doctrine was becoming reality in foreign policy as dtente with Russia continued. Ford never could overcome the Nixon shadow and the anti-Nixon and anti-Republican votes would elected Democrat Jimmy Carter in 176.James Earl Carter, Jr., now became president in 176 and would only serve one term. Carter was the only president in modern history from the deep south. He rose from being a successful peanut farmer to Georgia state politics to governor of Georgia to president in 176. His goal was to create a competent and passionate government, but he had major problems in achieve that goal. Carter was hurt by his lack of experience in national politics along with his thick southern accent which was not always accepted well by the media. While Carter developed a national energy policy, worked for civil service reform and brought about deregulation of the airlines, he was identified with rising prices (inflation) as well as the slowdown of the economy (recession). Plus he was hurt by his alcoholic brother Billy who frequently embarrassed Jimmy Carter; it was during this time that a beer was named after the presidents brother. Billy Beer had limited appeal and did not last long.Carter was also hurt by his morality in foreign policy. His deep roots in Baptist religion were evident in his foreign policy. Wilson and Carter had a similar approach to foreign policy and both had little successful as moral world leaders. Carter found that Russia did not appreciate his comments about their treatment of Russian Jews, while he had little success as a peacemaker in the Middle East. Carter was so upset when Russia invaded Afghanistan that he did not allow our Olympic athletes to participate in the Olympics in 180 in Russia. Americans were also upset that Carter did little to release the American hostages that were being held in the American embassy in Iran. Carters inability to deal with the Iran hostage crisis along with economic problems in particular inflation led to his defeat in 180 and to the election of Republican Ronald Reagan. Today Carter is rated no better than a below average president; his humanitarian work in the world has caused him to be rated a much better ex-president.Ronald Reagan became the first actor president in American History and the oldest president in American history. Reagan was a radio sport announcer who became a movie star and started in 5 films. He eventually became a conservative and was elected governor of California. Six nine days into his presidency, he was nearly killed, but he made a full recovery. With his media background, Reagan was an effective media president along with his sense of humor. But Reagan was still very much an actor as president; to make sure that his live press conferences were limited, he had helicopters in the background and because of the noise his press conferences were often cut short.Reagan wanted a smaller government and a greater America. The decline of the Great Society program was well underway. Meanwhile Reagan offered Americans a new economic program known as Reaganonics. Reaganomics involved the following 1. Taxes were cut so that consumer spending would increase, . Social welfare programs were cut back, . Defense spending was increased 5%, and 4. Foreign loans were increased. This economic program curtailed inflation and created the longest period of prosperity since World War II. Reagan was identified with this economic prosperity and his popular rating caused him to be re-elected over Democrat Walter Mondale in 184.In foreign policy Reagan wanted peace through strength. He began to move in a major way from the Truman Doctrine to the Nixon Doctrine. He had many major talks with Russian leaders, while he declared war on terrorism. While he was moving away from foreign aid for containment, his often gave a little too much power to his advisors. This was clearly seen in the Iran-contra scandal which involved selling arms to Iran and using the money to help the contra fight communism in Central America. While this scandal hurt his rating near the end of his second term, many Americans loved the prosperity of the Reagan years and wanted him nominated for a third term. But the Republicans now turned to his vice president George Bush and the Reagan popularity saw Bush elected in 188. Today experts rate Ronald Reagan an above average president due to the changes his policies brought to the economy and to his use of the media. George Bush wanted a kinder and gentler government. This man had a varied background. He was the youngest pilot in the Navy during World War II and distinguished himself well. After a college education, he entered the oil business in West Texas and then was elected to two terms in the House of Representatives from the state of Texas. He then worked in government and became Director of the CIA and under Reagan was vice president. Bush was never able to work well with congress and his achievements are home are limited. He made many promises, but they were hollow promises. He was hurt by his inability to work with congress, by a declining economy that led to a recession, to inner city violence and by increasing deficit spending.In foreign policy Bush saw the end of the Soviet Union and the major decline of world communism. Then Nixon Doctrine became American foreign policy. Bush sent troops into Panama to capture Noriega and he was the president of the successful Gulf War. The Gulf War was the best time of the Bush presidency, but it was not enough to make him a successful president or to ensure his re-election. Bush today is rated below average. The anti-Bush votes would lead to the election of William Clinton in 1.William Clinton better known as Bill Clinton entered the presidency and promised a better tomorrow. Clinton at 46 became the youngest presidency since Kennedy. Clinton was a hardworking student and was known as a capable sax player. He went from law to local politics and eventually became governor of Arkansas. Clinton continued the Nixon Doctrine in foreign policy while he still had to deal with the effects of the Gulf War. At home he tried to work with congress on a deficit reduction plan and national service program. But he failed with his major health reform and crime plan and by his second term his private life entered his presidency. Clinton had been accused for years of being a womanizer, but it was not clear that these were more than accusations. Clintons involvement with Monica Lewinsky caused the House committee to recommend his impeachment which led to a senate trial. There had never been an impeachment trial since the presidency of Andrew Johnson in the 1860s. Clintons presidency was never in doubt and the Republicans could not get /rd of the senate to vote for his impeachment. While Clintons private life hurt his presidency, his rating remained high due to declining unemployment and continued prosperity. Clinton still has not been rated by experts until he leaves office in 000, but he will be remembered for his womanizing as well as his general ineffectiveness with congress. Please note that this sample paper on JOHNSON TO CLINTON is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on JOHNSON TO CLINTON, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on JOHNSON TO CLINTON will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Oil sands

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on oil sands. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality oil sands paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in oil sands, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your oil sands paper at affordable prices !

The Alberta Oil Sands With a focus on the AthabascaBy Dave HendersonTable of Contents1) Introduction

Online writing services offer help on oil sands

) History) Geology4) Composition 5) Extraction Processes6) Effects of Kyoto7) Bibliography IntroductionFor hundreds of years the oil sands have been used as a source of energy and a product of bitumen. Oil sands are deposits of bitumen and have been used in a variety of ways such as boat repairing agents by the Native Americans to a major Canadian energy source. Bitumen is a heavy black viscous oil that must be rigorously treated to convert it into an upgraded crude oil before it can be refined into gasoline and diesel fuels. Oil sands, previously known as tar sands comprise the world's largest sources of bitumen. The two largest deposits are in Alberta and Venezuela. The Alberta deposits comprise one third of the total bitumen. Oil sands are found in three places in Alberta Athabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake regions. These three areas cover a total area of nearly 141,000 km. The volume of Alberta oil sands in place is an estimated1.6 trillion barrels with an ultimate potential of 11 billion barrels and a production rate of 645,000 barrels per day . While conventional crude oil flows naturally or is pumped from the ground, oil sands must be mined or recovered using in situ (know as in-place mining). Oil sands recovery processes include extraction and separation systems to remove the bitumen from sand and water. Oil sands currently represent 40% of Albertas total oil production, and about one-third of all the oil produced in Canada. By 005, oil sands production is expected to represent 50 per cent of Canadas total crude oil output, and 10% of North American production 1. Mineable bitumen deposits are located near the surface and can be recovered by open-pit mining techniques where retraction methods are economically practical.. About two tones of oil sands must be dug up, moved and processed to produce one barrel of oil. Roughly 75 per cent of the bitumen can be recovered from sand . The recovery of denser heavy oils and the deeply buried bitumen of the oil sands require first the thinning of the oil to make it mobile, then the application of pressure to make it flow. Recovery methods are usually used for deposits more than 400 meters and consist of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). These in-situ recovery methods include thermal injection through vertical or horizontal wells, solvent injection and CO methods. This paper will discuss the Alberta oil sands with a focus on the Athabasca region. It will cover the history, geology, extraction and processing methods, and effects of the Kyoto. HistoryThe oil sands have existed for around 15 million years and remained unknown to man until around 60 years ago. They remained undiscovered because of both their burial in sand and because the remoteness of the Athabasca country remained made it greatly unexplored. The Cree and Beaver Indians were the first inhabitants of the Athabasca County and hunted the forests surrounding the Athabasca River. When European settlement began fur trading took place which later led the Europeans to be introduced to the oil sands. The natives used the oil sands as a caulking compound for repairing their birch bark canoes as well as a mosquito repellent by placing the oil sands in fires . In 171 a Native American placed the first chunk of oil sand in a non-natives hand. This man was named Henry Kelsey and he described the oil sand that gum or pitch which flows out of the banks of that river. This was the first time the now famous oil sands were mentioned in Canadian history. One hundred years later in 181 Sir John Richardson a geognostician (science of the earth) came upon the oil sands. He wrote Below this, where the Washacummow (an early name for the Clearwater), in its winding course through the valley, approaches the high- bounding hills, sections of their sides, formed by the ravines which opened into the river, enabled us to observe that they were composed of sand more or less agglutinated by bitumen, which latter hardens into slaggy mineral pitch. This sandy band, form six hundred to eight hundred feet thick, rests immediately upon yellowish-grey limestone containing many bivalve shells and orthoceratites. The dip, where it could be observed, appeared to be northward. The limestone forms the channel of the river throughout and some protions of it decaying more rapidly then others, exhibit more plainly the shells which enter vary largely into its composistion.This description shows how Richardson gave a geologic view of the oil sand as well as observing the paleontology. In 1875 John Macoun, a botanist, was the first white man to follow the outcroppings of the oil sands from north to south . Earlier accounts are of voyages down-river but none followed the outcrop from north to south. They sent Macoun on an expedition to examine the rivers draining into Lake Athabasca. He recorded his observation of water naturally washing oil out of the oil sands that is the essence of todays technology for extracting bitumen from oil sands. His main impression was that the tar wasnt mixed with mineral-matter, but the tar flowed through it. 4. The Geological Survey of Canada did more exploration of the region and came up with the prediction that under the oil-laden sands flowed a pure petroleum. They thought that a pool of oil had strained the sand beds where they rose out of the ground down river from Fort McMurry. This theory was proven wrong within 11 and 11 when the first 6 wells were drilled and there were no discoveries of these oil pockets. In 188 Dr Robert Bell established the oil sands as being in the lower Cretaceous and also reported on the possibility of hot water extraction. This hot was not attempted until 1884 by G.C. Hoffman of the Geological Survey of Canada. He reported that the bitumen separated readily from the sand. In 10 the Geological Survey of Canada assigned Dr Karl Clark and his associate Sidney M. Bair to begin research on the oil sands. They began their investigations by studying the possibilities of using oil sands as a road paving material but were soon convinced that it was more important as a potential source of crude oil 4. Clark reviewed the various separation techniques that were known, including the hot water process and decided that this process held the highest potential and would be the one which was concentrated on. Clark believed that hot water, steam and air combined with the oil sand would cause the oil to rise to the surface as a separate hydrocarbon. This theory was tested by a Calgary resident named Gordon Coulson. Coulson experimented with his wife's spin-dry washing machine and came up with the possibility of separating oil from sand by centrifuging. Although this method was efficient for primary separation it is now incorporated into the final treatment of recovered bitumen in both producing plants . Figure Abasand plant, 141.

Figure Bituminous sand being (Provincial Archives of Alberta, A10)

unloaded. 14 (Provincial Archives

of Alberta, A5) The next big player in the history of the Alberta oil sands was Robert C. Fitzsimmons who was actively involved in drilling and exploration attempts at in situ production. He constructed a small model extraction plant using hot water separation which was the first to extract bitumen from the sands. In 17 the Alcan Oil Company became the International Bitumen Company. Alcan did some drilling in the 10s and was as unsuccessful as other firms. Fitzsimmons was in control of the company and concluded that mining and surface extraction would be the best commercial process4. He then decided to buy a small extraction plant and for $50 and produced 40 barrels of pure bitumen. This was the first commercially successful oil sand operation . In 1 the site of the International Bitumen Company is officially called Bitumount by Fitzsimmons. The Bitumount plant was improved by expansion, and a new refinery was constructed in 16. By late summer the Abasand Oils plant was complete and was ready to operate at a rate of 50 tons per day. The Abasand process combined a solvent extraction with hot water extraction in two stage operation. Based on the previous work at the Abasand Oil plant, it was redesigned for a capacity of 400 tons per day (Figure ). Abasand Oils began operating on a regular basis, production was quite extensive until 141 when the plant burnt down4. L.R.Champion bought out Fitzsimmons in 14 and refurnished the plant with financing help from the Alberta government. He renamed the company It was later renamed Oil Sands Ltd. This continued operations until 14 when the provincial government took over operation the later sold the Bitumount plant who sells to Can-Amera Oil Sands. Can-Amera then sells the Bitumount plant to Royalite Oil Company who closes down operations in 148 . "After years of financial jockeying and negotiations with provincial and federal government and with the support of John Howard Pew, President of Sun Oil, the Great Canadian Oil Sands group contracted in December 16 with the Bechtel Co. of San Francisco first to study and then to construct a large-scale commercial plant in the Mildred-Ruth Lakes deposit, north of Fort McMurray. In 16 a pilot plant was constructed. The main plant of Great Canadian Oil Sands was built between 164 and 167. It was authorized to produce an initial capacity of 1,000 barrels per day and officially opened in 167." In 174 Syncrude became a joint public-private venture, sponsored by Esso Resources, Gulf Canada, Canada Cities Service, Hudsons Bay Oil and Gas, and the Alberta and Canadian governments. Syncrude constructed a plant at a site near the Suncor plant north of Fort McMurray. It took 4 years to complete and was licensed to produce 15,000 barrels of oil per day. The plant opened in 148 4. Currently there are three companies working on the Athabasca oil sand and are currently involved one of the largest construction projects on the planet; The Athabasca Oil Sands Project. This is the first new fully integrated oil sands project in 5 years. When completed in early 00, it will supply 10 per cent of Canada's oil needs. It is a joint venture between Shell Canada Chevron and Western Oil Sands L.P. GeologyThe oil sands of Alberta are comprised of the Peace River, Athabasca Wabasca, Cold Lake and Llyodminister(figure 1). Jardin explains the Geology as seen in figure 5.Heavy oil sands are confined to the Mannville Group, Which is divisible into a lower and an upper unit as described by Jardine. The lower Mannville sediments are mainly comprised of non-marine sediments which are now oil reservoirs. These are seen at Peace River and Athabasca. Upper Mannville sediments contain non-marine clastics with beds of marine sands and shales. These comprise of the oil bearing sands at Wabsca and Cold Lake. Correlation chart of the areas is shown in figure 5. During the Jurassic, Western Canada was uplifted and a period of high erosion resulted. Also the Nelso and Cassiar-Omineca batholiths of the Cordilleran Region were emplaced. This uplift continued through the Cretaceous and provided a lot of detrital sediments which was combined with sediments coming from the Eastern Canadian Shield. The largest delta deposited was the Athabasca. The basal Cretaceous sands were deposited in a dominantly fluvial environment, and filled in most of the irregularities of the erosional surface only. The upper Mannville formed at the end of the lower Mannville and is represented by a short marine transgression where sands where re-worked and distributed. The remainder of the upper Mannville is dominantly non-marine through central Alberta. There are some inter-bedded marine sediments in the Lloydminister Area. Subsidence continued and this allowed the Arctic sea to advance into northern Alberta and British Columbia. This formed a layer of marine shales that make up the Clearwater and the Spirt River Formations. The upper Mannvile ends with the deposition of the partly marine Grand Rapids Sands. At the end of the Mannville the entire area began to sink. The arctic and Gulfian seas came together and formed and epicontinental ocean where the upper Cretaceous sediments were laid down . The Athabasca is the largest deposit of the heavy oils and is described well by Jardine. They occur in the basal Cretaceous McMurry sands of the Athabasca area. Sediments derived form the east were deposited in a broad basinal area situated between the Precambrian shield and a high ridge of resistand Devonian rocks that lay to the west. McMurray sediments on-lap the flanks on the western highland in the west and thin out to less the 15m. The eastern edge of the deposit adjacent to the Precambrian Shield are comprised of a series of small subsidiary basins where thin sections of the McMurray sediment accumulated. The subbasins are made by removing salt by solution of the underlying Elk Point evaporites. Deposition of the McMurray changes from continental conditions to marine conditions and this allows the McMurray to be sub-divided into an upper and lower section. The lower section is usually present in the thicker subbasins and does not contain oil. It is composed of fluvial sand and a swampy lacustrine facies. The upper unit is comprised of a fluvial facies which consists of a fluvial sheet complex, an estuarine facies which makes up most of the unit, and a marine facies. The marine facies passes upward into the Clearwater. Geographic distribution of the oil is determined by the westward thinning and disappearance of the McMurray sands. To the east there is a oil-water contact but the oil is present in a syncline. Oil saturation disappears easterly. Vertical distribution of the oil is also complex and the lowermost sands are usually barren. The richest sands are usually in the coarse grained portions and the muddier sands are more unfilled5. Geologists do not agree on how the oil sands became saturated. The two prominent theories are that the oil was formed locally or that it originated elsewhere. The second hypothesis describes why the sand particles are covered with water. The oil originated elsewhere and then flowed into a water-filled sand deposit. One problem with this theory is present flow rate data. It was thought that flow rates were on the order of m/yr but Adams shows evidence that this quick flow rate would flush the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) of brine within 1.6 million years. This is inconsistent with the presence of highly saline brines in the basin today. Also the modeled temperature profile is characterized by cool water recharging in the foothills and elevated heat flow near the basin margins. This poorly explains the high formation temperatures of epigenetic minerals in the deep basin. The revised model by Adams uses present day salinity profiles which are reduced to produce slower flow rates. These flow rates cannot explain the formation of the Athabasca oil sand. To explain the genesis of the Athabasca oil sands, other processes and mechanisms must be present such as tectonics, higher hydrocarbon concentrations or other mechanisms need to be included in numerical models . CompositionThe oil sands are unconsolidated grains which are not cemented together but rather held together by a grain to grain contact. It can be easily crumbled by a hand and smells like freshly lain hot asphalt. The oil sands are major constituents consist of quartz rich sand, clay, water and bitumen. The ratios which these are comprised of vary at different locations as well as the amount of bitumen is saturated in the sand. Saturation can vary from 0%-18%. More then 10% is considered rich oil sand, between 6%-10% is moderate and less then 6% is lean . The Alberta oil sands are hydrophilic (water wet) so each grain of sand is covered by a layer of water which is covered by oil. This feature allows the hot water separation method to work . Jha et al . show how the oil sands contain low molecular weights and volatile materials. The most abundant single constituent up to C-5 compounds is neopentane followed by isobutene, methane acetaldehyde, propane and isobutene. The presence of acetaldehyde shows that there is a slow maturation process. Thermolysis studies show that the maturation process is thermal. The neopentane is an end product of microbiological degradation of petroleum and/or protopetroleum. The concentration distribution volatile content shows that the oil sands all have a common origin and a similar diagenetic history. Athabasca oil sands are exposed and susceptible to aerobic oxidation which enhances the production of hydrocarbons by factors ranging from 1.1 to 50 and the rate of oxidation products, by up to 5007. "The sulfur content of a oil sand is believed to be determined largely buy the sulfur content of the undergraded precursor oil and the extent of biodegradation which involves a preferential removal of non-sulfur components." New sulfur probably is not added to the residual oil during biodegradations but its concentration is increased mainly because of the removal of other components 8. Extraction Processes MiningThe first mining practices in the Alberta oil sands occurred in the Athabasca region close to Fort McMurry. This is because the deposits have low amounts of overburden with some outcrops actually visible at the surface. This allows for recovery by surface mining was the first practical method in retrieval. Areas that are economically suitable for mining usually have an overburden of 50 feet or less 10. Surface mining is currently being used by Suncore Energy and Syncrude Limited Canada. Only 7% of the Athabasca Oil Sands deposit can be mined using the surface mining technique, as the other % of the deposit has more than 75 m of overburden. This other % will have to be mined using different mining techniques . The first step to mining is identifying area with rich amounts of bitumen by taking cores. Once this is completed the area is cleared of trees and the remaining ground cover is muskeg. This form of peat moss ranges in thicknesses of 6m to 0m and must be drained by using channels and ditches before it can be removed. This process may take two or more years . Overburden is a layer of clay, sand, and silt which lies directly above the oil sands deposit. Overburden is used to build dams and dykes around the mine and will eventually be used for refilling mined-out areas. Most mining is done by Syncrude and Suncore in the Fort McMurry region 10. Mining was first done in the 70's with large draglines that scooped up the oil sands and placed them on a conveyor belt system that led to the refining plant. This operation was slow and it was costly to maintain the equipment so the companies moved toward electric shovels . Electric shovels have buckets that hold 100 tones, and are capable of filling heavy hauler trucks with a capacity of 40 to 400 tones. The mine delivers about 400,000 tones of oil sand per day to ore preparation plants . Another refining method used is called hydro-transport where oil sand is mixed with water at the mine site then it is shipped to a plant for further processing. This method saves the cost of trucking the oil sand to the processing plant. The mined oil sand is processed to extract the bitumen from the sand using chemicals and hot water. This is done by first crushing the slurry and sending it through pipes where some bitumen is extracted. Next hot water and chemicals are added in giant separation cell where bitumen is extracted. The fine tailings (leftover sand and clay) are then pumped into a holding pond. New technologies have dropped the water temperature drastically from 15oF to 75oF and the chemical component has been dropped to a negligible amount 10. In Situ MethodsThe reserves of bitumen suitable for in situ recovery methods are almost 10 times the size of those accessible by surface mining . These new in situ projects that came on stream included BP Canada/Petro-Canada Wolf Lake, Amoco Elk Point, Dome Lindbergh, Murphy Lindbergh, and Shell Peace River. Projects use ether Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) or also know as "huff and puff". The "puff" portion injects steam into the well at 00 psi which condenses into water and separates the bitumen from the sand. The condensed water is then pumped out of the well in the "huff' process 10. A new and more efficient in situ procedure used is called Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). SAGD has a 70% recovery rate where CSS only has a 0-5% recovery rate10 . Other advantages are that SAGD uses less steam at lower temperatures which allows SAGD to have a lower operating cost and it does not need as much specialized equipment as CSS. The SAGD process consists of two holes drilled in the oil sands with one on top of the other. The top well injects steam into the oil sand which condenses to water. The bitumen becomes fluid and it able to be pumped by out by the second well. Each well pair can produce up to 1,000 -1,500+ bbl/d and are spaced 100 - 00m apart . The Firebag site is a facility which processes the water, steam and oil. "The Firebag site consists of a well pads and associated facilities, a surface production gathering and steam distribution system, a central plant containing production treating, water recycling and steam generation facilities, and a utility corridor from Firebag to the base facility containing four connecting pipelines and a power line." (figure ). Extraction and UpgradingThe extraction process involves separating the Bitumen from the sand, clay and other materials. The oil sand is processed through apron feeders then into tumblers or conditioning drums where hot water is added to form a slurry which is less viscous. Caustic soda is then added and this which allow the bitumen to attach to air . When air is added to the slurry, it attaches to the bitumen which is then pumped to large gravity separation vessels. Here the bitumen attaches to air bubbles and rises to the top of the separation vessel and forms a bitumen-rich froth. This froth is processed through a stripper which removes the air bubbles. From there the slurry passes through a series of vibrating screens that separate and reject any rocks or clumps of clay still in the slurry and directed to two large froth storage tanks . Bitumen froth rises to the top and heavy particles are separated and removed to the bottom while the middle a gravity separation vessels is processed through a flotation system to optimize bitumen recovery. The bitumen froth is then piped into a counter-current decantation circuit where gasoline-like product called naphtha is added. This thins the bitumen froth separates the remaining solids, water and heavy asphaltenes is a three stage circuit process 14. The circuit process forms clean bitumen which is low in contaminants. It is now ready to go through a pipeline. Figure10 Western oil sands extraction plant. From http//www.westernoilsands.com/html/business/introduction.html Figure 11Extraction plant at Suncor Energy. From http//collections.ic.gc.ca/oil/index1.htmUpgrading must then be done because the bitumen from the centrifuges is not suitable for transport until it can be broken down into lighter synthetic crude oil and vacuum gas oil by increasing the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. This is done by removing impurities such as nitrogen, sulfur and carbon . There are two main upgrading technologies; carbon removal and hydrogen conversion. Hydrogen conversion is more frequently used because it is more environmentally friendly, and eliminates the need for coke and produces more crude oil 16. This process can be seen in figure 1. The primary products produced from upgrading are naphtha, used for the manufacture of gasoline, middle distillates such as diesel, kerosene and jet fuel, and gas oils. By-products include sulfur, butane, fuel gas and coke11. KyotoKyoto has not had a significant negative impact on the Alberta oil sands. The treaty which was passed in December 00 commits Canada to reduce its green house gas emissions to 6% below the 10 levels between 008 and 01. Even though it takes 5 to 10 times the energy, area and water, to mine, process and upgrade the tar sands oil, than it does to process conventional oil there is still major development of the in the Alberta oil sands 11(Ref 6). This year Suncore has committed to invest $7.11 million to develop and maintain its production of the Athabasca and Cold Lake oil sands . Other current investments into the oil sands was French oil giant Total Fina Elf SA that has bought 41.5% of a $1 billion dollar project. These investments seem to show that Kyoto has not had a major impact on development. Suncore president and chief executive officer stated that "out capital spending plan illustrates that Suncor remains keenly focused on well managed and predictable oil sands growth." 17.Bibliography Please note that this sample paper on oil sands is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on oil sands, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on oil sands will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!