Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud, a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud's most important and frequently re-iterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, however, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy. (Internet) Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was a lively woman, who was twenty years younger than his father and also his second wife. Sigmund was his mother first child of seven and he had two older half brothers. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna where he lived most of his life. (Internet) Sigmund was a brilliant child and eventually went to medical school - which was one of the more viable choices for a Jewish boy in Vienna. He became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in reductionism " No other forces that the common physical chemical ones are active within the organism". (Internet) Freud would later spend many years on trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, something he would eventually give up. (Internet) Freud was very successful with his research, especially neurophysiology, and invented a special cell staining technique. While he was successful with what he had accomplished, there were limited available positions available and Brucke helped him receive a grant to enable his to study with the great psychiatrist in Charcot in Paris and then late his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both studied the use of hypnosis with hysterics. (Internet)

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After spending a short time as a resident in neurology in Berlin, he returned home to his fiance, Martha Bernays, and set up a small practice in neuropsychiatry with the help of Joseph Breuer. (Internet) Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and criticism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew a number of very bright supporters who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. (Internet) Freud's biggest flaw although, was the inability to be able to accept criticism and was known for rejecting people that did not agree with him and most went on to find competing schools of thought. Freud immigrated to England just before World War II, as Vienna became increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially for ones as famous as Freud. (Internet) September ,1, Freud died of cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from the last 0 years of his life. Sigmund Freud had numerous theories over the course of his career; the ones that I will be discussing are only a few. Freud did not create the idea of the conscious versus the conscious mind, however he was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind in what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The largest part, however, being the un-conscious. The unconscious includes things that are not easily available to awareness, including out drives or instincts and things that we cannot bear to look at, such as memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud's theories, the unconscious is the source of our motivations. (Internet) The id, the ego and the superego are another well-known theory that plays off of the conscious and un-conscious mind. Freudian psychology begins with a world full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. (Internet) An extremely important part of the organism is the nervous system. At birth, the nervous system is a little more than of other animals, an "it" or id. The id, or the nervous system, translates the needs of the organism into motivational forces, or otherwise called the primary process. (Internet). The id works in conjunction with the "pleasure principle", which is the demand to take care of the immediate need. An example, a screaming newborn does not realize that it needs food; it only understands that it needs something now. The ego derives from the id, or the "it" to the "I" that takes place during the first year of one's life. The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its unconscious, and searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to represent the organism's needs. (Internet) This is called the secondary process. The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says, "take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found." (Internet) The ego then struggles to keep the id, or the organism, happy. The ego keeps record of the obstacles, aids, rewards and punishments, and from there forms the superego. This theory is usually not complete until the age of seven, if ever. There are two aspects of the superego conscious and ego ideal. The conscious is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The ego ideal derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. (Internet). The conscious and the superego communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt. (Internet) The id, ego and superego lead to the fact that, as if acquired, that a new set of needs and wishes are of social, not biological, at this time. Freud once said, "Life is not easy." Anxiety is a familiar part of each day for many; anxiety is another aspect of the mind that Freud investigated. Anxiety sits at the center of powerful forces reality society, as represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id. (Internet) When conflicting demands are made upon the ego, the feeling is called anxiety. It serves as a signal to the ego that its survival as a whole is in jeopardy. (Internet) There are three different types of anxiety realistic, moral and neurotic. Realistic anxiety is considered fear. Moral anxiety is a feeling that comes from the outer world, although could be considered shame, guilt and the fear of punishment. Neurotic anxiety is the fear of being overwhelmed by the impulses of the id. This is the anxiety that intrigued Freud the most. Although there are many theories surrounding Freud that could be discussed, the last one, and the most controversial one that I'd like to discuss us the Oedipal crisis. The Oedipal crisis is named after the ancient Greek story of King Oedipus, who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother. (Internet) The theory works in this manner the fist love-object for humans is out mother. We want her affection, her caresses and her in a broadly sexual way. (Internet) In earlier readings, I found that Freud defined "sexual" as not just intercourse, but all pleasurable sensations of the skin. In theory, the young boy has a rival for his mother's charms his father. His father is bigger, stronger, and smarter and gets to sleep in his mother's bed. Dad is the enemy. (Internet) At this point in his life, the by had recognized that that he differs from girls as there is a difference in hair length and clothing style. From his perspective there is one major difference, he has a penis and girls do not. This is the beginning of "castration anxiety" or a slight fear of loosing one's penis. (Internet) To return to the original issue, the boy recognizes the father's superiority and engages in some of his ego defenses he displaces his sexual impulses on from his mother to girls, later women, and identifies with the aggressor, his father. He attempts to be more like him, or more like a man. The boy will then enter adolescences and then the world of heterosexuality. (Internet) Freud also believes that women experience the same. The only thing more common that blatant admiration for Freud is the equally blind hatred that people feel towards him. (Internet) Out of the theories previously discussed, the Oedipal complex and the associated ideas behind castration anxiety and penis envy is the least favorite. (Internet) It has been discovered that these rules mostly apply in world in which the families are dysfunctional and are not working in the means intended. These circumstances include parents unhappy with each other that may use their children against each other, or in instances in which girls are ridiculed or forced to think that there are not an equal to men. These symptoms may also be found in circumstances in which parents may threaten to "castrate" a boy for certain behaviors. Ultimately, these circumstances apply in dysfunctional situations. (Internet) If the Oedipal complex was viewed in a metaphoric and not a literal fashion the concepts could be considered useful. Children love their parents. Children learn the standards of a relationship through the images that parents portray in their relationships. Children also imitate the behaviors on the opposite-sex parent therefore playing back into the Oedipal complex. (Internet) Freud's emphasis on sexuality is another area that is highly criticized. When exploring Freud's theories further, I was amazed at the emphasis on just the word "sex" alone. In further researching the meaning, I found that Freud defined "sexuality" as a sensation to the skin. This definition put the theories in perspective for me. Human beings crave sensations to the skin a hug, a kiss, and a caress. These types of affections are non-verbal forms of love that humans need to survive. I think that another extremely important factor is the time period in which Freud presented his theories. His theories were based on the intense avoidance of sexuality, especially among the middle and upper classes, and especially among women. (Internet) Society today, forgets that "sexuality" was something that was looked down upon. Women who felt sexual desires were automatically considered a prostitute, and a new bride would be taken by surprise on her wedding night (or could faint at the thought). (Internet) I strongly think that Freud helped to open a window of understanding regarding the topic of human sexuality. Freud was strong enough to step from the norm and voice his opinions regarding this highly controversial issue and helped to navigate the way the future would view sexuality. I think that it is admirable that he had a strong enough character to discuss a subject potentially this disastrous to himself and his career.Freud made people aware of the fact that human behavior was based on biology and rationale. Freud showed the impact that human behavior had on society when it was realized that each individual is responsible for his/ her own actions. Freud proved the importance of family dynamics in a time where society believed that God determined the roles of men and women. (Internet) The id and the superego will be a part of modern psychology from here on out.The ego defenses are something that I feel is anther important part of Freud's theories. Many criticize Freud's idea of the "unconscious", however it seems to be clear that people in general will manipulate reality and our memories to suit our own needs. (Internet) There are several situations from my past that I know have manipulated to suit what my needs were during those transitions. I also strongly believe that we all have "ghosts in the closet" from past experiences, some that we are even unaware of. These are two specific situations that play into the theory of the "unconscious".Finally, if not the most useful, is Freud's creation of basic therapy. Most therapists today still adopt the " talking cure" and provide a relaxed, physical and social, atmosphere in which they treat their patients. I feel that this will be another theory that will stick to psychology now and for times to come.I think that many people tend to disregard all of Freud's ideas because they do not agree with a few. I think that many of Freud's ideas are tied to his times, although I think that there is a few that play an important role in today's society and will continue to play a strong role in the times to come. Freud was excellent at research and was an excellent observer of human conditions. Freud is a name that you can find regarding psychology today and will be a part of psychology in the future.Works Citedhttp//users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.htmlhttp//www.lucidcafe.com/library/6may/freud.htmlhttp//www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm http//www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL01Klages/freud.html Please note that this sample paper on Sigmund Freud is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sigmund Freud, we are here to assist you. 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Nature of religion

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Why we believe what we doReligion, discipline or calling? A religion is, in the most basic of definitions, sets practices and principles inspired by the belief in a certain set of individual truths. This is not to say that they aren't true, just that not everyone believes in the same individual set. Although religion is the way of living through practices, processes and beliefs, it does not fall certain that for one's beliefs to be called a religion, one has to belong to any particular group. People often mistake religion as a group practice when actually a persons religion is a very definite, personal matter, whether the actual practice is. To discuss the "why" religious beliefs, let us first examine the why not. Weak atheism is the belief that gods don't exist, strong atheism on the other hand is the belief that particular gods do not exist and agnosticism is the belief that the existence of gods is unknowable, which is to say that agnostics believe in a supreme being / higher powers. In addition, strong atheism is usually made in reference to a particular god. After looking at all of the major religions (sometimes in a cursory manner), I do not believe in any of them. That makes me a weak atheist. I guess Im a strong atheist about most of them as well. And since I believe in divine intervention, as well as the existence of higher powers, I'm most certainly defined as an agnostic too.

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These views are not defined by any lack of belief, but rather a lack of any standardized practices. In fact, the views mentioned above are based on strong beliefs, just not in any specific gods or in the case of weak atheism, any gods at all. In contrast, in can be argued that religion is the opposite, the practice of a set of standardized practices by a person/group of people. When presented with the wide assortment of gods and religions available presently in Malaysia not to mention the whole world, and not including those that are no longer being practiced, it is difficult to single any of them out as being the true religion. Some gods/pantheon of gods, like the Greek and Roman pantheon, Zeus/Jupiter, Hera/Juno, Apollo/Mars and all th others, can be shown to be rejectable on practical grounds (just go to the top of Mount Olympus. Nope, no gods there) and most others can be shown to be self-contradictory. When it comes to ethics, values or being closer to reality, I simply fail to make any distinction between Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism (Zen and other), Christianity (in its many forms) or any other. I have to say that I just do not know which is correct. I believe that with such diversity, they are probably all wrong, or all right. But I digress, by looking at religion in general, barring only religions with negative values such as Satanism, we can conclude that almost all of them including 'pagan' religions like Wicca and aboriginal religions, have the same basic values. Only thing that differs is how they go about their rituals. This view was even publicly supported by the Roman Catholic Church in statements released by the RCC- the Dominus Iesus(000)and Nostra Aetate(165) (Appendix A). If, in fact, religions were a call from the heart and not a set of practices, then whatever it was that called to the hearts of Muslims which cannot be found in any Bible beats me. Even within two religions with the same source; the most obvious example being Conservative Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, views differ not on the 'calling from the heart' bit, only the way that calling is expressed. For example, the Roman Catholic worship of saints is unaccepted by the Conservative Protestant Church bcos it involves the ritual of idolism; instead of banging on the concept, the CPC decides instead to focus on the way the concept is expressed and practiced. The RCC on the other hand rejects the protestant practice of 'rebirth' (baptizing of a teenager/adult) and believe in the baptizing of babies. It seems like all around us, religions differ in, or are arguing on minor (and major) practices. This supports further the argument that religion more practice and habit, the face of the religion with nothing behind it if you would. There are of course differences in values and beliefs (followers of the Book say that to be 'good' and to not go to Hell, u must believe in our god, Elohiem, everyone else says this is Malaysia, a multi-religious country, you go to hell), but these variations in basic beliefs are few and far apart. Moving away from religion in general, and toward religion from a social perspective, religion through default comes to mind. In a region with a strong religious majority, the Middle East for example, a country adopts the religion, a state has little choice but to conform, and individual societies and consequently family units are pulled in to this black-hole of social pressure. When a family immigrates into such a setting, more often than not the next generation will convert to the local religion, Asian and African families from their respective homelands who immigrate to the West where Christianity is the religion of the majority are a prime example of religion through default. In multiracial societies, although religion by default is not present geographically, it can be seen when a society is viewed ethnically. Let's look at ourselves for instance, in Malaysia, practically all Muslims are Malay, a large majority of Hindus are Indian and so on. In these common instances, religion cannot be defined as a calling rather a set of habitual practices, which are, although not intentionally, influenced by communal practices as well as ethnicity and religious majority. From an individual perspective, when a religion is adopted by choice, although this is seldom the case, a calling from the heart seems to be the obvious reason. When examined more thoroughly however, we can deduce that an individual again seems only to discard the practices and rituals, and seldom the core values (which, as we have discovered, are practically identical in almost all religions) his/her current religion to adopt the new practices of another. From the Mahaparinibbana Sutta (The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding) upon the death of the Buddha, this was supposedly recorded by Ananda as one of his final teachings,At present, the monks address one another as friend, but after I am gone they are not to address one another that way. The more senior monks are to address the newer monks by their name or clan or as friend. The newer monks are to address the more senior monks as venerable or sir. (Appendix B1) Putting aside the validity and origin of this curiously instructive and uncharacteristic statement by the Buddha, as well as the fact that the Sangha elders were the ones who compiled the pitakas, we can see how a new religion can emerge from a living philosophy by a single quotation (or misquotation) calling for discipline.Even the perceived spiritual and moralistic aspect to which the individual adheres, is merely the set of actions predetermined by his/her religious group as 'good' and 'bad' (eating pork is 'bad', going to Sunday school keeps you out of hell). "Do"s and "Don't"s, if u would, and this are, in all religious groups, what defines a proper adherent from a bad one. How do religious groups define a devout adherent of the way? Most often, through the perception of the person's actions and routines and whether these actions and behaviors conform to the 'proper' ones encouraged by the religion. So much more so, when one can only believe that one is a good believer by following a guideline determining actions and daily practices. How then can it be possibly argued that religion is a calling? Here, to reinforce my belief that religious behavior and holiness is defined by actions, I would like to quote directly from the Mahaparinibbana Sutta one of the pitakas in which the Buddha's teachings were recorded. (See Appendix B)Ananda is judged to have merit in the last pitaka, the most significant of Buddhist scriptures, because his physical acts are the sum of his soul. Later in the pitaka, Ananda is described as having 4 main virtues, all of which were his related to his actions and physical attributes.(See Appendix C) As Terry Prachett argues throughout his criticism of religion, 'Small Gods' people who truly believe in something will believe it indefinitely. My understanding of his entire text and the message I believed he was trying to get across is that although the devoutly religious argue that the calling of religion is intangible, indefinable, elusive except to those who hear and answer its call to the heart, that to those who search with the eyes, ears and mind not the heart cannot help but see the shell of habit, rote and ritual that covers the divinity. But to those who believe that the school of discipline is all there is to it, religion may have stemmed from the heart and for a while, a God may or may not exist there, but over time the God is worn down by the erosion of doubt, of habit and of discipline, these feed the minds and suppress the hearts. The will of God is then slowly replaced by constant doubt, His holy rituals and prayers by our habitual semi-attentive mumblings and most importantly His way of life by nothing more than just subconscious rote and mindless discipline. (I refer to an Omnipotent Patriarchal Deity as Prachett did in his text.) And after awhile, the God dies, all that's left is a shell of procedures, a rule book in the subconscious which defines right and wrong, good and bad. When the God dies, it may not be noticed due to the prominence of religion in the mind. Now the religion is no longer a faith, no longer the belief in something more, and thus no longer has the power to make something true just through raw faith. To quote directly from 'Small Gods'- "The religion is a practice, the rituals a discipline. The 'What' and 'How' of the religion. The 'Why', the divine inspiration, the unshakeable faith is gone, along with the God." (Appendix D) AppendixA) Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in these religions. She regards with sincere reverence those ways of conduct and of life, those precepts and teachings which, though differing in many aspects from the ones she holds and sets forth, nonetheless often reflect a ray of that Truth which enlightens all men.B1) At present, the monks address one another as friend, but after I am gone they are not to address one another that way. The more senior monks are to address the newer monks by their name or clan or as friend. The newer monks are to address the more senior monks as venerable or sir. B) For a long time, Ananda, you have waited on the Tathagata with physical acts of good will -- helpful, happy, whole-hearted, without limit; with verbal acts of good will...with mental acts of good will -- helpful, happy, whole-hearted, without limit. You are one who has made merit.C) There are these four marvelous & amazing qualities in Ananda. If a group of monks approaches to see Ananda, they are gratified at the sight of him. If he speaks Dhamma to them, they are gratified with what he says. Before they are sated, he falls silent. If a group of nuns approaches to see Ananda...If a group of male lay followers approaches to see Ananda...If a group of female lay followers approaches to see Ananda, they are gratified at the sight of him. If he speaks Dhamma to them, they are gratified with what he says. Before they are sated, he falls silent. These are the four marvelous & amazing qualities in Ananda. There are these four marvelous & amazing qualities in a wheel-turning monarch. If a group of noble warriors approaches to see him...If a group of brahmins approaches to see him...If a group of householders approaches to see him...If a group of contemplatives approaches to see him, they are gratified at the sight of him. If he speaks to them, they are gratified with what he says. Before they are sated, he falls silent. In the same way, monks, there are these four marvelous & amazing qualities in Ananda. If a group of monks...a group of nuns...a group of male lay followers...a group of female lay followers approaches to see Ananda, they are gratified at the sight of him. If he speaks Dhamma to them, they are gratified with what he says. Before they are sated, he falls silent. These are the four marvelous & amazing qualities in Ananda. D) "The religion is a practice, the rituals a discipline. The 'What' and 'How' of the religion. The 'Why', the divine inspiration, the unshakeable faith is gone, along with the God." Please note that this sample paper on nature of religion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on nature of religion, we are here to assist you. 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Shakespeare's King Leare

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ESSAY CRITICAL STUDY "King Lear has meant different things to different people depending on the time and place"King Lear is widely regarded by many scholars as Shakespeare's greatest tragedy. Shakespeare took his main plot line of an aged monarch abused by his children from a folk tale that appeared first in written form in the 1th century and was based on spoken stories that originated much further into the Middle Ages. In several written version of the story, the king does not go mad, his good daughter does not die, and the tale has a happy ending. This is not the case with Shakespeares Lear, a tragedy of such consuming force that audiences and readers are left to wonder whether there is any meaning to the physical and moral carnage with which King Lear concludes.

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Since Shakespeare first created The Tragedy of King Lear in 1604, the play has been reproduced countless times in many modern and contemporary productions. Because the themes of family, justice, chaos vs. authority, gender roles, love and forgiveness, redemption & retribution are relevant even today, the play can be interpreted to raise issues and present morals to a modern audience. How the play is 'read' or understood is dependant on the 'lens' it is viewed through. This is affected by the political and social values of the time and place. Different people present different interpretations, which vary drastically according to circumstance. For Example some common readings of Lear include Marxist, Feminist, Gender Roles, Christian and Absurdist readings of the play.Different productions of King Lear are used to convey meaning to an audience within the relevant context of the time and place. To a director different directorial approaches imply different social and moral values. For a production of Lear to be critically analysed we need to understand the intent of the director displayed through various devices in stage and film. The traditional or Elizabethan reading of King Lear focuses on how Lear's actions upset the natural order. His folly in banishing Cordelia and dividing his kingdom is the cause of a situation where chaos reigns and nature is violently disrupted "Kings turned paupers; daughters and sons rule, abuse and betray fathers; truth is spoken only in riddles or in disguise and evil, madness, violence and blindness supplant good order and stable government.""Unhappy that I am, I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. I love your majestyAccording to my bond; no more nor less."Cordelia speaks these words when she address her father, King Lear, who has demanded that his daughters tell him how much they love him before he divides his kingdom among them (I.i.0). In contrast to her the empty flattery of Goneril and Regan, Cordelia offers her father a truthful evaluation of her love for him she loves him according to my bond; that is, she understands and accepts without question her duty to love him as a father and king. Although Cordelia truly loves Lear more than her sisters do, she is unable to heave her heart into her mouth, as her integrity prevents her from making a false declaration in order to gain his wealth. Lears rage at what he perceives to be her lack of affection sets the tragedy in motion. Cordelias refusal to flatter Lear, then, establishes her virtue and the authenticity of her love, while bringing about Lears dreadful error of judgment around which the play revolves. Darkness and unhappiness pervade King Lear, and the devastating final act represents one of the most tragic endings in all of literature. Nevertheless, the play presents the central relationship between Lear and Cordelia as a dramatic embodiment of true, self- sacrificing love. Rather than despising Lear for banishing her, Cordelia remains devoted. Lear, meanwhile, learns a cruel lesson in humility and eventually reaches the point where he can reunite joyfully with Cordelia and experience her forgiveness. We see Lear's redemption even if only fleetingly, amid the horror and chaos that engulfs the rest of the play.The Tragedy of King Lear has reproduced for theatre and film by many different directors who use different readings of the play to convey different meanings. Instead of simply replicating a Shakespearian traditional reading, in production Shakespeare's text can be manipulated to focus on one or more themes or morals evident in the play. Peter Brook's production of Lear (created in 171) has been criticized by some, who found his selective cutting of the script disgraceful and thought it to betray Shakespeare's aim. Despite these inhibitions the production has been hailed as "the most widely discussed and influential post-war production of King Lear so far" By editing sections out & modifying scenes Brook's effectively molded the script to dramatize the absurd nature of man. Brook considered Lear not only Shakespeare's greatest work but a play very much in the vein of the Absurdist drama of Ionesco and Beckett, a work in which the blindness of man was thrillingly dramatized.Absurdism was the most popular and influential nonrealistic genre of the 0th century. As Ionesco puts it "man as lost in the world, all his actions become senseless, absurd, useless" This sense of having no control over your own existence can be found in Lear.King Lear is a brutal play, filled with human cruelty and awful, seemingly meaningless disasters. The plays succession of terrible events raises an obvious question for the charactersnamely, whether there is any possibility of justice in the world, or whether the world is fundamentally indifferent or even hostile to humankind. Various characters offer their opinions As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods; / They kill us for their sport, (IV.i.78).Gloucester says this, realizing it foolish for humankind to assume that the natural world works in parallel with socially or morally convenient notions of justice. Edgar, on the other hand, insists that the gods are just, believing that individuals get what they deserve (V.iii.16). But, in the end, we are left with only a terrifying uncertaintyalthough the wicked die, the good die along with them, culminating in the awful image of Lear cradling Cordelia's body in his arms. There is goodness in the world of the play, but there is also madness and death, and it is difficult to tell which triumphs in the end.Brook's Screenplay conveys this sense of absurdism through his costume, set, character expression and selective use of dialogue. His assistant Charles Marowitz commented on the production saying "The world of King Lear like Beckett's is in constant state of decomposition." This is very true of Brook's production; tattered worn-out costumes (even for court members), sets made of rusted metal and decaying timber with beat-up furniture gave the set a hollow, decaying appearance reflecting Lear's collapse into madness and his decay of vision. Trying to differentiate his production from any classical or traditional interpretations Brook's made sure to avoid 'authenticity' in his set design. He eventually decided on windswept North Jutland in Denmark as a locale for its barren abstract landscape. This adds to the meaningless of the play and the senselessness of Lear's actions. Paul Schofield who plays the role of Lear in this production provides a bleak, mundane reception to his decaying world. Although he could be criticised as sometimes seeming unenthusiastic his performance ties in well with Brook's harrowed, nihilistic vision of Lear.Instead of directly adhering to the text Brook's slightly modified it in creating his own screenplay. Although most of the play's text is preserved it has been cut, rearranged, disembodied even going as far as to swap lines with other characters. Above anything else Brook places most emphasis on Lear's violent speeches while playing down some of his more rational favourable ones. In doing this Brook's creates a nihilistic and unrelentingly bleak view of Lear's tragic descent and presents a more modern interpretation of Shakespeare's classic tragedy.As critic Robert Moore puts it "Like the noble Kent, seeing a mad, pathetic Lear with the murdered Cordelia in his arms, the profound brutality of the tale compels us to wonder Is this the promisd end? (V, iii. l.64). That very question stands at the divide between traditional critics of King Lear who find a heroic pattern in the story, and modern readers who see no redeeming or purgative dimension to the play at all, the message being the bare futility of the human condition with Lear as Everyman."Sydney director Tanya Denny's theatre production of Lear again presents a more contemporary interpretation of Shakespeare's great tragedy. The Denny production (starring David Ritchie as Lear) focuses on family betrayal and gender roles as themes in a modern context."Shakespeares version of this age old tale is by far the bleakest, unsparing in its description of cruelty and corruption. The world of King Lear is a malnourished landscape, controlled and stagnant. Ironically, this society highly values fertility, yet it is decidedly barren. Nothing female can survive. The unmitigated assertion of patriarchal authority drives the drama to its tragic ends. Old men abusing their power is not a new concept. The History of the world tells us we are dealing with familiar territory Ypres, Dresden, Hiroshima, Grozny, Bosnia, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Israel, Japan, Britain, The United States, Russia... Women who abuse their power are usually denounced by history as tigers, not daughters. All Lears daughters die but their greatest punishment is that they die childless. The absence of the maternal underpins Shakespeares images of seeing, feeling and weeping." Tanya Denny DirectorLear's descent into madness is shown well in this production by David Ritchie's strong performance and Lear's costume, which goes from furred gown to tattered rags, as he is turned mad by his actions and his daughter's cruelty.In Denny's production colour is used extensively in costume to show the contrast between good and evil. For example, the sisters, Goneril and Regan, are dressed in black with red shoes and scarf. These colours bringing up connotations of evil and the devil, whilst Cordelia is completely dressed in white bringing up connotations of purity and good. This use of colour also simplifies these characters making them more comprehensive to a younger audience.An interesting change is made in the character of the Fool not being gender specific. The fool is dressed in a skirt with both male and female characteristics (breasts and male genitalia). Because the fool is ironically the character with the most insight and wisdom Denny chose to make the character not identifiable as being of either sex. This is to show that "knowledge and wisdom transcend the sexes". This is important, as gender roles are a theme especially relevant in this productionSexual innuendo is used to strongly portray some of the perverted traits of the 'evil' characters. This is noticeable particularly in the scene where Regan is straddling Gloucester and the scenes involving Edmund and the controversial relationship with the two sisters. These scenes make the sisters seem animalistic. Hence Lear's quote "tigers not daughters"In various sections of the production comic relief is used to break up the more serious undertone of the play. Denny uses humour in both a subtle manner, for example the fools scenes and in a more exaggerated manner (Lear dropping his trousers, Kent's dramatic change of clothes whilst becoming Kias). Although sometimes this can seem out of place in such a dark tragedy it does provides a strong contrast to the brutal nature of the play and in doing so also highlights the cruelty of Lear's daughters. By providing humour Denny also targets a younger audience.Keeping with traditional Shakespearian productions Denny uses minimal sets to allow direct focus to the characters, it also allows the production to evade any sense of time or place leaving it to be interpreted by the audience. Modern and classic themes are contrasted in both costume and the set to not show the play in any particular time frame. Denny uses this to show that the morals presented in Lear transcend their time and are relevant to a modern audience.Shakespeare's The Tragedy of King Lear has a strong textual value because it can be viewed by itself as a stand-alone text or interpreted through many different classical and contemporary readings. The themes of family, justice, chaos vs. authority, gender roles, love and forgiveness, redemption & retribution are universal even today. Social, ethical and political values affect the way we 'read' a text. In this way King Lear has been perceived as meaning different things by different people according to circumstance. Please note that this sample paper on Shakespeare's King Leare is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Shakespeare's King Leare, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Shakespeare's King Leare will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sex Education in China

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A Review of Sexuality Education in ChinaIntroduction In the elementary and secondary schools in China, sexuality education, as a part of the health services, has traditionally been the responsibility of the school nurses. What they do is to provide one lesson of about 1 hour in the beginning of secondary school, showing the pictures of human body, and introducing basic knowledge such as the different features males and females have in the body. Boys and girls are separated in different classrooms in this class. After that, there¡¯s no follow-up consultations, and children don¡¯t want to talk about sex with adults either. However, in recent years, sexuality education has gain greater and greater attention among educators and researchers as one of the necessary services schools should provide and improve. This paper introduces the historical and cultural background for sexuality education in China, explores the current social situations for the development of sexuality education, and reviews the progress gained in recent years in this field.Historical and Cultural Background

Sex has always been a topic that cannot be talked directly in Chinese culture. Although there is a large amount of literacy records in sex topics, the research on them is not encouraged. Books with descriptions of love stories were considered prohibited to unmarried girls in ancient China. In 16, the premier of China once spoke out the importance of sexuality education for adolescence. He suggested that we should teach school age children correct sexual knowledge before they begin to develop and experience changed in their body. However, because of the disturbance of the Great Culture Revolution, the sexuality education was not developed eventually, and it became a blind spot in Chinese culture and education. The first action in sexuality education was in 188 coming with the issuance of the Notice of Developing Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools by the National Board of Education. In 1, the People¡¯s Republic of China Minors Protection Act was passed which provided the legal criteria for the sexuality education in school. Later in the September of 1, in the publication of the Requirements of Health Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools, it divides the sexuality education into the following three aspects sexual physiology, sexual psychology, and sexual morality education. Needs for Sexuality Education One basic need for sexuality education in elementary and secondary school is that the average age from which children¡¯s bodies begin to develop is earlier than that of some years ago. One research in China yielded that the average age of the school age girls having their first menstruate flow is 1.1 years old with the earliest at years old. The figure for girls in 40 years ago was 14 years old. For boys, the average age for them to have spermatorrhea is 14.4 year old with the earliest at the age of 6, whereas the figure of 40 years ago is 16.6 years old. However, compared with the early development in children¡¯s physical conditions, their psychological development is lagging far behind. Recently there happened a sexual assault case in a well-famed secondary school in Nanjing. The most discomposing thing is that the comments and discussions of the students toward the case were full of teasing and curious which showed their infantility toward sex.Another example is that a 16-year-old school girl who has got months¡¯ pregnancy knows nothing about it, and also doesn¡¯t know how and who the baby comes from. Therefore one of the purposes of sexuality education in elementary and secondary school is to guide the school age children to psychological mature. This includes teaching them the rights and wrongs, showing them the correct moralities, and letting them know what love is. The last need arises with the involvment of multimedia in children¡¯s life. According to a survey held in 10 elementary and secondary schools in Jiangsu province of China, only 5% of the students gained their knowledge of sex in classroom. The other 5% of their knowledge of sex came from various media such as television, movies, internet, fictions, strip cartoons, and etc. Of course the information exchange among students is also one of the important sources. Among these media, a large part of the contents concerning sex is quite erotic rather than scientific. What should be done through sexuality education is to deliver correct knowledge to students before they get the incorrect ones.Parents¡¯ Role in Sexuality Education From the above paragraph, we can easily see that parents¡¯ education is not a typical source of children¡¯s sexuality knowledge. This is especially true in a country with the culture background like that of China. However, through reviewing the records of interviews with parents with the issue of sexuality education between them and their children, we can find different thoughts among the parents. Some parents avoid children¡¯s questions of sex issues. Some of them don¡¯t want to start this topic by themselves. They think children will automatically know about sex when they grow up. Some of them hope the schools take the responsibility of sexuality education. However, what needs to receive enough attention is that some parents not only avoid children¡¯s questions, but also show negative attitudes toward children¡¯s request to know about sex. This would make their children regard sex as a shameful thing in the future. One mother in the interview claimed very regret that she blamed her 15-year-old girl when she told her about a classmate who got pregnant. The mother felt she missed a good chance to begin sexuality education to her daughter, and admitted that this brought about negative result later in that her daughter never questioned her about sex and was never willing to have discussion with her in this topic. However, there are some parents who practice sexuality education to their children. Although they do this in different ways, their thoughts about it are the same that they have done the right thing, and feel beneficial through telling the kids about sex. In the records of the interviews, there are all kinds of questions children will ask their parents about sex. Such as 'where do I come from', 'why can¡¯t I wear skirt', 'how do you know I¡¯m your child', 'what¡¯s the use of a bra', and etc. Mrs. Xiao, whose son is in the third grade this year, said her first question about sex from her son is where he came from. She replied the question very scientifically and objectively. When her son knew that he came from such a little place in his mother¡¯s body, he exclaimed that mom was so hard giving him birth. The First Textbook for Sexuality Education The first textbook for sexuality education in China, Blossom Out published by Chongqing University Press, is now being tested and probably will be applied next year. This book is written based on an investigation in sex knowledge through questionnaires to 700 students in 11 secondary schools and their parents in the city of Shenzheng. This book is one of the series of the books that are planned to be used in both elementary and secondary schools. This book is used in the elementary of 5 school districts in Chongqing province for the purpose of testing. In these 5 school districts, they arranged 0.5 credit hours for health education including sexuality education in grade 1 through grade 6. The textbook is designed very vividly and easy to be accepted by elementary school children. Through the dialogues of two lovely cartoon figures, it introduces the changes in the body in adolescent hood, the sexual organs of human body, methods to protect and clean sexual organs, and the relevant issues like HIV. The feedbacks from the children who have used this book are good. Some said they learned a lot from the book, and some said the classes are interesting. Most of the children appeared to be able to accept the content in the book. The most obvious effect is that it changes children¡¯s overall understanding toward sex. One interesting example is that when a teacher entered a classroom before one class section with the textbook in the hand, a boy told others that the teacher was carrying a 'yellow' book, but after the class, he claimed that it is not 'yellow', but science. The First VCD for Sexuality Education Compared with that of the first textbook, the feedbacks of the first piece of VCD for sexuality education are much more complex. It is called Sexuality Education for Elementary and Secondary Schools, published by Electronic Audio Visual Press of Hainan Provoince. The content of the VCD consists of three parts, respectively for use in the elementary, junior secondary, and senior secondary schools. Take the first part for an example. This part is designed for the use of elementary school. It consists of six big topics. They are 'what is sex', 'get to know myself', 'the mystery of growing', 'be proud of my gender', 'this is not a mistake', 'protect myself'. This VCD has received both praise and blame. The positive feedbacks include its creativeness, vividness, practicality, and significance as the first VCD in this area. A teacher highly appraised the topic of 'be proud of my gender'. She said we should give more attention to some psychological illness like transvestism among adolescents. However, there are a lot of negative feedbacks toward the VCD too. Some students said they can¡¯t accept the pictures of real human bodies in the VCD, especially the close-up of their sexual organs. A teacher said it spent too much time to explain sexual intercourse in the topic of 'what is sex', and it ignored some important health care knowledge in the topic of 'protect myself', such as not to wear pants those are too tight. A girl even complained that there were much more naked female bodies appeared in the picture than naked male bodies, which was unfair, and made her very uncomfortable. The comments from the experts are quite authoritative, saying that the overall design of the VCD is very good and significant, but considering the ability of the psychological receptivity of elementary and secondary school students, some pictures need to be removed and some contents need to be revised for the purpose and best effects of education. Conclusion Generally speaking, the sexuality education in China is experiencing a transformational period. Currently it faces many problems such as lack of historical and cultural traditions, lack of specialists in this area, lack of proper teaching materials, and etc. With the development of economy and the improvement of education, there is more and more concern about sexuality education to adolescents, one of the blind-spots in China¡¯s culture and education. The focus will be teaching the students to have correct understandings and attitudes of sex. ±±¾³õÖÐнÌýÏÖ×. [Current situation of sexuality education in Beijing]. Beijing Youth Journal. (000). Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//www.54youth.com.cn/gb/paper/1/class000004/hwz057.htmXiao, X., & Liang, Y. (00). ¹úÄÚÊ×Ì×нÌý¹âµúýÆðÕù.[The first sexuality education VCD causes disputes]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//law.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper4/7/class000400004/hwz6107.htmZhang, P. (00). нÌýºÎʱ×ßÉϽ²Ì¨£¿[When will sexuality education enter classroom?]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//education.legend-net.com/xinwen/jyzhtzl/xjy/zlgs.htmlXu, D. M. (Ed.). (00). пα¾Ê×νøÈÖØÇìÖÐС§. [First sexuality textbook being tested in elementary and secondary schools in Chongqing province]. Retrieved May 0, 00, from http//www.people.com.cn/GB/kejiao//0000/717.html Please note that this sample paper on Sex Education in China is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sex Education in China, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Sex Education in China will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

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Why Hong Kong?ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to show and explain the comparative country risk analysis between the nations of Hong Kong and Chile. The findings of this research are to compare and evaluate the economic and political factors that affect the business environment of these two counties. The main purpose of this document is to illustrate why Hong Kong is better place to invest, compared to another country.Hong Kong

Essay help on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

Hong Kong Country ProfileHong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on July 1, 17. Five years later, it remains the worlds freest economy, tenth-largest trading entity, and ninth-largest banking center. Hong Kongs standard of living exceeds that of Great Britain ($4,506 vs. $,41). The economy has been built on Hong Kongs status as a major trading port and financial center for East Asia. In particular, Hong Kong is renowned for its rule of law, lack of trade barriers, and low taxes. Despite a robust 10.5 percent GDP growth rate in 000, a drop in U.S. economic growth affected Hong Kong seriously and a concomitant fall-off in U.S. imports, with GDP growth collapsing to 0.1 percent in 001. The SAR was hit hard by the regional downturn of 17-8 and the US-led slowdown of 001-0. GDP growth will pick up again when external demand recovers, but the last five years have exposed economic shortcomings. The first is an over-reliance on the property sector for official revenue. This issue has attracted attention since the property price bubble burst in 17, leaving the government with a structural fiscal deficit. The second is rapid infrastructure development in China, which some fear risks sidelining the SAR. In response, officials are seeking to strengthen Hong Kong?s role as an entrept, focusing on financial services, logistics, tourism, and producer and professional services.Hong Kong Country Risk COUNTRY VIEWFROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity rating score risk policy risk structure risk RiskMarch B B A B AFebruary B B B B AShort-term risk eventFailure to bring about an improvement in the fiscal position?the deficit rose to the equivalent of 5.5% of GDP in 00/0?could prompt renewed speculation over the future of the fixed link between the Hong Kong and US dollars.Political riskThe passing of laws that prohibit acts of ?treason, secession, sedition and subversion? against the Chinese state, even if less draconian than initially feared, will impinge upon the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The creeping erosion of Hong Kong?s autonomy could damage investor confidence.Foreign tradeHong Kong levies virtually no import tariffs or duties and is considered a duty-free port. It also does not maintain anti-dumping or countervailing duties legislation or import quotas. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, some excise duties are charged on four groups of commodities [including] hydrocarbon oil, liquors, methyl alcohol and tobacco. Overall, there are very few barriers to imports in Hong Kong, which has one of the worlds most accessible markets. It is an important market for U.S. exports and consumes U.S. manufactured and agricultural goods at a higher rate per capita than most of the worlds other economies.Business environment ranking summaryValue of index() Global rank() Regional rank() 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-078.4 8.47 5 11 1 () Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 16 countries Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.Economic outlookStrong growth in re-exports will drive GDP growth of .7% in 00 and 4% in 004. However, consumer price deflation will persist in 00-04, as consumer and business confidence remains fragile. The current-account surplus will remain large in 00 (equivalent to 8.7% of GDP) because import growth is held back by weak domestic demand, but it is expected to narrow in 004 as stronger domestic demand boosts imports.Debt outlookHong Kong?s total external debt is forecast to grow from around US$4.5bn (0.% of GDP) in 00 to US$60.bn (4.% of GDP) in 004, as private companies borrow in order to finance expanded operations in mainland China. The debt-service ratio will be low in 00-04, averaging just over .5%.Economic forecast summary (Table 1) 00 00 004Real GDP (% change) . .7 4.0Consumer prices (% change; av) -.0 -1.5 -0.8Exchange rate HK$US$ (av) 7.80 7.80 7.80Current account (US$ m)Goods exports fob 01,71 7,787 46,606Goods imports fob -07,100 -,10 -54,47Trade balance -5,8 -4,4 -7,741Current-account balance 1,66 14,064 1,14Current-account balance (% of GDP) 8.6 8.7 7.4External financing (US$ m)Financing balance ,74 ,44 7,886Total debt 4,447 56,404 60,44Total debt service 7,457 8,08 ,05Debt-service ratio, paid (%) .6 .5 .6ChileChile Country ProfileChile has been a model of economic reform for Latin America since the beginning of the 180sa record of success that is due in large measure to a trade policy of unilateral liberalization coupled with an almost uniform tariff rate. Yet President Ricardo Lagos, who took office in March 000, has promoted a reversal of labor deregulation and spending restraint. Recently, Chile?s government approved long-promised labor legislation in September 001, adding significantly to the burden of doing business in Chile. Also, the tax on reinvested corporate profits rose from 15 percent to 16 percent, and will increase to 17 percent in 004. The tax increase will finance a cut in personal taxes to stimulate consumption. These two measures raise the cost of investment in Chile and will undermine prospects for lower unemployment, currently at percent; they also cast doubt on whether Chile will remain a model of reform for the rest of Latin America. The Lagos administration has committed to imposing a structural budget surplus rule of 1 percent of GDP but is struggling to keep its commitment. Chile recently signed a free trade agreement with the European Union, which now awaits ratification in Congress, and is engaged in trade negotiations with the United States. In addition, the low economic growth of the past five years, averaging .5 percent per year, prompted a meeting between representatives of the public and private sectors to elaborate a pro-growth agenda, which has yet to be introduced in Congress. Chiles fiscal burden of government score is 0.5 point better this year; however, both its government intervention and regulation scores are 1 point worse. As a result, Chiles overall score is 0.15 point worse this year, causing Chile to be classified as a mostly free economy.Chile Country RiskCOUNTRY VIEWFROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity rating score risk policy risk structure risk RiskSeptember B 1 A A C AJune B A A C AShort-term risk event A deterioration in crisis-hit Mercosur would have a negative impact on Chiles already volatile currency. Political Risk Although the ruling Concertacion and the opposition Alianza por Chile (the Alianza) coalitions have reverted to traditional consensus politics, the president, Ricardo Lagos, will use political polarisation in an attempt to stem the rise of Joaquin Lavin, the likely presidential candidate for the Alianza in 005. Nevertheless, the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) constituent of Concertacion will maintain a moderating influence on government political strategy. Despite a wider than previously forecast fiscal deficit for 00, fiscal policy remains cautious.Foreign tradeOn January 1, 00, according to the U.S. Trade Representative, the government reduced the flat tariff rate of 8 percent on most products to 7 percent. Chile has by far the best tariff regime in its region; however, its tariffs are still high by global standards. On some agricultural goods, such as wheat, vegetable oils, and sugar, Chile applies duties on top of the existing tariff rate, and this can increase the effective tariff rate dramatically. The U.S. Trade Representative reports that due to low international wheat prices in 1 and 000, this system led to applied import duties as high as 0 percent, well above Chiles WTO bound rate. In May 001, the price band was temporarily lowered until March 00. Since agriculture is one of the most important export sectors, barriers on agricultural products distort trade significantly. If the price band increases after March 00, Chiles trade policy score could worsen in future editions of the Index. Business environment ranking summaryValue of index() Global rank() Regional rank() 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-077.1 7.4 0 0 1 1() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 8 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and VenezuelaEconomic outlookGDP growth will weaken to .4% in 00, but should recover in 00 as confidence in both the domestic and global economies improves. Inflation is expected to remain within the -4% range set by the Central Bank. The current-account deficit will be manageable in the forecast period.Debt outlookThe expansion of the debt stock is slowing and Chiles debt profile remains healthy. The debt-service ratio will decline in the forecast period on the back of higher export earnings and lower debt repayments.Economic forecast summary (Table ) 00 00 004Real GDP (% change) .8 .4 4.Consumer prices (% change; av) .6 .1 .Exchange rate Ps US$ (av) 66. 685.47 60.54Current account (US$ m)Goods exports fob 17,440 18, 0,87Goods imports fob -15,877 -16,0 -18,601Trade balance 1,56 ,11 ,6Current-account balance -0 -0 -565Current-account balance (% of GDP) -1.4 -1.4 -0.8External financing (US$ m)Financing balance -5,7 -4,84 -4,10Total debt 7,5 ,17 41,47Total debt service 6,486 4,40 4,716Debt-service ratio, paid (%) 7.8 1.1 18.1Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The GDP is measures the value of a nations output of goods and services for some period of time, usually a year. GDP can increase for two distinct reasons. It can increase because more goods and services are being produced, or it can increase because prices of goods and services have risen. The economic forecast summary tables (tables 1 and ), revel in recent data that Hong Kong?s is much stronger in its GDP than is Chile. Chile?s GDP is clearly poor compared to Hong Kong?s. Hong Kong?s GDP is definitively very high, compared to Chile?s and to other nation?s and this fact is really proven through both, recent and historical economic data.ConclusionAccording to the findings of this research, both nations have advantages and disadvantages over their economic, political and business environment factors. Hence, it is very hard to say that these two nations (Hong Kong and Chile) are similar in their country risk structure. What is a fact is that Chile and Hong Kong are very different in most ideologies of economic expansion and development. Political and economic risks of both countries are definitively the driven forces that control and expand the business environment of each, but at the same time these forces are the power that removes barriers of foreign trade and investment of both nations. Chile?s foreign trade status is low, limited and pessimistic. During many years, Chile has been struggling a lot in improving and expanding its foreign trade rank, even nowadays. During the time, Chile?s trade barriers have been fixed and improved, but they still high by global standards. In other hand, Hong Kong?s foreign trade and investment barriers are highly much lower than Chile?s in terms of import tariffs, quotas, duties etc. In short, Hong Kong is better place to invest, relatively to Chile, because of its low level of protectionism. ReferencesLibrary References (UHD) Historical Economic GrowthOnline Journals. Web siteshttp//www.heritage.org/research/features/index/http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,16,00.htmlhttp//www.econ.pncbank.com/cra.htm Please note that this sample paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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