St Francis of Assisi

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The aspect of Francis' spirituality, which this paper will try to explore, is the Eucharist and the enormous significance this sacrament held for him. In chapter CL11 of "The Second Life of St Francis" Celano writes that "Francis burned with a love that came from his whole being for the sacrament of the Lord's body…". Celano goes on to tell us that Francis attended Mass daily whenever possible and received Holy Communion frequently, "…with such devotion that he made others also devout." There can be no doubt that the Eucharist was the central part of Francis' spirituality for in this sacrament he encountered the reality of Christ and his love for mankind; in addition, the Mass was important to him because he heard the Gospel proclaimed and participated in the commemoration of Christ's death on the cross. Francis of Assisi (118-16) was a medieval man who had a limited formal education; for instance he probably composed his letters rather than wrote them himself. He was not a scholar or a theologian. Francis lived in an era where "…there was appearing, almost everywhere, a kind of passionate straining towards the pure ideal of the Gospel". There was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction with monastic life, a demand for a purer preaching of the Gospel, and reform of the secular clergy, many of whom were wealthy and lazy. In response to the lacily of many secular clerics and the rigidity and luxury of monastic life, nonconformist movements arose which focused on penitence and poverty. Such groups as the Cathars, the Albigensians and the Waldensians advocated, "lay preaching" and "apostolic poverty" as ways to return to basic Gospel values. These groups soon found themselves regarded as heretical when their doctrines grew ever more extreme and conflicted with official Church beliefs.

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Francis on the other hand, though inspired by a similar motivation to embrace utter poverty of spirit and a simple, humble life of service in the Lord's name, remained always obedient to the Church authority, and frequently sought guidance from his advocate and friend, The Bishop of Assisi. Francis and his followers lived their lives of poverty and penance within the Church and in complete compliance to Papal directives. Francis was never doubted that the Catholic Church "…was the upholder and guardian of the truth. He thought her doctrine irrefutable and her faith the only guarantee for salvation of man (1Cee 6)" Given St Francis' strong loyalty and love for the Church, it follows that for him as for the Church at large, the central act for worship was the Mass. In his desire to follow absolutely a way of life based on that of Jesus Christ, he found in the mystery of the Eucharist the inspiration to pursue his calling. In the Eucharist he met his crucified Lord, his humble Lord, and above all, his loving Lord. The reverence with which Francis regarded the Eucharist stemmed from his "…deep Theological insight into meaning. In it he discovered all that was required as the foundation for his life of penance. His love for this mystery grew out of his realization through faith that in it the whole redemptive work of God for us is once more made visible and tangible." To discover what Francis actually taught and practiced regarding the Eucharist there is no better place to look than his writings. In the first of the Admonitions, entitled "The Blessed Sacrament", Francis pets out simply and unequivocally his belief that the bread and wine consecrated on the alter by the priest become the "most holy Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ." Speaking of Christ's humanity in this sacrament Francis states that "He shows himself to us in this sacred bread just as he once appeared to his apostles in real flesh." And again he says "We, too, with our own eyes, see only bread and wine, but we must see further and firmly believe that this is his most holy Body and Blood, living and true." For Francis there is no doubt the sacramental bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ as every Mass. This belief compliments Francis' devotion to the person of Jesus. As Ilia Delis states in his article "Francis and the Body of Christ"; "The emphasis on the body and blood of Christ points to the humanity of Christ, the real flesh and blood of God's presence upon earth." There was no more sacred, significant meaningful or precious part of Francis' day that his attendance at Mass, daily Mass was a practice he urged upon his friars. In a letter, which Francis sent to a general chapter towards the end of his life when his followers included priests, he gives the following counselAnd so this is my advice, this is my earnest request in the Lord That in the places where the friars live only one Mass a day be said in the rite of the holy Church. If there are several priests in a place, each should be glad for the love of charity to have assisted at the celebration of the other. The humility of Francis was one of the many ways he put into practice his calling to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ. He was profoundly attracted by Christ's humility and poverty; for instance Jesus' birth in the most basic of human circumstances moved him deeply. But above all else the mystery of Christ in the Eucharist was a marvel almost beyond words for him. In another section of his "Letter to a General Chapter" Francis expresses this as followsO sublime humility! O humble sublimity! That the Lord of the whole universe, God and the Son of God, should humble himself like this and hide under the form of a little bread, for our salvation. Being awestruck by Christ's real presence during the celebration of The Mass did not deter Francis from frequently receiving Communion. In this regard he behaved somewhat differently from hi contemporaries, for in the early thirteenth century, frequent Communion was not the normal practice, even amongst monks and nuns. Francis' desire to embrace the reality of Jesus in the Eucharist (as often as possible) runs parallel to his intense devotion to the humanity of Jesus Christ and his desire to follow his personal Savior as intimately as he could. It is not surprising that writers about Francis remark on the respect and veneration towards the reserved Eucharist and his concern that the blessed sacrament be stored in suitable places, that chalices and other items used at Mass be treated with car and reverence, along with the written word of God. It would seem that in Francis' time carelessness and even disrespect in these matters occurred quite often and Francis was at pains to connect practices, which seemed so unworthy to him. There occurs in Francis' own writings a number of instances when he urges greater respect; for instance the "Letter to all Superiors of The Friars Minor", the "Letter to a General Chapter" and the "Letter to all Clerics". In his "testament", written not long before his death, Francis repeats his teaching "Above everything else, I want this most holy Sacrament to be honored and venerated and reserved in places which are richly ornamented". It follows that Francis had enormous respect for all priests and there are many expressions of this in his writings. Admonition XXVI has Francis stating that The Clergy "…are in privileged position because they have change of the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ…" Celano's "Second Life of St Francis" describes the saint as often saying that if he should have the opportunity to meet a saint from heaven and a poor priest he, Francis, "…would first show honor to the priest and quickly go to kiss his hands" . Whereas to the saint Francis would say "Wait, St Lawrence, for the hands of this one touch the Word of Life, and have something about them that is more than human" . This shows how deeply Francis believed that at the Eucharist the Word of Life becomes flesh among us, irrespective of whether the priest is a worthy on or not . Such faith impresses deeply despite the distance of eight hundred years because of the sincerely of Francis' words both written and reported. What does Francis' attitude to the Eucharist have to offer to Christians of the Third millennium? I believe that in the first place Christians of today could learn from Francis' sense of awe and reverence regarding the Eucharist. Secondly, Francis' understanding that the Eucharist ideally invited one to live a Eucharistic life is relevant in all eras. Thirdly, Francis' emphasis on peace and joy could well begin for modern men and women with the Eucharist, the sacrament of unity. Modern Christians are capable of being as neglectful and irreverent towards the Eucharist as Francis' contemporaries. Believing as we do, that we live in a more sophisticated age than Francis and having the benefit of centuries of education and theological study about the Eucharist available to us, as well as a multitude of other spiritualities which may enrich us, perhaps the centrality of the Eucharist to our lives is not like it was to Francis. Francis' beliefs were not couched in theological terms because he was a man simplicity, yet his belief that the Mass connected him in a real and personal and intimate way to the person of Jesus Christ is so lucidly expressed so often in his writings, that we must conclude that this sacrament was central to his life, that it was supremely important over and above all his other beliefs and religious activities. The wonder of this sacrament was never diminished in Francis' eyes. Today's custom of receiving Communion at every Mass, unlike the practice in Francis' day, could perhaps have contributed to an attitude of greater familiarly and lesser reverence. That which has become routine in today's busy world can also have lost its luster of awe and mystery. I believe St. Francis sets a great example for us today. Just as Jesus Christ lived his life for all, so did Francis in his wish to follow and imitate Christ. Francis' original ministry to the lepers who were society's outcasts, was inspired and sustained by his faith that in the Eucharist he was embraced by Jesus Christ and thereby invited to embrace all he encountered, especially the poor, the sick, the untouchable, those whom Jesus has sought out in his life time. This idea cannot be less relevant in 00 than in the thirteenth century. The Eucharist joins us to all our sisters and brothers and invites us to live out this relationship in daily life, as Francis did so perfectly. Ilia Delis expresses this in following wayIf Eucharist means finding oneself internally related to every other, including one's enemies, and embracing the other in love, than it is indeed the source of a truly catholic personality and the seed of a new creation, whereby all humanity is bound in a unity of love. The example of Francis as a man who so extolled the blessings of peace and joy can be an inspiration in this third millennium where we daily encounter disunity, inequality, social injustice, war and all degrees of enmity. The Eucharist, which Francis saw as the sacrament of unity, remains that today, if we adopt this consciousness. Francis found in the Mass his main source of love, peace and joyful self-giving, always aware that these were the gifts of the Jesus he encountered there. Could not these same gifts transform whatever situation we may be in on a personal level, and assist to bring healing to our imperfect world? Please note that this sample paper on St Francis of Assisi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on St Francis of Assisi, we are here to assist you. Your

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Adolescent Sex

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In Manitoba, 6 teenagers become pregnant every day. This gives us one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in Canada, 55 pregnancies per 1,000 girls aged 15-1 years (www.thinkagain.ca). What does this say about adolescent sexuality in our province, and even in our community. Why are so many teens sexually active? And are they physically and emotionally ready to have sex? Adolescent sexuality has increased whereas the age of adolescents decreases. There were ,05 pregnancies among 10-1 year olds in 1/000(Teen Sex, 00). Teens are influenced by media (television, music, and magazines), peers, parents, and sex education at school. Unfortunately some of these influences don't talk about the risks of sex, and protection against pregnancy and STI's. The final decision about whether or not to have sex or use birth control is up to the adolescent. When is it right? Most people make a decision about when to have sex for the first time. Part of the decision is asking questions about many parts of sex. There are also questions about the responsibilities and the risks involved with sex. Sex is a pleasurable and exciting part of life. Some risks and problems of sexual activity that affect the body are unprotected sex, disease, or pregnancy. Being able to communicate about such risks and problems is an equally important part of sexual readiness. A teen who is ready for sexual activity needs to understand STDs and be prepared to prevent their spread. Using condoms during sexual activity can be a healthy choice. Females are biologically more likely than males to get an STD (Sexual Readiness, 000). This is because of the way the female body is built. The germs that cause STDs have more places to linger and cause problems in the female body. They must also understand the risks of sex while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. The combination of alcohol and other drugs with sexual activity is dangerous. Using alcohol and other drugs makes it difficult for a person to think clearly. For example, a couple may not use protection during sex, or a drunk or high partner may not respect the other partner's sexual limits. A Sexual relationship involves many emotions. Choosing to be part of any relationship can be an emotional risk. When sex is involved, the emotional risk can increase because sex can change a relationship. Teens who learn to understand and express their emotions are preparing for sexual readiness. Another part of being ready for a sexual relationship is setting limits and standards for yourself. Limits are boundaries, or points beyond which someone will not go. Standards are expectations of how a relationship should be. It is important to decide how far you are willing to go before any sexual activity takes place. For couples who choose to engage in sexual intercourse, communication is especially important. Communicating about possible outcomes before they happen is important. For example, couples should discuss the method of protection they will use and how they will deal with a possible pregnancy before they have sexual intercourse. Willingness to take responsibility is a sign that a person is ready for a sexual relationship. Responsibility involves establishing, keeping, and respecting sexual limits and standards. Most teens are physically ready to have sexual intercourse at a young age. However, physical ability is only part of being ready to have sex. Being ready for a sexual relationship in all other ways should be a thoughtful, multiple-step process. It is normal for this process to happen over a period of time rather that all at once. Below is a checklist of questions you should ask yourself to judge your own sexual readiness (www.thinkagain.ca )____ Do I feel pressured?

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____ Do I have to "prove" that I love my partner?____ Have I thought about how sex might change the way I feel about myself?____ Will sex change my relationship?____ Do I feel comfortable with my body and how it works?____ Can I openly discuss feelings with my partner without feeling scared or embarrassed? ____ Do I understand that unprotected sex may result in a possible pregnancy or STDs?____ Will I buy and use protection during sexual activity?____ Do I think this will be a fun and pleasurable experience for me?____ How does having sex fit with my beliefs? According to one survey, teens today learn about sex from the following sources friends - 45%, television - %, parents - 7%, and sex-education classes - % (Teen Sex, 00). Children and teens learn about sexuality from their peers, or people their own age. Peer influences on sexuality begin in childhood. Children learn what boys do and what girls do through their play activities. Children put pressure on each other to act and dress in certain ways. They may tease or ridicule a child who doesn't fit their idea of masculine or feminine. Peer influences become strongest during teen years. Teens look to their peer group for support as they begin the process of separating from their family. Friends and classmates influence teen sexuality in several ways. They usually have sharply defined gender roles and rules about sexuality, they may give information about sex, but it may not always be correct, and friends may try to pressure others into having sex. Influences from the media. The media includes television, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, advertising, and, most recently, the Internet. The Media often encourages unhealthy sexual attitudes and behaviours among teens. Teens today live in a world in which sex is everywhere. It appears on billboards, in the lyrics to popular songs, and in newspaper headlines. Nowhere is sex more common than on television. According to one estimate, TV exposes the average teen to 14,000 sexual messages each year (Changing Bodies, Changing Lives, 18). On MTV, 75% of the videos that tell a story use sexual images. Over half involve violence, and 80% combine sex and violence (Sex, 000). The sexual content of TV shows, movies, music videos, and other media may be direct or indirect. There may be scenes of couples kissing passionately, taking off each other's clothes, and preparing for intercourse. This is direct, in-your-face sex. Indirect content includes comedians making jokes about sex or talk show hosts discussing the sex lives of their guests. Sexual scenes in the media usually feature young and attractive people. They may have just met. These people rarely discuss the possibility of an unplanned pregnancy or an STD. Teens may view sex as something couples automatically do in a relationship and may believe that having sex will make them seem mature. Teens may learn a great deal about the physical side of sexual intercourse from the media. However, TV shows and movies usually don't show how sex affects people emotionally and the importance of respect and communication in a relationship. Parents and other caregivers play a major part in shaping a child's sexuality. They help to establish the child's gender identity and gender role and teach attitudes about sex and sexual behaviour. Parents begin the process of gender identity b giving their newborn a "girl's" name or a "boy's" name. Parents teach gender roles by the toys they give their children and through household tasks. Many of today's parents avoid following traditional ideas of masculine and feminine. Parents have many opportunities to influence their children's attitude toward sexuality. Their words and behaviour can contribute to either healthy or unhealthy sexual attitudes. Ideas learned as a child may stay with a person for the rest of his or her life. Parents can have a big influence on sexual behaviour of their teen children. Teens have many questions about dating, romantic relationships, sex, and birth control. They often want help setting limits on sexual activity and saying no to pressure to have sex. Most teens would like to be able to talk with their parents about these matters. Children and teens may learn about sexuality through formal, or planned, sex-education instruction. However, they are more likely to learn about sexuality indirectly from teachers, textbooks, and school activities. Several studies have shown that teachers, educational materials, and school activities influence students' gender identity and role(Sex 000). Knowing about influences on sexuality is important for everyone. It's especially important for teens because they are at a critical stage in their sexual development. Couples who decide to have sexual intercourse must protect themselves against unplanned pregnancy and STDs. Both partners must take responsibility. If a couple can't talk about birth control and protection, they should think again about having sex. Many methods of birth control are available. Two main groups are over-the-counter methods and prescription methods. A few over-the-counter methods also protect against STDs. Over-the-counter birth control and protection can be purchased without a doctor's prescription. It's available in places such as drugstores and supermarkets, and are inexpensive and easy to use. They include male and female condoms, spermicides, and dental dams. The male condom is a latex or soft plastic covering that fits over the erect penis during vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse. Male condoms are 8% effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly with every act of intercourse. The latex condom protects against certain STDs, including HIV. For this reason, they are strongly recommended for use with other birth control methods. The female condom is a soft plastic pouch that fits inside the vagina. The open end remains outside the vagina for the penis to enter. Female condoms are from 7% - 5% effective in preventing pregnancy. Their effectiveness in preventing STDs is not known. Spermicides include foam, creams or gels, suppositories, and contraceptive film. They are inserted into the vagina. Spermicides are best used as backup protection with male condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps. They may provide some protection against certain STDs, but this needs more research. The dental dam is a silky, thin latex material that protects against STDs during oral-vaginal or oral-anal sex. A person can lick or kiss through the dam. Prescription birth control must be obtained from a health care professional. Generally, a female first must have a pelvic exam(examination of the reproductive organs). Prescription birth control includes birth control pills, Depo-Provera, Norplant, diaphragms, and cervical caps. None of these methods protect against STDs. Birth control pills when taken exactly as prescribed, prevent pregnancy almost % of the time. They are convenient to use but because they are drugs birth control pills can cause side effects. Depo-Provera is a birth control shot. Every 1 weeks, the female gets a shot in the arm or buttock. Depo-Provera is almost 100% effective in preventing pregnancy, but can also cause side effects. Norplant consists of 6 rubbery capsules. Each capsule is about 1 inch long. A doctor inserts the capsules on the underside of a females upper arm. Norplant is nearly 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Protection lasts for five years. A diaphragm is a latex cup worn inside the vagina during sex. A doctor or nurse fits a female with a diaphragm. It should be used with a spermicidal cream or gel to be most effective in preventing pregnancy. Without spermicide, a diaphragm is only 8% effective. With spermicide, this figure raises to 4%. A cervical cap is like a diaphragm, only smaller. It fits more tightly over the cervix than a diaphragm does. The cervix is the opening between the vagina and the uterus. The uterus is the hollow organ when an unborn baby develops. When used with spermicide, cervical caps are 1% effective in preventing pregnancy. That concludes the two main groups of birth control, leaving adolescents and adults with many options. The large, complicated, and interrelated accumulation of factors suggest that the course that leads to adolescent sexual activity and pregnancy is complex. Not merely one or two, but a multitude of antecedents are related to one or more sexual behaviours and pregnancy, including characteristics of the teens themselves, their peers and sexual partners, their families and their communities and states. The decision is yours. Please note that this sample paper on Adolescent Sex is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Adolescent Sex, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Adolescent Sex will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Keats' Odes and the themes of life and death

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John Keats (175-181) is widely perceived as one of the best poets from the Romantic era. As in most Romantic work, the emphasis is placed on beauty. This beauty is then most often expressed in mythology, nature and personal emotion. Keats presents images clearly and simplistically with a definite sense of joy and pain and an ever-present infinite pathos and tenderness (Downer 16 7-8).Of his vast collection of poetic work, Keats' odes are often argued to be his best work in which he creates "… a new class of lyrical poetry" (Downer 16 1). It is clear that the odes were composed in a state of deep reflection and depending on the mood or theme of the poem, they vary from pensive to felicitous. At the same time the odes are "… always self-contained and natural" (Downer 161). The central and most obvious elements of Keats' work in general Nature, Hellenism and Romance are also found in his odes, but there is also another significant element present - that of the mental state of Keats himself (Downer 16 1).In this assignment two of the odes, namely 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' and 'Ode on Melancholy' will be analysed and discussed with reference to the important themes of the sense of the fleetingness of life and thoughts on eternity and immortality.In 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' a higher sate of philosophical thought is reached than in any other ode of Keats and the Philosophy of Art and the Ethics of Life are touched upon. The degree of personal emotion present in the poem leaves Keats free of any objective thought. A definite undertone of pathos can be observed in the fact that pain always seems to be present even in a state of passion and pleasure. This pathos does, however, seem to elevate the general thought of the poem which involves the contemplation of Beauty that Keats equates with Truth. The advantages of plastic art over human life in regard to permanence are clearly illustrated and thus the themes of transience and immortality (Downer 16 6).

In 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' the poet views an old Grecian urn and recounts to the reader how the urn looks. He then goes deeper by expressing awe at the fact that the urn has survived for such a long time and how the imagery on the urn's surface is able to tell a more meaningful story than a poem would have been able to. Emphasis is also placed on the fact that the figures depicted on the urn will live on into eternity and by doing this Keats makes the reader aware of the fact that human life is transient.An external analysis of the ode reveals five regular stanzas each comprising a quatrain and a sestet. The rhyme in each stanza differs and the irregularity can be found throughout in the last three lines. With regard to metre, the poem is written in iambic pentameter.The poem begins with a very striking metaphor. The use of the word "unravished" indicates that the urn is unspoilt - even pure - and has been able to survive the long time since it was created, relatively intact. In the first two lines particular emphasis is placed on silence and this theme of silence is further explored in the rest of the poem as well (Pettet 157 1-). "quietness", "silence" and "slow time" all illustrate the noiseless state in which the urn exists and by being the "foster-child of silence" it is suggested that the urn has been adopted by this quiet and that it has been in this muted state for a long period stretching from the classic time in which it was created to the modern time (Downer 16 4). According to Jack (Jack 167 14) this emphasis on silence links with the well-known observation of Simonides that a poem is a speaking picture, while a picture is a silent poem. It is thus clear that Keats is not merely concerned with the aesthetic beauty of the urn, but also with silence and time which serves as a link between the ancestors and their offspring for all eternity (Blackstone 15 ). The urn is also equated to a "historian". This metaphor serves to explain that the urn functions as a type of storyteller in the depiction on the urn's surface. The "flowery tale" links with the abovementioned function of the urn and refers to the flowery or leaf-like decorations on the urn. In line 4 a comparison is made between the expressive power inherent in visual art and poetry. Keats prefers visual art and it is clear that he perceives the deeper, hidden meaning of the figures of the urn. By using "legend" the reader once again gets the idea of a continued and sustained situation. The ethereal and romantic nature of the story depicted on the urn is suggested by the word "haunt" (Downer 16 45). In the sestet at the close of the first stanza Keats asks a series of questions regarding the identity of the characters and the setting in which they are found. He leaves these questions unanswered, however, because by not providing answers it leaves the possibility for the imagination to intervene, much as what happens in visual art (Downer 16 45).In the first four lines of stanza the abovementioned power of art to stimulate the imagination is expressed further. Keats believes that the melody of the piper figured on the urn is much more "sweeter" than music which is physically heard as it requires the use of imagination. What makes it even more special, is the fact that every person will have a unique idea of what that melody sounds like. In line , the "sensual ear" refers to the ear of sense. Line 4 seems to add a light touch that continues for the rest of the stanza. The figures and foliage seems almost to be alive (Downer 16 47). The repeated idea of silence comes through in this stanza by the usage of words like "unheard" and "ditties of no tone". The central theme of this ode and one of the most important qualities of art, namely the permanence of it in comparison to the transience of life, is quite clear in the closing sestet of stanza . While the actual piper, the trees and the lover with his object of affection have long since passed away, they will remain forever more as images on the surface of the urn; thus in the form of art. In line 8 we see that although the lover will never be immersed in an actual kiss with his beloved, he is actually extremely privileged as he will always be with his beloved and neither of them will be withered away by time.Stanza is a continuation of the thought in stanza about the permanence of life. Everything that is fleeting in real life the trees, the piper and the lovers lives forever in art. They are all blessed, "... for whatever Art may sacrifice of the loveliness and freshness of Nature, it attains permanence, which Nature attains not" (Downer 16 48). Whereas stanza 1 emphasised the advantage of art over poetry, here we see the advantage it has over nature. Permanence is not, however, the sole advantage. Images in art can attain elements of calmness, elevation and perfect joy. Downer (Downer 16 48) rightfully proclaims that in this ode it is made clear that art has the "… power to awaken the imagination to yet more sweet and exalted perception than reality…"Stanza 4 introduces a new scene where a fawn is led to slaughter as part of a sacrificial, religious ceremony. Silence once again comes into play in this stanza with the comment on the town that "… for evermore will silent be…" The repetition of "little town" seems to suggest a playful tone. The image of this town that will remain silent for all eternity and will leave a bundle of unanswered questions is according to Downer (Downer 16 48) not so much sad as it is a little pathetic and it evokes a sense of empathy in the audience and the reader."Attic" in stanza 5 refers to Athens, which is the centre of Greece, which in its turn is the mother of all arts. "Fair Attitude" is used in reference to the urn that appears extremely beautiful as it stands to be viewed. In lines 4 and 5 Keats makes it clear that it is just as unfathomable for the human mind to grasp the ideas and the feelings that the urn evokes as it is to encompass eternity. The same confused feeling that is produced when an attempt is made to grasp the meaning of the imagery on the urn, is produced when trying to fathom the infinite (Downer 16 4).It is important to note that the urn stands central amidst the "woe" of the world. Blackstone (Blackstone 15 ) argues that the urn thus functions as a friend to mankind that has the power vested in it to soothe and admonish. It maintains its ancient dignity but has become more approachable over the ages. The urn exhibits the great aim of art "…to soothe the cares and lift the thoughts of man" (Blackstone 15 ).The message of the urn as well as the moral of 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' are often said to be encapsulated in line 11 when Keats proclaims, "Beauty is truth, truth beauty…" It is the last two lines of stanza 5, which then carries the real interest of the poem and two philosophical ideas. According to Downer (Downer 16 50) these two ideas are "…the Incomprehensibilty of the Infinite in Art and Nature and the Ethics of Beauty…" It is Keats' conviction that Beauty is the touchstone of Truth.Keats' 'Ode on Melancholy' is very closely related to 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' in regard to the time of composition, its poetic substance as well as the logical statement around which it centres. Where 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' very specifically illustrates the experience of beauty, 'Ode on Melancholy' merely makes a statement on this experience. The Romantic idea of the fact that the experience of joy, ecstasy and beauty is always and inevitably linked to sorrow, comes across as the central theme in 'Ode on Melancholy' (Caldwell 165 166). According to Caldwell (Caldwell 165 167) the same idea can be found in 'Ode to a Grecian Urn' as the poet experiences an intense sense of joy while regarding the urn, but he is indeed fraught with sadness when he realizes that; while the characters on the urn and the urn itself will live on for eternity, his death is inevitable and thus "Mortality weighs heavily as the poet contemplates (the various images)…" (Caldwell 165 167-168).We see in 'Ode on Melancholy' that Keats views the passing away of joy and the fading and dying of beauty as the worst melancholies. In this poem the reader is constantly made aware of the paradox between the experiences of joy and sadness as well as the close relationship between these two emotions (Downer 16 86). Jones (Jones 16 16) points out that 'Ode on Melancholy' is an ode of consciousness where the consciousness "… is spatialised into a landscape of the head" which the reader can clearly distinguish from the "art-space" present in 'Ode to a Grecian Urn'. These two different spaces or spheres link with Keats' idea about the actual experience of life and the thoughts surrounding immortality. Art also comes into the argument, as it is just as important an aspect as life.Although a much more intensive analysis can be made of a larger collection of poetic works by Keats, it is obvious that he was intrinsically a Romantic poet whose contention it was that there is an ever-present conflict between man's sense of life's transience and his immediate understanding of the infinite.BibliographyBlackstone, B. 15. The Consecrated Urn. London Longmans, Green & Co.Caldwell, J.R. 165. John Keats' Fancy. New York Octagon Books.Downer, A.C. 16. The Odes of Keats. Folcroft The Folcroft Press.Jack, I. 167. Keats and the Mirror of Art. Oxford Clarendon Press.Jones, J. 16. John Keats' Dream of Truth. London Chatto & Windus.Pettet, E.C. 157. On the Poetry of Keats. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Please note that this sample paper on Keats' Odes and the themes of life and death is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Keats' Odes and the themes of life and death, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Keats' Odes and the themes of life and death will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Team Leadership

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How do groups cohere? Historically, strong leadership and a shared culture have been the primary factors in determining collective unanimity within social groups. Managers today might not have absolute power of life or death over their staff, being restricted to hiring and firing in their power to enforce the hierarchy, and their corporate mythology might shade by comparison with that of, say, ancient Rome; yet, although managers today need to unite different people without the traditional binding agents of shared ethnicity or religion, unifying them in pursuit of tasks which can sometimes appear dreary even to the most committed worker, it is becoming abundantly clear that negative motivation the threat of unemployment is at best a limited management tool. Although the knowledge that keeping one's job is contingent on performance necessarily informs every worker's consciousness, fear alone breeds hatred, discord and consequently inefficiency. It is a truth almost universally accepted that a happy worker is a good one aside from such prerequisites as a pleasant working environment and the avoidance of overwork, it seems clear that a good team-spirit is the key to healthy morale. Working as a team increases people's sense of purpose, their feeling of belonging and consequently their productivity. In fact, a properly functioning team is absolutely essential for any business with more than one employee. If the rugby pack doesn't push together, they lose the game. Fortunately, for the twenty-first-century corporate manager, a support-structure, a science and industry of positive motivation, fitted for the contemporary market, has evolved. And one of its principal methods is that delineated in this section. The companies on show here specialize in removing workers from their normative contexts and involving them in challenging, unusual and entertaining activities, by which shared experience the group knits together, eliciting previously untapped interpersonal relationships and individual potential. It is important that we recognize the constructive use-value borne by play in relation to work, since the two exist not in opposition, but in symbiosis. The cooption of constructive play by the corporations is their masterstroke; for by simulating the activities of family and friendship within its aegis, the corporation inculcates comparable loyalties and energies among its workforce. Gamesman Productions are currently leading the way in the provision of innovative team-building games to the corporate event industry. Neil Harvey, the owner (who previously made scenic props for such shows as 'The Phantom of the Opera'), aims to create a 'toy-box' sensibility in all Gamesman products, to effect a high visual impact and encourage a ludic attitude. Thus it is that Mr. Harvey's new game, 'Hell's Bells', uses imaginative play rather than the more divisive impulse of competition as its driving force. 'Hell's Bells' is designed to throw light on team dynamics, focusing on project management skills and team communication issues. For the manager, this is a handy side-effect of corporate team games, which become a means of observing one's colleagues at close hand, in a different light from usual, throwing their strengths and weaknesses into relief. 'Hell's Bells' itself is an unprecedented and impressive development, in which the participants have to construct a series of automata whose correct alignment will enact automatically a medieval story, which is the culmination of the game and the convergence of cryptic clues and riddles scattered throughout. The game can accommodate fifteen to two hundred participants, lasting from a minimum of two hours to significantly longer, depending on how it is supervised, keeping everyone involved and, of course, thoroughly entertained. Now, a more martial model of group play is that perennial favourite of the corporate market, paintballing. Holmbush Paintballing has over ten years of experience at organizing paintballing events to boost morale and help to create firm business relationships with staff and clients alike. Situated on the prestigious ,500 acre Holmbush Estate, they offer tailored 'Paintball' events for all sizes of companies, both small and Blue Chip, supplying an action-packed, adrenaline-fuelled corporate day out. Paintball highlights the absolute necessity of communication and teamwork from all levels of staff. Players have the opportunity to practice and develop their leadership skills. Everybody is encouraged to be highly motivated to achieve success, and their decision-making and risk management skills are tested to the limit. Players have to combine their individual talents and create real working relationships, breaking down traditional work-place barriers in order to achieve the set objectives. Holmbush provides all the equipment necessary - which includes full camouflage uniforms, full-face masks and the paintball guns and all players are given a full half-hour safety briefing before any of the weapons are issued and the players go to any of the twelve different playing areas, each of which provides a different objective for the players to achieve. All the staff are fully trained in-house and are enthusiasts of the game. Each team is assigned a Marshal who guides you throughout the day, ensuring safety and fair play while in the varying 'Combat Zones'. At the end of the day the Marshals hold a Presentation where the teams' results are discussed and an award is given for the first and second placed teams.A different kind of marksmanship can be found at the National Shooting Centre at Bisley Camp, the home of competitive shooting since 180. The Centre offers world class facilities for all shooting disciplines. This includes target rifle, gallery rifles, black powder pistols and air guns to name but a few. The Centre also plays host to international competitions. The National Clay Shooting Centre, which is incorporated within the National Shooting Centre, will open in July 001, with evening shoots held twice a week in the summer. The impressive new clay layouts have been built with the aid of a Lottery Grant from Sport England for the Commonwealth Games in 00 and include nine down the line as well as English and Olympic skeet, ABT, double trap and universal trench. A magnificent new clubhouse provides a focal point for the complex and includes catering facilities with a terrace that overlooks the ground and finals layout. The superb new layouts are equipped with seventy-two Materelli traps, covered stands, computer controlled scoring and acoustic release, all against a backdrop of over 000 acres of unspoilt Surrey heath land.

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While the venerable Bisley Camp has been enjoying a makeover, a new kid on the block has been making waves in the home counties. Widdowson Enterprises, based in Berkshire, was set up only this year; but its youth is belied by an impressive client-list (probably ensured by Widdowson's experienced backers), including J.Sainsbury, Safeway, Coca Cola, Hampshire Police, the London Fire Brigade and the British Army. Widdowson can supply many forms of team building games, such as It's A Knockout, as well as casino evenings, American Rodeo Bulls, Jet Ski and other simulators, thereby living up to The Organiser's motto, 'fortitudo in variis'; 'fortitude in variety' power through difference.In recent years, Call of the Wild Adventure Activities, at their location within the Brecon Beacons National Park, have become leaders in the provision of activity and adventure holidays for the corporate market. Those up for adventure can choose from activities such as canyoning, coasteering, caving, pot holing, climbing and abseiling, paintball, quad biking, treasure hunts, orienteering, hill walking, mountain biking, canoeing, pony-trekking, themed challenges, 4x4 driving, sailing and sportsboat activities, archery, clay pigeon shooting, air gun skirmishing, survival exercises and fly fishing, while the center also offers reflexology and aromatherapy for those who want to unwind in a more supine fashion. Rural pursuits are also on offer at A Day in the Country attractive midlands location, which has just won its fourth Marketing Week/CHA Award in as many years. The various on-site sporting activities include clay shooting, 4x4 driving, fly fishing for trout, Honda Pilots, field archery, Virgin ballooning, skydiving and many others. A full day of activities can be arranged or activities can be added to a day meeting or product launch, especially since the unveiling of the spanking new conference suite, the Croughton Room, which holds 10 delegates 'theatre style' and has doubled the hospitality area. The conference suite is equipped to the highest standards with all the equipment that is expected of a cutting edge facility. Unlike many modern conference suites, there is plenty of natural daylight and ample height for display material. Computer-generated audio-visual equipment and special set design are available on request. Again, Byron 4x4 Corporate Entertainment impose exciting entertainment on tranquil, sylvan Middle England, maintaining various sites, with their two main locations in the Midlands, at the Adrenaline Jungle in Sherwood Forest, Nottingham and the Ackers, Birmingham (just ten minutes from the National Exhibition Centre). The former is Nottinghamshire's largest paintball site, replete with such features as villages, castles, bridges, and town halls; but it also boasts its own off-road course for 4x4s, a purpose-built quad bike course, a race circuit for off-road rally karts with pits, sin bins et cetera. Flying round Robin Hood's old stamping ground in a fully roll-caged rally vehicle should satisfy the thrill-seeker in your most boisterous employee or client! If, however, you wish to give your clients or staff the ultimate adrenaline rush, then get in touch with the UK Bungee Club. Imagine yourself 180ft above mother earth, equivalent to the height of an eighteen-storey building, gazing down at your destiny far below, a fall which, though you undertake it willingly, all your instincts tell you will be fatal. "Three, two, one, bungee!" cries the Jump Master, as you leap head first into the void, hurtling towards the unyielding ground and a rapidly approaching moment of truth. When the elastic takes the strain and your quick descent is suddenly reversed, terror turns to elation, and the whole experience becomes the ride of your life. UKBC now operate four mobile rigs offering Bungee Jumping, Catapulting and Abseiling. Over 100,000 people have bounced back, living to tell the tale and collectively raising over £1 million for charity. Recent locations for contracts include The Millennium Dome, Earls Court, Tyne Bridge and Wembley Stadium, and UKBC, established in 1, have been party to over one hundred TV appearances including Don't Try This At Home, GMTV, The Big Breakfast, Harry Enfield and London's Burning. All jumpers are videoed as a souvenir. Now, while the avoidance of sudden death is the UKBC's raison d'être, the enactment of untimely demises is our next company's forte. Murder On The Menu is the official provider of scheduled murders on the Orient Express. They commit murder every month as the luxury train runs from London to Brighton, and on The Northern Belle from Manchester. These very successful, full-day mysteries are available for corporate bookings. As award-winning members of the Corporate Hospitality & Events Association they guarantee an event to suit your company's style, budget and team-building or bonding requirements. Recently, they have extended their menu to include training programmes especially created for our clients. Do you need to project a specific message to your sales staff, managers, executives or clients? Murder on the Menu will write a script to your brief, and provide professional actors to get your message home. With a wide repertoire of themed off-the-peg cabaret whodunnits, and themed dinner entertainment including Pirates, Forties, Oscars and Mission Improbable, Murder on the Menu have the capability to kill to order. Envelop your clients or staff in a theatrical play-world of fantasy, and see their consciousnesses altered in line with your prearranged strategy. Well, I hope you can see that team-building and client motivation are sciences shored up by an advanced, committed service industry, an industry represented in further detail in the following section. The techniques of constructive or strategic forms of corporate play are becoming ever-more refined; so get involved your competitors probably are. Please note that this sample paper on Team Leadership is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Leadership, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Team Leadership will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud, a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud's most important and frequently re-iterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, however, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy. (Internet) Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was a lively woman, who was twenty years younger than his father and also his second wife. Sigmund was his mother first child of seven and he had two older half brothers. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna where he lived most of his life. (Internet) Sigmund was a brilliant child and eventually went to medical school - which was one of the more viable choices for a Jewish boy in Vienna. He became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in reductionism " No other forces that the common physical chemical ones are active within the organism". (Internet) Freud would later spend many years on trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, something he would eventually give up. (Internet) Freud was very successful with his research, especially neurophysiology, and invented a special cell staining technique. While he was successful with what he had accomplished, there were limited available positions available and Brucke helped him receive a grant to enable his to study with the great psychiatrist in Charcot in Paris and then late his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both studied the use of hypnosis with hysterics. (Internet)

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After spending a short time as a resident in neurology in Berlin, he returned home to his fiance, Martha Bernays, and set up a small practice in neuropsychiatry with the help of Joseph Breuer. (Internet) Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and criticism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew a number of very bright supporters who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. (Internet) Freud's biggest flaw although, was the inability to be able to accept criticism and was known for rejecting people that did not agree with him and most went on to find competing schools of thought. Freud immigrated to England just before World War II, as Vienna became increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially for ones as famous as Freud. (Internet) September ,1, Freud died of cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from the last 0 years of his life. Sigmund Freud had numerous theories over the course of his career; the ones that I will be discussing are only a few. Freud did not create the idea of the conscious versus the conscious mind, however he was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind in what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The largest part, however, being the un-conscious. The unconscious includes things that are not easily available to awareness, including out drives or instincts and things that we cannot bear to look at, such as memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud's theories, the unconscious is the source of our motivations. (Internet) The id, the ego and the superego are another well-known theory that plays off of the conscious and un-conscious mind. Freudian psychology begins with a world full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. (Internet) An extremely important part of the organism is the nervous system. At birth, the nervous system is a little more than of other animals, an "it" or id. The id, or the nervous system, translates the needs of the organism into motivational forces, or otherwise called the primary process. (Internet). The id works in conjunction with the "pleasure principle", which is the demand to take care of the immediate need. An example, a screaming newborn does not realize that it needs food; it only understands that it needs something now. The ego derives from the id, or the "it" to the "I" that takes place during the first year of one's life. The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its unconscious, and searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to represent the organism's needs. (Internet) This is called the secondary process. The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says, "take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found." (Internet) The ego then struggles to keep the id, or the organism, happy. The ego keeps record of the obstacles, aids, rewards and punishments, and from there forms the superego. This theory is usually not complete until the age of seven, if ever. There are two aspects of the superego conscious and ego ideal. The conscious is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The ego ideal derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. (Internet). The conscious and the superego communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt. (Internet) The id, ego and superego lead to the fact that, as if acquired, that a new set of needs and wishes are of social, not biological, at this time. Freud once said, "Life is not easy." Anxiety is a familiar part of each day for many; anxiety is another aspect of the mind that Freud investigated. Anxiety sits at the center of powerful forces reality society, as represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id. (Internet) When conflicting demands are made upon the ego, the feeling is called anxiety. It serves as a signal to the ego that its survival as a whole is in jeopardy. (Internet) There are three different types of anxiety realistic, moral and neurotic. Realistic anxiety is considered fear. Moral anxiety is a feeling that comes from the outer world, although could be considered shame, guilt and the fear of punishment. Neurotic anxiety is the fear of being overwhelmed by the impulses of the id. This is the anxiety that intrigued Freud the most. Although there are many theories surrounding Freud that could be discussed, the last one, and the most controversial one that I'd like to discuss us the Oedipal crisis. The Oedipal crisis is named after the ancient Greek story of King Oedipus, who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother. (Internet) The theory works in this manner the fist love-object for humans is out mother. We want her affection, her caresses and her in a broadly sexual way. (Internet) In earlier readings, I found that Freud defined "sexual" as not just intercourse, but all pleasurable sensations of the skin. In theory, the young boy has a rival for his mother's charms his father. His father is bigger, stronger, and smarter and gets to sleep in his mother's bed. Dad is the enemy. (Internet) At this point in his life, the by had recognized that that he differs from girls as there is a difference in hair length and clothing style. From his perspective there is one major difference, he has a penis and girls do not. This is the beginning of "castration anxiety" or a slight fear of loosing one's penis. (Internet) To return to the original issue, the boy recognizes the father's superiority and engages in some of his ego defenses he displaces his sexual impulses on from his mother to girls, later women, and identifies with the aggressor, his father. He attempts to be more like him, or more like a man. The boy will then enter adolescences and then the world of heterosexuality. (Internet) Freud also believes that women experience the same. The only thing more common that blatant admiration for Freud is the equally blind hatred that people feel towards him. (Internet) Out of the theories previously discussed, the Oedipal complex and the associated ideas behind castration anxiety and penis envy is the least favorite. (Internet) It has been discovered that these rules mostly apply in world in which the families are dysfunctional and are not working in the means intended. These circumstances include parents unhappy with each other that may use their children against each other, or in instances in which girls are ridiculed or forced to think that there are not an equal to men. These symptoms may also be found in circumstances in which parents may threaten to "castrate" a boy for certain behaviors. Ultimately, these circumstances apply in dysfunctional situations. (Internet) If the Oedipal complex was viewed in a metaphoric and not a literal fashion the concepts could be considered useful. Children love their parents. Children learn the standards of a relationship through the images that parents portray in their relationships. Children also imitate the behaviors on the opposite-sex parent therefore playing back into the Oedipal complex. (Internet) Freud's emphasis on sexuality is another area that is highly criticized. When exploring Freud's theories further, I was amazed at the emphasis on just the word "sex" alone. In further researching the meaning, I found that Freud defined "sexuality" as a sensation to the skin. This definition put the theories in perspective for me. Human beings crave sensations to the skin a hug, a kiss, and a caress. These types of affections are non-verbal forms of love that humans need to survive. I think that another extremely important factor is the time period in which Freud presented his theories. His theories were based on the intense avoidance of sexuality, especially among the middle and upper classes, and especially among women. (Internet) Society today, forgets that "sexuality" was something that was looked down upon. Women who felt sexual desires were automatically considered a prostitute, and a new bride would be taken by surprise on her wedding night (or could faint at the thought). (Internet) I strongly think that Freud helped to open a window of understanding regarding the topic of human sexuality. Freud was strong enough to step from the norm and voice his opinions regarding this highly controversial issue and helped to navigate the way the future would view sexuality. I think that it is admirable that he had a strong enough character to discuss a subject potentially this disastrous to himself and his career.Freud made people aware of the fact that human behavior was based on biology and rationale. Freud showed the impact that human behavior had on society when it was realized that each individual is responsible for his/ her own actions. Freud proved the importance of family dynamics in a time where society believed that God determined the roles of men and women. (Internet) The id and the superego will be a part of modern psychology from here on out.The ego defenses are something that I feel is anther important part of Freud's theories. Many criticize Freud's idea of the "unconscious", however it seems to be clear that people in general will manipulate reality and our memories to suit our own needs. (Internet) There are several situations from my past that I know have manipulated to suit what my needs were during those transitions. I also strongly believe that we all have "ghosts in the closet" from past experiences, some that we are even unaware of. These are two specific situations that play into the theory of the "unconscious".Finally, if not the most useful, is Freud's creation of basic therapy. Most therapists today still adopt the " talking cure" and provide a relaxed, physical and social, atmosphere in which they treat their patients. I feel that this will be another theory that will stick to psychology now and for times to come.I think that many people tend to disregard all of Freud's ideas because they do not agree with a few. I think that many of Freud's ideas are tied to his times, although I think that there is a few that play an important role in today's society and will continue to play a strong role in the times to come. Freud was excellent at research and was an excellent observer of human conditions. Freud is a name that you can find regarding psychology today and will be a part of psychology in the future.Works Citedhttp//users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.htmlhttp//www.lucidcafe.com/library/6may/freud.htmlhttp//www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm http//www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL01Klages/freud.html Please note that this sample paper on Sigmund Freud is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sigmund Freud, we are here to assist you. 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