A Model Marketing Plan

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Executive Summary & Table of Contents

Due to the fact that in the Macadamia Nut processing industry there is a high demand for the end product, and that there is much competition among processors to gain supply side customers (producers), marketing efforts need to be focused of the attraction of suppliers apposed to end users customers. Green Farms' objectives are to increase their supply base by 0% in the next financial year, as well as increase output capacity by 0 %. Other goals include the improvement of relations with demand side customers, re retail outlets & wholesalers.

Table of Contents Current Marketing Situation Page 1 - 4

Opportunity & Threat Analysis Page 4 - 6

Financial Objectives Page 6

Marketing Objectives Page 6

Marketing Strategy Page 7

Action Programs Page 8

Controls Page 8

Current Marketing Situation

Market Situation

Currently South Africa is producing 1.7% of the total global Macadamia Nut production, and Green Farms' production accounts for approximately 0% of this figure. Last year foreign market growth amounted to 86.67% indicating the market is still in the growth phase. Local markets are more saturated, and only experienced a growth rate of 15%. Further growth in both local and foreign markets is expected in the forthcoming years. SA's largest market base is in Europe and the USA, of which SA produces 4.5% of the total consumption in these areas. Foreign markets are also accessible in Asia and Australia, where SA's market share amounts to roughly 6% of the market. Strong domestic competition is faced in Australia though.

Supply side clients are generally private farmers, between the ages of 5 and 60. Qualities demanded by them include best prices, quality service, quick payment, technical backup, integrity, good information flow, and credit facilities.

Demand side clients are comprised of large retail wholesalers in both foreign and domestic markets. Long term stable service, consistent quality and supply, low prices, trusted brand name, money back guarantee regarding quality, good information flow, customer requests (bar coded products, sell-by dates), discounts for sustained buying, credit lines, proof of good agricultural practice (labour relations, safe production methods) are all qualities demanded by these clients.

Product Situation

1 000

Industry Sales 50 0000

South African Sales 65 87

Green Farms Sales 451 477

Green Farms Market Share 4.8 % . %

Average Price US$ 6 US$ 6.

Source Green Farms Nut Company

Units Kernel tons

The decrease in SA share of industry sales is due to the alternative bearing nature of the Macadamia Nut trees. This refers to the fact that the trees produce good/poor crops on an alternative season basis, which resulted in poor 000 crop performance. Production in 001 is estimated to increase due to alternative bearing as well as favorable climatic conditions.

Competitive Situation

Supply Side The Royal Macadamia Nut Factory is the main local competitor for Green Farms with regards to acquisition of unprocessed nuts. Competition is fought on price and marketing security (ability to sell supplier's products) aspects. One advantage Royal has over Green Farms is that offers superior production methods and is ISO 000 compliant.

Demand Side Due to the low global market share SA has, local Macadamia Nut marketing competitors efforts are insignificant, however on a global scale USA (Hawaii) had a 15% increase in market share, and Australia a 17% increase. Brazil is also major competitors. These countries have a major hold on the current global market, but are however hindered by high input costs.

Generally Green Farms' international promotion is done through SAMAC, a SA Macadamia Nut production board, which has its own promotion agenda for SA marketers and producers.

Distribution Situation

Green Farms sells 7% of its product to domestic wholesalers, and % to exporters.

Green Farms Distribution Process

Macroeconomic Situation Due to the fact that Green Farms hasn't reached a level where it distributes products directly to end users, an in-depth analysis of the wholesalers is more important. End users are seen to be middle to upper class, health conscious people. Approximately 70% of the world's population consumes nuts.

Opportunity and Threat Analysis

Opportunities - The product is in the growth phase of its product life cycle.

- Nuts are seen to have health benefits

- The devaluation of the Rand makes SA products more attractive to foreign markets.

- There has been an increase in the use of Macadamia Nuts in other products (sweets & cereals)

- Rapid population growth.

- Bio-technological developments resulting in improved plant species and hybrids (improved quality and disease resistance)

- A largely un-penetrated Asian market.

Threats - Large capital base in foreign competition

- Strict production control in foreign super-markets

- Importation of machinery is expensive due to devaluation of the Rand

- Recent strength of trade unions raising labour costs, which result in increased prices

- High transportation costs to foreign markets raises prices

Strengths - High quality product is produced according to world standards

- Established domestic supply resulting in an established supply by Green Farms to retailers

- Good reputation among local suppliers

Weaknesses - Lack of extensive capital base

- Firm has no R&D programs, nor official market research program.

- Green Farms does not produce under the ISO 000 production method qualification

- Production is dependant on suppliers and farming output due to climatic changes, and alternative bearing of Macadamia Nut trees

- No website providing potential clients access to Green Farms

Issue Analysis - Should Green Farms consider the production and marketing of other forms of nuts

- Should attempts be made to enter the possibly lucrative Australian market, although it has established local producers.

- Current land claims on many Macadamia Nut farms, which if realized could result in decreased supply.

- Should Green Farms consider vertical and horizontal integration

Financial Objectives

Financial objectives could not be realistically formulated as Green Farms kept these figures for the previous year confidential, due to fears it could affect perceptions held by its supply base. However increases in profit were realistically determined, due to the fact that production levels are expected to increase by 50% due to favourable climatic conditions, and market demand is expected to increase by 5%. A profit increase of 0% and a turnover increase of 40% is also expected.

Marketing Objectives

- Achieve sales volume of 680 tons, up from from 477 tons. Thus a 44% market growth

- Bypass importers and increase marketing directly to wholesalers by 5%

- Attempt to be made to market and produce Malawian nuts by Green Farms, thus obtaining a larger supply base, and establishing a constant supply as the Malawian season produces at a different time to the SA season

- Keep prices stable at US$ 6,

Marketing Strategy

Target Market Foreign market importers and wholesalers involved in supplying good to supermarkets. Emphasis to be shifted to wholesalers, thereby shortening the distribution chain.

Positioning The aim is to position Green Farms as a supplier of high quality Macadamia Nuts at competitive price.

Product Line It consists of a generic Macadamia Nut

Distribution Outlet Wholesalers

Sales Force An additional marketing manager will be hired to oversee the Asian market which is seen as a high growth area. The nature of the product (high volume sales, few customers) implies that a small sales force is required.

Service Highly flexible service is required where specific demand specifications are met.

Sales Promotion The hired marketing manager aims to improve sales promotion. Green Farms' reputation is aimed to be improved through improved product quality. All sales will take place through personal selling. Product price, quality, and stable supply will be emphasized.

Advertising A member of Green Farms is currently at the May 001 International Nut Conference in Spain.

R & D This is primarily done through SAMAC for the benefit of all SA Macadamia Nut producers and suppliers. This is due to a limited capital base Green Farms has.

Marketing Research Due to the low number of clients, marketing research is done on a small scale, however marketing managers are expected to know the needs of demand and supply side clients on a personal basis.

Action Programs

- For June The employment of a marketing manager based in Asia will facilitate Green Farms' market growth in this area.

- For May A member of the board is currently attending the International Nut Conference in Spain.

- An extention of the Tzaneen factory is planned, which will increase production by 40%

- A marketing manager will be sent to Malawi to establish contacts regarding the processing of Malawian grown nuts, as there exists no processing facilities in Malawi.

- An increase in the supply of Macadamia Nuts is planned through the running of seminars on improved farming methods for farmers. This will also improve social ties with suppliers.

Controls

Preliminary controls are done through the marketing board, whereas more important controls and problems will be overseen by the Board of Directors, who meet on a quarterly basis. All managers are expected to report their progress to the board on a monthly basis.

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Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes

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During the Victorian era as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created various adventures of Sherlock Holmes, he was surrounded by a patriarchal society. The assumption that women were inferior to men was true of that period. Women were expected to stay inside, raise the children, and perform "social" tasks. Men ate meat while women ate cake, strawberries, and custard (Bird 1). In various Sherlock Holmes stories featuring females, Doyle devises plots that depend on women, however they are often silent or physically absent even though they are vital to the narrative. Females are marginalized, controlled, and contained like colonized foreign subjects (Favor 8). Conan Doyle's views pertaining to women colored Sherlock's as he created three damsels- in distress stories, "A Case of Identity," "The Copper Beeches," and "The Speckled Band," however, Doyle's first story, "A Scandal in Bohemia" reveals opposite outlook of women (Harrison 1). According to Redmond (8), "all the women of the canon were victims-of the times they lived in….there was no need to be actually a victim, in 185; it was quite enough to be a woman." It is not surprising that these women are not upper-class women as they would hardly find themselves in the sitting room of a middle-class detective. Sherlock Holmes's victims are the outcasts and prostitutes who are socially vulnerable enough to have problems that Holmes can solve; therefore they are the perfect damsels-in-distress (Redmond 8). "A Case of Identity" is the first so-called damsel-in-distress story in which Sherlock Holmes's role is to rescue a female victim (Redmond 81). Miss Mary Sutherland arrives to 1b Baker Street to meet Sherlock Holmes as her fiance had disappeared on the way to the church (Doyle 48). Mary Sutherland's stepfather Mr. Windibank, had committed fraud as he disguised himself as an eligible bachelor, scheming to claim her income. His disguise involves false whiskers, dark glasses, a whispering voice, and he does not allow Miss Sutherland to see his hand writing. The interest of the story is of Mary Sutherland, and Holmes's and Watson's attitude towards her. Dr. Watson, depicted so far as a ladies man, shows no interest in her. Holmes's however, falls hard for Miss Sutherland, and takes an intense interest in solving her troubles but also in soothing the lady. This is the only damsel-in-distress story in which Sherlock Holmes refers to his client as the "maiden" which carries a sexual connotation of sexual eligibility. Holmes is sympathetic towards Miss Sutherland as he says, "You have been shamefully treated," and when he is outraged with Mr. Windibank, he shouts, "there never was a man who deserved punishment more." Watson reveals that Sherlock Holmes works hard to help the women, to prevent them from danger as they are vulnerable and require protection (Redmond 8-85). Conan Doyle's second damsel-in-distress story "The Speckled Band," is quite similar to "A Case of Identity" as it is a tale of action whereas its predecessor requires only ratiocination. It is also a story of a young woman whose stepfather covets her profits, and is prepared to go to great lengths to prevent her from marrying. Helen Stoner's stepfather, Dr. Grimesby Roylott, is much more violent than James Windibank as he stoops to the murder of his older daughter Julia. She was to be married, and in order to prevent access of her income this had to be stopped. He does so through the use of his "speckled band," the deadliest snake in India. Mr. Roylott also attempted to murder his younger daughter Helen as she was to be wedded, however Sherlock Holmes rescued this damsel-in-distress from the danger of her stepfather. Holmes and Watson exchange rooms with Miss Stoner and prepared for the snake to enter from Mr. Roylott's room through the convenient ventilator and up the dummy belt. Holmes drives "The Speckled Band" back into Mr. Roylott's room turning on its owner and killing him. Through this extreme plot, Helen Stoner's exaggerated feminine qualities and Sherlock Holmes's macho behavior contributes to the stories effectiveness of the rescuing of this damsel-in-distress (Redmond 8-87). Holmes is presented as the masculine hero of this innocent female victim, while Mr. Roylott is seen as the villain, tainted by the East due to Doyle's imperialistic views. Doyle has justified the villain's death, thus, satisfying the reader's desire for justice in this patriarchal society (Favor - 405).

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"The Speckled Band" was published in 18 , and four months later the third damsel-in-distress story, "The Copper Beeches," was presented. This story had attracted much attention from various Sherlockians as it was important in the revelation of Sherlock Holmes's love life. Holmes's client is Violet Hunter, not Alice Rucastle who does not appear in the story due to her imprisonment by her father as she was to be married. If Alice married her fiance Mr. Fowler, similar to the previous story, "The Speckled Band," her father would not have access of her income. Hence, Miss Hunter has been lured into impersonating Mr. Rucastle's daughter, Alice. Mr. Fowler would perceive that Miss Rucastle was no longer interested in marriage and leave the premises of their home. Violet Hunter is presented by Doyle as a helpless woman, struggling to escape from a strong man. "The Copper Beeches," contains the right combination of fear and excitement. The fear stems from the deserted rooms, the savage dog Carlo, and the imprisonment of Alice Rucastle behind the barred door. Miss Hunter's isolation in a male household creates excitement for the reader, however, Sherlock Holmes feels that this is no place for an innocent woman. Holmes is determined to save her from the danger of her surroundings, therefore, applies his masculine abilities, with the help of Watson and rescues her (Redmond 87-0). The three damsels-in-distress stories contrast Conan Doyle's first story, "A Scandal in Bohemia," as "Holmes had encountered a woman on the same intellectual plane as himself, someone to match his wits and never be sure of the outcome….someone from much the same mold [as himself] had entered and touched his life" (Redmond 58). Irene Adler is not like the average woman of looser morals, but attains an intellectual, patriarchal attitude believing men are smarter than women. Adler's "tomboyish and assertive personality," allows her to triumph over Sherlock Holmes (Redmond 55-). Miss Adler outwits Sherlock and escapes the country with the photo that he was set out to procure. Women are presented as potentially harmful in "A Scandal in Bohemia" (Favor 40). "The little Irish spy in her twenties gave him his first real taste of indomitable courage, resolution….that he was ready to rise above the most cruel privation and degradation" (Edwards 50). To Sherlock Holmes Irene Adler was always "the woman," and while he remembers her with dubious affection who had outwitted him, he maintains an "aversion to women." Sherlock reveals that "women and their accompanying emotions are a distracting factor to male powers of reason and deduction" (Favor 40). The various adventures of Sherlock Holmes "were acts of creative partnership between Doyle and the women to whom he was closest his two wives, his mother and his sisters" (Barsham 11). According to Redmond (15), Conan Doyle's mother should be given credit for her "son's triumphant belief in the superiority of women" as presented in the story, "A Scandal in Bohemia," as Irene Adler triumphs over Sherlock Holmes. This work is indeed a contrast of Doyle's patriarchal stories and also of the Victorian era as women were considered innocent victims, unable to solve their problems, therefore, depending on the help of men. Women were to be protected from the dangers of the world, thus, they were expected to stay inside and raise the children, while the male sex would go out into the world (Bird 1). The patriarchal society in which Conan Doyle was immersed and his attitude towards women enabled him to create three damsels-in-distress stories to represent his views of life. Doyle saw women as victims of society who must be rescued by a male such as the typical Sherlock Holmes (Favor 8- 405). Reference ListBarsham, Diana. Arthur Conan Doyle and the Meaning of Masculinity. Burlington Ashgate Publishing Limited, 000.Bird, Isabella. Theatre & Dance atcu. 1 June 00 http//www.colorado.edu/theaterdan ce/oldsite/000/000%0season/otvpreview/otvtravelers.htmlDoyle, Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. United States of America Tom Doherty Associates Inc., 188.Edwards, Owen D. The Quest for Sherlock Holmes The Biographical Study of Arthur Conan Doyle. Totowa, New Jersey Mainstream Publishing Company Edinburgh LTD, 18. Favor, Lesli J. "The Foreign and the Female In Arthur Conan Doyle Beneath the Candy Coating." English Literature Transition 4.4 (000) 8-40.Harrison, Michael. Miscellany III. 1 June 00 http//www.homestead.com/holmes1 b/holmes7.htmlRedmond, Christopher. In Bed with Sherlock Holmes Sexual Elements in Arthur Conan Doyle's Stories of The Great Detective. Toronto, Canada Simon & Pierre, 184. Bibliography is at the end of the paper Please note that this sample paper on Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Atherosclerosis

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Atherosclerosis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Atherosclerosis paper right on time.

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A Review and discussion of the evidence for a genetic link to AtherosclerosisIntroductionAtherosclerosis is a disease more commonly referred to as a Hardening of the arteries (1), and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world (). It is believed to be a multifactorial process, which can in some cases start in utero (). Patients with atherosclerosis represent a heterogenous group of individuals, with diseases that progress at significantly different rates and in distinctly different patterns (5). It is described by the deposition of fatty material (atherosclerotic plaques) in, not on, arterial vessel walls - due to an excess in-flow of cholesterol. This can lead to occlusion of the artery - in most cases this occurs due to a sudden rupturing of the plaque that triggers the emergence of a blood clot/thrombus that blocks blood flow (as oppose to direct occlusion by the plaque) leading to complications such as strokes or heart attacks (1/4). There are many risk factors for this disease diet and lifestyle (environment) works synergistically with genetic factors predisposing to or protecting from the disease. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

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This essay will review some of these genetic factors (both predisposing and protecting) and discuss their contribution to the risk of developing Atherosclerosis.Predisposing factorsThere have been many predisposing factors discovered using clues from the pathology of the disease including genes/proteins associated with blood lipids, endothelial cell changes (lipid deposition), macrophage responses, inflammation, oxidative damage, vascular repair control, thrombosis and diabetes/obesity (1).Blood lipids One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia (quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins), (). Atherogenic dyslipidemia has been genetically linked, is characterized by increased plasma triacylglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, low HDL concentrations and the development of small dense LDL particles (8), and predisposes for atherosclerosis. HDL in particular is very important in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which is the major protective system against atherosclerosis (7), (clears excess cholesterol from arterial cell walls (6)). It has been found that a cellular ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) called ABCA1 mediates the first step of RCT. Mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease (TD), a severe HDL deficiency syndrome characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in tissue macrophages and prevalent atherosclerosis. Studies of TD heterozygotes revealed that ABCA1 activity is a major determinant of plasma HDL levels and therefore predisposes for coronary vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis (6). Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the development of small, dense LDL (LDL subclass phenotype B) can also be genetically influenced (15/16). Other factors genetically linked to the changes in blood lipids include liver x receptors (LXRs). LXRs (LXRalpha and LXRbeta) are nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by certain oxysterol derivatives of cholesterol. Millatt et al reported that LXRs play an important role in the response to excess cholesterol and by using an LXR agonist (Ghr65) they were able to demonstrate a dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effect in mice (11). This can be taken as evidence of a genetic link of LXR genes to atherosclerosis.Endothelial cell changes endothelial dysfunction is characterised by reduced bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO). Channon et al reported an important role for both the NAD(P)H oxidases and endothelial NOS in the increased vascular superoxide production associated with endothelial dysfunction predisposing human vascular disease states (10). Macrophage responses During the process of atherosclerosis, the homeostatic mechanisms (which are genetically controlled) of a macrophage fail and uncontrolled cholesterol deposition is promoted by the scavenger functions of the macrophages (1). Diabetes/Obesity People with diabetes tend to be predisposed to atherosclerosis due to their accelerated synthesis of LDLs ().Protective factorsThere have been a lot less factors (genetically linked) identified that protect against the development of atherosclerosis. It is known however that pre-menopausal women are to a degree protected from developing the disease. Walters et al reports that oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, together with other modifiable risk factors and that the absolute risk of coronary disease is greater for men than for pre-menopausal women (1). This suggests that oestrogen somehow protects women from atherosclerosis. Most risk factors for atherosclerosis are associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation due to reduced NO production. Folate/folic acid not only reduces plasma homocysteine levels but also enhances eNO synthesis and shows anti-inflammatory actions thereby also providing protection against the development of atherosclerosis (14). The LPL S447X cSNP has been reported to be associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all atherosclerosis risk factors) (17). Clee et al reported a reduced risk of coronary artery disease suggesting that this polymorphism is protective against atherosclerosis. Observations that apoE deficient mice develop spontaneous atherosclerosis, whereas transgenic mice expressing a defective apoE from the liver do not, suggesting that macrophage apoE secretion may indeed play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility ().ConclusionAtherosclerosis is a multi factorial process that can start in utero, it progresses over decades and leads to cardiovascular complications such as heart attacks and strokes. This disease accounts for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality in the western world and is affected by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors (predisposing to or protecting from) can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.For example, mutations in the ABCA1 gene lower HDL levels thereby predisposing the subject to atherosclerosis. Knowing how this mutation affects the development of atherosclerosis allows for possible gene/protein therapy methods to be investigated. It is also known that macrophage apoE secretion may play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility, therefore methods can now be investigated as to possibly inducing apo E synthesis/secretion to help protect patients with a high risk of developing the disease.References1. University of Otago Genetics 1 Laboratory manual for 00.. CRISP - project title Bone marrow transplantation and atherosclerosisURL crisp.cit.nih.gov/. Szitanyi, P; Janda, J; Polende, R; Intrauterine undernutrition and programming as a new risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Physiol. Res. 5 8 - 5, 004. Libby, P; Atherosclerosis a new view Scientific American pp. - 7 may 005. The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular clinical research centreURL www-med.stanford.edu/reynolds/summary.htm6. Oram, JF; Lawn, RM; ABCA1 The gatekeeper for eliminating excess cholesterol. Lipid Res. 001 Aug; 4(8) 117 - 7. Zhang, Z; Yamashita, S; Hirano, K; Nakagawa-Toyama, Y; Matsuyama, A; Nishida, M; Sakai, N; Fukasawa, M; Arai, H; Miyagawa, J; Matsuzawa, Y; Expression of cholesterol ester transfer protein in human atherosclerotic lesions and its implications in reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 001 Nov; 15(1 ) 67 - 758. Berthier, MT; Houde, A; Bergenon, J; Prudacte;homme, D; Despres, JP; Vohl, MC; Effect of the factor V11 R5Q missense mutation on plasma apolipoprotein B levels impact of visceral obesity. J. Hum Genet. 00 Jul; 48(7) 67 - 7. Cottrell, DA; Marshall, BJ; Falko, JM; Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Curr. opin Cardiol. 00 Jul; 18(4) 01-810. Channon, KM; Guzik, TJ; Mechanisms of superoxide production in human blood vessels relationship to endothelial dysfunction, clinical and genetic risk factors. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 00 Dec; 5(4 pt 1) 515 - 4 11. Millatt, LJ; Bocher, V; Fruchart, JC; Staels, B; Liver x receptors and the control of cholesterol homeostasis potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 00 Mar 17; 161() 107 - 181. Rainio, S; Ikomen, E; Macrophage cholesterol transport a critical player in foam cell formation. Ann. Med 00; 5() 146 - 551. Walters, J; Skene, D; Hampton, SM; Ferns, GA; Biological rhythms, endothelial health and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 00 Jan; (1) RA 1 - 814. Das, UN; Folic acid says NO to vascular diseases. Nutrition 00 Jul - Aug; 1(7 - 8) 686 -15. Austin, MA; Genetic epidemiology of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 16 Oct; 8(5) 45 - 616. Superko, HR; Did grandma give you heart disease? The new battle against coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 18 Nov 5; 8(A) 4Q - 46Q17. Clee, SM; Loubser, O; Collins, J; Kastelein, JJP; Hayden, MR; The LPL S447X cSNP is associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides, and reduced risk of coronary arter ease. Clinical genetics 001 Oct; 60(4) Please note that this sample paper on Atherosclerosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Atherosclerosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Atherosclerosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Napoleon Bonarparte

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Napoleon Bonaparte rise and claim to power was as multifaceted as was his effect on the people of Europe. He was part of the history of the French Revolution and the ideals; freedom and equality, popular sovereignty, a goal of rational administration, rule of law, the liberation of Europe from feudal oppression, and the legacy of war helped to advance his career. Napoleons lasting contributions were achieved when his personal destiny corresponded with the needs of France. The French Revolution saw the reorganization the Catholic Church in France, sale of much of its property, and the turning of the clergy into salaried public servants. A Civil Constitution of the Clergy was introduced with no reference to the Pope what so ever. In addition to this an oath of loyalty to the Revolution was demanded of the clergy, this caused a split between the clergy and the country and broke universal religious practice. As Bonaparte grew into power there was the beginning of a religious revival happening, in order to gain control over his regime he needed to come to terms with this and the Pope. Both men flexed their muscles in this struggle for power, both finally agreed to the Concordat. Church property that had been auctioned during the Revolution were to be honored, but compensation was to been given to the church, a sum to be determined by Napoleon himself. Catholicism was restored not as the universal religion but the religion of the great majority. The clergy did remain salaried employees of the state and did have to pledge loyalty to the government. Bonaparte had the authority to nominate bishops, while the Pope gave them their spiritual authority. The church was no longer independent from the state but a corporation dependant upon the government.

This corporation was relieved of its monopoly over the education the French youth; they were left with the educational duties of girls and younger children. Ecoles Centrales created by the Directory were the Republics best attempt at secondary education; they were eventually replaced by the lycees. These have government appointed teachers who used a similar curriculum as the Ecoles Centrales. There was to be uniforms and military discipline at the lycees. They did not solely focus on the scientific syllabus or professional training. There was tow steady streams of instruction, the first based on Latin and literature and the second based upon mathematics which included geography, technical drawing, natural history and chemistry. The libraries contents were to be determined by the government to ensure that the government schools all used the same texts. In 180 Napoleon introduced the baccalureat, a national exam which include all areas of secondary study; it eventually became a requirement for any professional career. The Civil Code or Code Napoleon was another unifying project taken on by Bonaparte; it became an instrument of French rule in Europe and an object of replication all over the world. The main purpose of the Civil Code was to give order to the various legal systems of the past. The same laws would apply equally to all citizens regardless of social status. Economic liberalism was encouraged by the Code; this gave employees advantages over their workers. It embodied the modern notion of property ownership, ?the right to enjoy and dispose of one?s property, provided it is not used in a manner prohibited by law. All children were given the right to inherit the family?s estate equally. Marriage had become secularized and divorce permitted on the grounds of; parental consent, ill treatment, criminal conviction or adultery by a women. Women had been granted several civil rights during the Revolution; Napoleon put a stop to that. They were stripped of their property when married, treated like minors in law suits, and denied any political rights. The Codes have been adapted to recognize modern concepts but their basic structures still stays intact, abolishing privilege, recognizing individualism and equality and eradicate the legal system from a religious framework. The Counsel d?Etat was a committee of experts who advised the first Counsel on administrative and legal business and were responsible for drafting legislation. They were not selected for their political loyalties but for their expertise they had. Prefects were present in every department of the Republic. Appointed by the First Counsel they became the essential agent for gathering information and of central control. They were given wider powers of administration and more freedom due to their distance form Paris. The prefects were agents of the government not supporters of revolutionary factions, they stood above all parties and their first loyalty was to the state. Appointments to the Senate were a way for Napoleon to pay his debts and reward his supporters. They held office for life, received a comfortable salary and given estates by Napoleon. As he grew comfortable with the thought that the Senators would comply with his wishes he used it to his advantage. The Senate had the power to issue decrees which would bypass the legislature, he could nullify parliamentary opposition. A new formation of social hierarchy was achieved, Napoleon gathered unto him notables, bound by a personal allegiance to the Emperor and loyal service to the state. There were three tiers, elected at local, departmental and national levels. State service and propertied wealth not birth and inherited rank would now determine social and political hierarchy. Land owners, administrators, professional men and businessmen were most representative of the new hierarchy. The military did not figure into this hierarchy, they were fully recognized in the creation of the imperial nobility, legion d?honneur.

The Imperial Nobility also had a hierarchy, Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers and Legionnaires. At the summit of the military hierarchy stood the Marshals, they were an exclusive group never more than sixteen were active at one time. They were proof of the new opportunities for social promotion; talent would give rise no matter what the origin of birth. They enjoyed their titles, princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights, by 1814 Napoleon had created more than 00 imperial titles. They were and open elite not a feudal order bound by blood, marriage. This seemed to be a return to the very principle that caused the Revolution, but these nobles did not enjoy tax exemptions and had no legal privileges. They received a title, land in a conquered territory and a coat of arms. If they wanted to make their title hereditary they needed enough francs to maintain it. Napoleons affect on the economy of France can be broken down into three sections; agriculture, international trade and industrial change. The war and maritime blockades deprived of good, especially dyes and sugars which were in heavy demand form the expanding cotton industry. Substitute crops were introduced but were of minimal consequence. Champagne and wine sales flourished during this time. Share croppers and laborers received little material benefit, but larger land owners saw a different story. There were no spectacular advances in agriculture, they found it better extend the areas under cultivation to achieve greater productivity than to apply more sophisticated methods. The Naval war and Continental Blockade disrupted the patterns of international trade. Middlemen and the United States ships inserted themselves more into the exchange network. Many dealers form Bordeaux set up offices in the United States, the enticing prospects offered by the Americans and the use of the Caribbean helped set up New York as an important international commercial center. Port cities were not the only ones affected, the shipyards lay idle and rope makers and sail makers as well as other industries geared towards oceanic trades.

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The Continental System was set up to prevent Britain form exporting her manufactured goods to Europe, as to choke their economy. With out the British competition France could colonize the European markets. New commercial centers of trade were to be established since her seaports were stagnating. The river trade in Rhineland boomed exporting wines and tobacco; Strasbourg handled on-third of Frances imports and the territories exports.

Once the era ended where France competed with Great Britain of global commercial supremacy, France began to emerge as a modern industrial power. The most important industry was textiles, cotton being the most predominate. It responded to the demand for cheaper printed materials, water powered and steam powered mills helped achieve this, as well as several millers taking all the parts of the production over. In the heavy industries like iron, steel and coal, technological advances were limited, but their production increased. In the years 1810-1811 the markets hit a slump due to over production and the economy took a downward turn. The economic balanced shifted permanently form the west to the east.

All that Napoleon Bonaparte truly did was quench his own thirst for power and glory. If that thirst somehow coincided with what was best for France than France profited as well as Bonaparte himself. For all the advances that are still present in some form today in European culture he is still best remembered as the ?little General?. Please note that this sample paper on Napoleon Bonarparte is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Napoleon Bonarparte, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Napoleon Bonarparte will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gatsby

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Examine the opening of 'The Great Gatsby' show how Fitzgerald establishes the character of Nick Carraway as the narrator of the novel. What particular qualities does Fitzgerald create for his narrator? Fitzgerald decided to employ a narrator who was a participant in the story, but was more an observer than an actor. This creates a complex point of view, which involves us, as readers, in acts of interpretation, which eventually lets us make judgments about the narrator. The qualities that Fitzgerald has given to the narrator, Nick Carraway, are those of a privileged background. But from the advice that was given to him by his father, this makes him aware that some people may not have the same privileges and opportunities as himself, which allows him to make good judgments, for example, 'In consequence, I'm inclined to reserve all judgments.' So from this the reader can see that he looks at all sides of opinions, and does not make snap decisions, which allows people to tell him their secrets because he is trustworthy, impartial and holds back his judgments. Which is why in the story, so many people open up to him. This impartiality allows the characters in the novel to be open with him, which is a good quality for a narrator, because he has their confidence, 'Listen, Nick; let me tell you what is said when she was born. Would you like to hear?' This proves that he is the ideal listener and as such is accepted by the reader. In the opening Nick has returned to the Midwest, and is writing a book about events that occurred during a period that he had spent on the East Coast of America. He begins his narration with some self-analysis, trying to pin down relevant aspects of his own character. He remembers his father's advice to show tolerance towards others, and to reserve judgment, adding that, 'Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.' Here the reader can see that Fitzgerald uses a narrator who is aware of his own limitations, so that it gives the impression that he is not biased. However it does reveal that Nick is privy to intimate revelations and secrets, therefore he can make an analysis on what he has been told. Fitzgerald also says that Nick stands back, so Nick does not allow his own judgment to prejudice his own opinion, which means he is confident in his judgments. Later although Nick describes how scornful he is of certain aspects of Gatsby's character and behaviour, other attributes of Gatsby's 'heightened sensitivity to the promises of life' and his 'extraordinary gift of hope' make the reader aware of Nick's ability as a narrator to show not only the negative but the positive sides of a character. Despite his dislike of Gatsby it does not interfere with the unlimited respect he also feels for the man. Therefore the reader aware of this can respect Nick's role as the narrator. It is the romantic dream that Nick admires and stimulates his curiosity about Gatsby, 'what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.' Although this is a subjective judgment the reader now trusts the narrator in Nick Carraway sufficiently, to become as interested in Gatsby as Nick himself.

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But Nick does say little about his own family, although his father runs the hardware business, at the time of the American civil war, in which he avoided service. Nick, on the other hand, was caught up in the First World War, and that had caused considerable disruption in his life. On his return from Europe, he found that the Midwest that was once, 'the warm centre of the world' now seemed 'the ragged edge of the universe.' Nicks experience of the world has grown therefore when he comes back he naturally sees things that he does not like, 'makes me restless.' This makes Nick more aware of life, so due to his experiences he is more understanding to other people, and their problems, which makes him sympathetic. The privileged background shows the reader that Nick's family is well educated, for example he was well read, 'one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News.' But despite all these things, it makes him less critical of other people, which makes him more tolerant and open minded, and these are good qualities, and establish his character. Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway as the narrator, because it allows the reader to feel closer to the action, 'I enjoyed the counter raid so thoroughly that I came back restless.' At the same time, it is clear that the act of telling is part of the process by which he comes to terms with those experiences and develops his understanding of them. Nevertheless, it is immediately noticeable that Nick's style of writing is challenging his sentences can be grammatically complex, and his vocabulary is at times obscure. For example, 'frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or hostile levity when realised by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon.' Which means, that he sometimes pretends to be asleep, when someone always wants to confide in him. Fitzgerald gives Nick pretentious literary qualities, to emphasise that he is well educated, enjoys writing and is intellectual. This is good for a narrator, as it gives a voice of authority to the reader to inform, educate and entertain, so the reader will respect and listen to Nick, and not question his ability as a good storyteller. Nick also establishes at the start that he is writing an account and Fitzgerald has attributed to him a certain amount of self- consciousness as a writer.Nick's self analysis of his own character reveals to the reader his open mindedness and therefore he appears to be more impartial, an important skill for a narrator, convincing the reader of his worthiness and ability in telling a story from an unbiased view point. ''Now, don't think my opinion on these matters is final,' he seemed to say, 'just because I'm stronger and more of a man than you are.'' So the information he offers to the reader, although coloured by his own character, allows Nick's narration to be more neutral. However this is also a reminder to the reader that Nick's assessment of the other characters in the novel is inevitably going to be coloured by his own analysis. He even says, 'after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit.' But by openly placing Nick as the narrator, Fitzgerald is allowing Nick to express his own limitations, and this allows the reader to access Nick's ability as a storyteller. Nick's reference to his father's advice establishes one of the novel's major themes, that of the relationship between the present and the past and with what is transferred from one generation to another. It is also relevant to the twentieth century history of America, for having broken away from the father-like rule of European monarchy, it declared itself a new country, free from the limitations of the past. So this American commitment to the future, where anything might happen, is also suggested by Nick's evidence on 'reserving judgment' as a matter of 'infinite hope'. The national faith that it is never too late to start again continues. We can see that it is Gatsby's 'extraordinary gift of hope', which ultimately draws Nick to him. So whatever Nick is drawn to, so is the audience, because of his skill as a narrator, he makes them read the story.What attracts Nick is the dream of a new beginning, which has long been associated in the American mind, with movement westward. After moving east in order to seek material success, Nick has now returned to the Midwest, to the heart of America, where he is able to pause and reflect upon the past few years. Nick declares with irony, that in going east he 'was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler.' Nick and Gatsby both live in the New York suburb of West Egg. It is less fashionable than nearby East Egg, and its name carries with it implication of America's Frontier past. Here the suggestion is that both Nick and Gatsby preserve American ideals that have been lost in the modern cities of the East. This is, of course, ironic, as both Eggs are located on the East Coast. There is even more irony from the name 'Egg's' as they are supposed to promise new life, when in fact they are lifeless rocks. Because both Nick and Gatsby share a common ideal, these values allow Nick as a narrator to let Gatsby confine in him and give more credence to his role as a narrator in the eyes of the reader. In my opinion the success of the novel is due to Fitzgerald's control of how the figure of Gatsby is presented to the reader through Nick's narration. The character and personality of Gatsby has been filtered through Nick's narration at a suitable pace and with appropriate emphasis to maintain the reader's interest without eliminating the enigmatic qualities of Gatsby. When Nick expresses his doubts as well as his pride at the beginning of the novel we appreciate that he has his faults too. However his honesty as a narrator overcomes this and the reader can believe in him. So as the reader is piecing together the puzzle of Gatsby, he at the same time has to adjust to the values that are being put forward by the narrator Nick Carraway, who is telling Gatsby's story. It is easy to imagine that if Fitzgerald had been too hasty in the narration, or had revealed too much at the wrong time, we could have a very different book, one in which Gatsby appeared a ridiculously comic or unambiguously threatening character. It is Nick's skill as the narrator which is partially responsible for this. Word Count = 1,645 Bibliography The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby

York Notes Advanced

The Collection of Critical Essays Arthur Mizener Please note that this sample paper on Gatsby is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gatsby, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Gatsby will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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