Chocolate sale or chocolate war?

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Chocolate sale or chocolate war? The novel the 'Chocolate War' is described as being a novel simply about a chocolate sale, the correct answer is that this is novel, is more than that perhaps this book can be described as the war of the chocolate sale. Already from the opening page of this exclusive book, where an unremitting defence clobbers quarterback Jerry Renault, The Chocolate War is relentless in its portrayal of the vicious, sometimes violent world of high school. Through Jerry Renault, Robert Cormier who is the author of this book, thrusts us into the tormenting world of Trinity High, an all boys high school. The Chocolate War is not all about the school wide chocolate sale Brother Leon presented to Trinity. The sale is part of the war going on through the school, but even before the sale was put out, problems already were occurring. The theme in Trinity was always the students vs. the teachers. It then changed to the Vigils vs. the teachers, particularly talking about Archie Costello, head and assigner of the Vigils, and Brother Leon, assistant headmaster of Trinity. These conflicts already existed before Brother Leon gave the sale. The characters are guided by peer pressures and the desire to please (or displease) their teachers. All of this is just a piece of the war at Trinity. The real chocolate war all started out just as Brother Leon announced and introduced the chocolate sale that all the students were supposed to participate in. Everyone was perfectly fine about the idea of the sale since it is held as one of the biggest fund-raisers all year to help the school. However, once Leon changed around the expectations of the sale, conflicts around the school began to form. This year, Brother Leon wants the entire school to sell up to 0,000 boxes of chocolate, which means every single student is needed to sell 50 boxes each. Some of the students were excited and motivated to sell their set of chocolates, while some only sold them because they feared Brother Leon. Many of the students did want to become victims of Brother Leon since they were all afraid of what he might do if they were not involved in the fund-raiser. They all knew about the unexplained failures Leon gives out to the students in his class. The reasons of these F's are usually something that is related to the sale. Archie Costello came up with a clever, but yet of cruel, idea for an assignment about the chocolate sale. Everyone knew how serious Brother Leon was with the sale, sometimes even going a little overboard with it. Everyone is of course including Archie. He knew that Leon would just go out of his mind if a student at Trinity, just one little student, did not sell the chocolates. It seemed just like the greatest idea he came up with yet, except the difficult part was to find who would be capable and willing to do such a thing. He needed to find someone who was brave enough and that had the guts. Just about every student in Trinity was extremely frightened and intimidated by Leon; it did not take long for Archie to find the right person. His victim, Jerry Renault, 'the new kid on the block'. Jerry was to carry out the assignment of refusing to sell absolutely no chocolates for a certain amount of weeks. Once Archie saw how Renault never gave up on the football field, no matter how much he was being thrashed or even if he happened to be the smallest player out there, he knew Jerry was perfect for the position.

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Other than Jerry looking like a wimp, he was probably the only person tough enough who had the actual guts to face Brother Leon himself. He did as he was assigned by the Vigils, to refuse to sell any chocolates. Jerry actually said, No, to Leon. Everyday, he had to face that intimidating teacher and being in the uncomfortable position of isolation against all the other students who had sold the chocolates. Just a few weeks seemed just about forever. Brother Leon, of course, was furious about this. Especially since, he was so serious about his sale. He was not going to let one little boy ruin the sale for him. He even blackmailed David Caroni with his grades. Caroni was a straight A student, never receiving lower than that grade, and Leon knew if he used his grades against him, Caroni would have to tell him the explanation of why Renault was not selling the chocolates. Even though Brother Leon soon discovered that, the reason for Jerry's behaviour had to do with the Vigils, there was not much he could do that would force Jerry to change his mind and start selling the chocolates. Archie could not even get Jerry to sell again. When Archie asked him to sell the chocolates, Renault still refused. Since Renault refused to sell, others soon started to believe that if Jerry did not have to sell them, they did not have to either. An example in the story of a character who did that was Howie Anderson. Howie was one of the students at the school who chose to stop selling the chocolates. He believed that if little, freshman, Jerry Renault, did not sell the chocolates; it would not make a difference if he did not either. Now this war is no longer just Archie Costello and Brother Leon, but also including Jerry Renault as well. Brother Leon already had his problems with getting every student to sell their fifty boxes, and Renault made it even more difficult when he chose to permanently refuse to sell any. Archie was the one who also got Brother Leon into this mess by having Jerry involved, knowing how stubborn Renault was. Leon acted so serious about the sale, he made it actually seem as if the whole thing really was a war and he wanted to win it badly. Brother Leon was planning to pay off the debt from last year's sale because he had pre-bought all the chocolates from last year. Leon was in money debt. This was part of the reason why he became so serious about selling all twenty thousand boxes, and had to make sure that every student did their job of selling their given amount. This chocolate sale began to cross the line when Archie came up with another one of his ideas. He decided since he could not make Jerry himself sell the chocolates that he would have to figure out his own way to get them sold. Costello told David Caroni to ask Brother Leon if he could use the football field for a football rally. Leon agreed, yet not knowing that this football rally was really going to be a boxing match. Although Caroni was the one who asked for the permission to use the field, he too, did not know that it was going to be held as a boxing match controlled by Archie.In order for him to get the chocolates sold, he needed to get money. Although Archie hates the sport boxing, and any other activities as ironic as it may sound that involve violence, as smart as he was, he knew that all the students at Trinity would love it. Jerry Renault and Emile Janza were the two who were going to be the ones fighting in the match. Just about, everyone in the school bought a raffle ticket, and the profit of the tickets was what Archie was planning to use to pay off the rest of the chocolates. This boxing match idea of Archie's definitely does not show much about the chocolate sale, but of its war. It showed the war against Brother Leon and Archie Costello. It showed the war against Leon and Jerry Renault, the war of Jerry vs. Emile Janza, and definitely the war of just the criticizing world of high school. The word war does not always have to be a physical war, as in deaths or literally fighting. It can mean internal war, where not a single show of violence has to be involved. This whole novel, The Chocolate War, takes the reader into the underworld of Trinity, where justice is ruled by just one powerful concept...intimidation! Please note that this sample paper on Chocolate sale or chocolate war? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Chocolate sale or chocolate war?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Chocolate sale or chocolate war? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Godfather

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THE GODFATHERThis essay will discuss the extent to which Francis Coppola's film, The Godfather, is a logical conclusion of the changes in Hollywood during the 160's and 170's. I will focus on these changes, with regards to The Godfather, and also look at how Coppola has 'drawn' from the classical Hollywood period. Finally, issues around the social and historical context of American society in this era, will be discussed.From 160 to 164, the Hollywood "Dream Factory" of the fifties was in turmoil. Thanks to television, which brought simultaneous access of programming to everyone, cinema attendance was at an all-time low. However, many studios responded to this by getting involved in television productions and were slowly producing the majority of television programming. At the same time, the Anti-trust Legislation broke the monopoly of cinema ownership, forcing studios to sell their cinemas. Yet there was light at the end of the tunnel for moviemakers. "In the 160's the children of the postwar baby boom began to come of age" (Sklar; 14; pg 00) This new generation of filmmakers had grown up in the television era and therefore had a good knowledge of visual media. They looked back at the Hollywood studio system to revive the genres on which they were brought up. As studios lost touch with their audience, these new filmmakers began challenging traditional Hollywood conventions, producing films that were innovative (due to European film influences), capturing the imagination of a new youth audience.

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The Godfather greatly appealed to the youth audience because of its violence and nudity. Censorship limited television from showing violence and sex, and therefore The Godfather, which contains both 'evils', attracted an audience looking for new experiences. One of the features of Hollywood Renaissance films is that they "explore contempory issues such as violence" (Bickford-Smith; 00) In The Godfather, Coppola deals with gangster violence and domestic violence. People are shot, blown up and strangled. Connie Corleone is beaten-up by her husband. Coppola seems to be criticising the growth of violence in America during the 160's and 170's. The Whitman killings (166) and Manson murders (16) were front-page headlines during this time. Perhaps Coppola was feeding the idea that the world was a violent place by overtly demonstrating it in this film.The Godfather revised the gangster genre by transforming it into a family melodrama or critical commentary on an immigrant family's pursuit of justice. Coppola plays with the genre conventions of the crime film, by placing the spectator in a problematic relationship with the "heroes". This strategy disturbs the classical Hollywood ideology that the audience identifies with the "good guys". In The Godfather, our sympathy lies with the small family of criminals through the framing and editing patterns. We often identify with characters from the Corleone family through point of view shots. The victims of the criminals are demonised, almost deserving of their fate, and therefore the mob are 'justified' and become a force for good. For example, we identify with Michael Corleone in the sequence where he assassinates the corrupt policeman, Mc Cluskey and rival gangster, Solozzo, through shot/reverse shots that are mostly from Michael's point of view.Another feature of the Hollywood Renaissance, is the increased influence European cinema with regards to editing, the director as Auteur and special effects. Coppola makes use of a montage sequence in the scenes where Michael stands as Godfather to Connie's son. The parallel editing is reminiscent of French New Wave cinema. (E.g. Breathless) Auteur directors meant that the distinction of director and scriptwriter was overcome. Coppola not only directed The Godfather, he also co-wrote the screenplay. Hollywood mavericks like Coppola were experimenting with special effects. For example, Marlon Brando's make-up which transformed him into a much older looking Italian. Special effects extended the idea of 'realism' that was important to Hollywood Renaissance.Greater 'realism' was achieved through a different acting style in The Godfather. Marlon Brando believed in 'becoming the character' and his portrayal of Vito Corleone is very convincing and 'real' when compared to classical Hollywood's stylised acting (E.g. Gone With The Wind) Also, according to Harlan Lebo, Coppola insisted on authentic props from the 140's era. These enhance the 'realism' because everything in the shot is authentic.The 160's and 170's were the age of blockbusters. Blockbuster films were seen to be Hollywood's solution to the problem of audiences' over-familiarity with Classical models and conventions. They targeted an adolescent audience who where in search of new entertainment. Many blockbuster films, in particular The Godfather, were based on "stories and concepts from the 10's to the 150's" (Bickford-Smith; 00) The Godfather starts in 145 and not only deals with gang violence, but also the oppression of women. In context of when the film was released, the treatment of female characters by the male characters would have caused some controversy.Feminism was on the rise during the Hollywood Renaissance era. The National Organisation for Women began in 166. The idea of women as passive objects of exchange was drastically being challenged. I think Coppola's portrayal of the oppressed Italian women in The Godfather, comments on the absurdity and cruelty of this abuse. In a way, Coppola challenges the idea of a patriarchal society, like the one present in the mafia community. Connie Corleone is physically and verbally abused by her husband, but there seems to be little she can do about the situation besides relying on her brothers for help. This is an example of how only males were able to restore a woman's honour.Still focusing on the context in which this film was made and released, another important aspect was the "rise of counter culture" (Bickford-Smith; 00). The youth were trying to live a lifestyle that was different to that of their parents. Michael Corleone is an example of someone who does not want to be part of his family's 'business'. Instead of following in his father and brother's footsteps, he chooses to go study and then later becomes a war hero. The audience would have recognised and identified with this characteristic.The Godfather does however have certain continuities with the classical period. For instance, the 'star' cast in The Godfather was a typical classical Hollywood convention. Having a famous actor like Marlon Brando was guaranteed to poke the interest of fans. Even if people knew nothing about the film beforehand, the fact that Marlon Brando was starring in it would get them to buy a ticket.Continuity editing was also a classical Hollywood convention. Editing was not supposed to draw any attention to itself. In most cases, Cappola ensures continuity in The Godfather through eyeline cuts and match cuts. For example, in the scene where one of the gangsters stick a knife in a rival gangster's hand, the eyeline match allows us to see the direction of offender's gaze we move from watching the character look at what's happening to his hand, to watching what he sees stuck in his hand.In conclusion, The Godfather aroused some controversy for romanticising gangsters and transforming them into social rebels. It was a Hollywood Renaissance film which offered a subversive perspective on American society. Coppola manages to disrupt the classical form, but still uses certain classical conventions. BIBLIOGRAPHYBickford-Smith, V. 00. Lecture notes on Hollywood Renaissance. April 00Cavolina, E and Cavolina Meara, J. 11. How to really watch The Godfather. New York; St Martin's Press; chapters 1, , and 6Lebo, H. 17. The Godfather Legacy. New York; Simon and Schuster (ed); chapters 1, , , 4 and 6Sklar, R. 14. Movie Made America. New York; pages Please note that this sample paper on The Godfather is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Godfather, we are here to assist you. Your

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Bittersween Dreams

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Bittersweet Dreams Although Eveline dreams of freedom from her ordinary existence, she has not the physical or emotional strength to see her dreams to fruition. It is because of the ties that bind her to her Catholic-Dublinian existence and her weakened physical state, that when she attempts to journey beyond the limits of her primitive boundaries, that she suffers the ultimate consequence for her actions. Dreams are what maidens are made of, and Eveline is no different that any other healthy young lady in that regard. However, Eveline lives in harsh times and under harsh conditions, so the intensity of her dreams are exacerbated by the dimness of her reality. When she needs to have her calgon moment, she dreams of her childhood, and the comfort and security that that represents, and of her new "excitement" (406), Frank, which represents her future comfort and security. She dreams of the opposite, of her now. For Eveline, her childhood represents as perfect a place and time as she can tangibly reckon. In it, she is free from all the worries of the world. She recalls playing "every evening" (404), not just occasionally or often, but every evening. She recalls real friendships, like "little Keogh the cripple" (404), who would watch out for the children and warn them when her father used to come looking for them in the evenings, and Tizzy Dunn, her good friend. She recalls her father in a kind light, saying, "[he] was not so bad then" (404). But the most important memory for Eveline is the recollection of her mother. When her mother was alive, she was "happy" (404), and she didn't have all the burdens that now confound her life.

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In the present, Eveline sees and feels nothing that reminds her, of her cherished childhood abandon, and so she laments "everything changes" (404-405). But how, does everything change? Eveline spins a dream for her future, and what a beautiful dream she spins. Her dream is replete with a prince charming, a Garden of Eden, and absolute perfect-ness. In her dream, her prince charming is Frank, a self-assured young sailor, on leave from his duties, visiting Dublin on a holiday. Everything that Eveline associates with Frank has some positive emotional pull to it. He is a self-proclaimed adventurer and spinner of extraordinary tales. He is a free spirit. And Eveline desperately wants a taste his freedom. He is a "very kind, manly, [and] open-hearted…fellow" (405), and Eveline associates to him, the very feelings that she associated to her childhood happiness, security, and emotional freedom. Frank offers her, a new and better version of herself. When she is his Mrs., she will have her own home, and nowhere other than "Buenos Aires" (405). She will be married, people will respect her, and she will not end up like her mother, prematurely dead. I admit, I am guilty of hoping that she abandon her reality, for her dream. But as much as Eveline is normal, in that she has dreams, and wishes, and desires like any other girl, two constrictive forces are pulling her away from the future freedom she dreams for herself the ties that bind her to her homeland and her physical frailty. All is perfect for Eveline until these forces start to slip into her consciousness. To be a Dubliner means to have a name; it means that someone really exists. Eveline is a real someone; she has a real name; she is Eveline Hill. She ponders "And yet during all those years she had never found out the name of the priest" (405). The priest used to be a Dubliner; he used to be her father's friend. But now that he was gone, he ceased to exist in a real sense. In another instance, she ponders how she would be remembered by her fellow employees, once she was gone "What would they say of her in the Stores when they found out that she had run away with a fellow? Say she was a fool…and her place would be filled up [with] advertisement" (405). It is so subtle how Joyce weaves the complexities of Dublin identity to the identity of self. For Eveline, she is starting to get a sense, that if she leaves and runs away with Frank, then she will also cease to exist. If, being a Dubliner constitutes half of Eveline's being, then being her mother's daughter constitutes the other half. From her mother, Eveline inherited a "life of commonplace sacrifices" (406), which she vowed to uphold. This inheritance included the responsibilities of raising and nurturing, the family that her mother left behind when she died. On the very evening that Eveline is planning her flight to freedom, she vividly and painfully remembers the promise she made to her mother "to keep the home together as long as she could" (406). Eveline knows her duty, but she has had enough. In her mind, she has fulfilled her duty; she has "[kept] the home together as long as she could" (406). If life were as simple as Eveline! She is doomed, even before she starts. Although Eveline is blessed with the fortitude to mentally journey beyond the limits of her birth, sadly, she is equally cursed with the flesh of her birth. Eveline is a sick young woman. Joyce tells us clearly in the text. The first paragraph ends "She was tired" (404). Why is this, otherwise, normal young woman exhausted from the normal rigors of a Dublin existence? Joyce answers she suffers form heart "palpitations" (405), "trem[ors]" (406), "nausea"(407), and is prone to being "laid up" (406). Joyce has created for us a disaster waiting to happen! Eveline is a critical heart-patient who turns a deaf ear to the mortal limitations of her body. Eveline knows that the journey she begins this night, is a one way venture. She has made her peace with her past and present, and has found the resolve to follow through with her convictions. Although she might die trying, at least, she would have died trying. If she is lucky, Frank will give her "life, perhaps love, too" (406). For Eveline, these are worth the risk of death, especially, in the face of the grim alternative. Thus, it is with guilt for abandoning her duties to her home, with the knowledge that her Dublinian identity will be stripped, and without a second thought for the precariousness of her physical condition, that she summons what strength she has remaining, and makes the rendezvous with her lover, Frank, at the docks. Eveline is touchably close to her freedom when the first bells of alarm start to sound. From the moment she reaches the docks, we see that she is experiencing a heart attack "she stood among the swaying crowd" (407). The crowd isn't swaying, Eveline is. And then, the coups de grace "A bell clanged upon her heart" (407). Yet, "she felt [her lover] seize her hand Come!" (407). Frank doesn't know what is happening and is pulling her onward. When Eveline can carry on no further, "she grippe[s]…the iron railing…in frenzy" (407), and collapses. Frank is ordered to board the ship. Eveline sends out "a cry of anguish!" (407). Then, from "beyond the barrier [Frank] call[s] to her to follow" (407). But she is already dead "she set her white face to him, passive, like a helpless animal. Her eyes gave him no sign of love or farewell or recognition" (407). "Her time was running out" (406), Joyce tells us this, and Eveline knew this. She knew, that her obligations to her family and society, were more than her weak body could endure. Still, she did the only thing a truly free spirit could she hitched a ride on her dreams. After all the emotional turmoil, Eveline finally revealed herself to be an adventurer worthy of Joyce. The more time I spent with this story, the more my respect grew for Eveline. At first, I thought her character was only a dimwitted product of her environment, but after careful deliberation, I came to appreciate the subtle boldness of this physically weak girl. It is truly sad, that Eveline was never destined to see her "Buenos Aires" (405). Eveline died, living her bittersweet dreams, and I am living, this bittersweet ending. Please note that this sample paper on Bittersween Dreams is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bittersween Dreams, we are here to assist you. 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The Taliban

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The Taliban were an Islamic fundamentalist group that ruled most of Afghanistan from late 16 until the end of 001 . They managed to take control of 0% of the country's territories. Because the Taliban took over, the Afghan people were forced to follow their extremely harsh rules. The Taliban took over Afghanistan fairly quickly because of the powerful and commanding leaders that were involved in it. The Taliban started in late 16 and had almost complete control of Afghanistan in order to re-unite it and bring Islamic Law, or Sharia, into the country. The Taliban emerged in October 14 when they initiated action between Kandahar and the city of Quetta in Pakistan to "rescue" a trade convoy bound from Pakistan to Central Asia . They portrayed themselves as an army of religious students who were fed up with the post communist struggle for Kabul and the lawlessness in the country. The Taliban got its name from the word "Talib" which means "student" . They came to power during Afghanistan's long civil war. Only three countries out of the whole world, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the UAR (United Arab Republic), recognized the Taliban as Afghanistans legitimate government. Their plan was to create order, but what

they actually did was generate further problems. Taliban received encouragement from Pakistan and from Afghanistan because they believed it was the only way to return to peace and stability after two decades of war. The Taliban quickly found support in southwestern Afghanistan when they started to run schools, mosques, shrines, and various religious and social services, and serving as mujahideen when necessary .The Taliban swiftly made inroads into central and eastern Afghanistan, disrupting the deadlock that had existed since 1. The Taliban recruited thousands of young men in the Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan to take control of Afghanistan. The Taliban asked or paid drug kings, warlords, and militia, commanders to surrender or leave, and many did because they were unwilling to fight against religious students. By using these methods, the Taliban fought some successful battles throughout 15. They took Spin Muldak in October 14, Kandahar in November 14, and Lashkargah in January 15 . They then drove toward Kabul and Herat. In March 15 when the Taliban advanced to the capital of Kabul. Massoud's government, who was in control of Afghanistan before the Taliban took over, soldiers drove the Taliban back from the capital, and for the first time since early 1 Kabul was no longer a city under blockade. By March 15 the Taliban controlled about one-third of Afghanistan and were on the outskirts of Kabul, the biggest accomplishment of capturing the capital was soon to come. In April, the Taliban advanced toward Herat but was stopped when they clashed with Iranian troops in Nimruz. They carried on toward Herat again in September 15 and they forced Ismail Khan to flee Iran . The Taliban controlled one half of Afghanistan after the great accomplishment of taking over the city of Herat. By November 15 they had cut off the city of Kabul but yet again Massoud had driven them back from the city once more.In September 16 the Taliban went after the capital, Kabul, again and not only took control of Kabul but of the whole east side of Afghanistan as well. In order to take control of Kabul, the Taliban first struck to the east of the city, taking Jalalabad and then Sarobi, a small town east of Kabul. They captured these without doing much fighting. Hesitant of Massoud's support, him and other followers, Rabbani and Hekmatyar, deserted Kabul and escaped to the north. After capturing the city of Kabul, the Taliban declared them the legitimate government. Government troops and officials fled to the northern part of the country as the Taliban took over more and more cities. After the capital fell to the Taliban, the country's last president, Mohammad Najibullah, and his brother, Shahpur Anmadzai were both publicly hanged .In May 17, the Taliban troops pushed forces through the Salang Tunnel that they had taken over and opened up. After only four days of having the Salang Tunnel open, there was an uprising that led to more than four thousand Taliban troops being killed. This was the most the Taliban had suffered in the war after briefly holding more than 0 percent of Afghanistan and being on the edge for a final victory . By the end of 17 the Taliban controlled more territory than they had at the beginning but after their losses of the summer and fall, their future appeared gloomy.In the year 18 the Taliban turned around and won many great victories that left them in control of 0 percent of the country. By the autumn of 18 Massoud was their only major rival still able to field a major military force. The Afghan War was finally coming to a close when some of the Taliban's greatest victories marked the end of the stage of the war .The Taliban, under the direction of Mullah Muhammad Omar, brought dreadfully strict rules to Afghanistan. They brought about this order by a strict interpretation of Sharia, the Islamic law. Not many dared to violate these rules because of fears of the Taliban severely beating or even massacring them. Although they had many terrible rules men had to follow because of the Taliban, the cruelest rules were aimed towards the women living in Afghanistan. The Taliban did not allow women to work outside their homes, only few were permitted to work as doctors or nurses in some hospitals in Kabul . They would not even let women leave the house without a male relative with them. The Taliban did not permit them to wear any kind of makeup nor fingernail polish, if they caught women wearing fingernail polish, their fingertips would get chopped off. These strict rules would allow neither older women nor younger girls to go to school, universities, or any other educational institution. After outlawing education to women, the Taliban converted girls' schools into religious seminaries, not just for women . It was mandatory for all women to wear a Burqa, a long veil that covers them from head to toe. The Taliban would not even allow men and women on the same bus as each other. The men did not have to follow as many rules as women did, but they still had a dress code like the women. Men had to wear Islamic clothes, which usually consisted of somewhat of a robe and also a cap. They all had to have long beards and the Taliban forbid men to shave or trim them. The rules of the Taliban also said that young boys would not be allowed to school without a turban on . In order to get rid of "non-Islamic" influence, the Taliban banned listening to music, watching television, and the use of the Internet . In contrast with their strict beliefs, the Talibans main source of income had come from smuggling opium cultivation. In July 000 they cut back on the cultivation of the hazardous drug by almost two-thirds. But because it was many Afghans only supply of profits, thousands of Afghans were left without any alternative since the Taliban didn't offer them anything when they decreased the selling of the drug. Although the people of Afghanistan did not believe in most of the rules in which came from the Sharia, not many ever tried to rise up and overthrow the Taliban. This is because Afghani people were starved, exhausted, hurt, incapacitated, and suffering. During the time the Taliban was in rule access to clean water, food, and employment all declined. Not too long ago the United Nations estimated that there is 500,000 disabled orphans in Afghanistan because of the small amount of food supply there and lack of a good economy . In conclusion, even though the Taliban re-united most of Afghanistan, they were not capable of putting an end to the civil war. The Taliban took control of 0 percent of Afghanistan in total, only a few battles were disastrous for them. For the government that the Taliban took over, on the other hand, lost just about everything they had in the battles won by the Taliban. Access to clean water, food, and employment all declined during this time. Please note that this sample paper on The Taliban is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Taliban, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Taliban will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Urban christianity

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In this classic work, Wayne A. Meeks analyzes the earliest extant documents of Christianity--the letters of Paul--to describe the tensions and the texture of life of the first urban Christians. In a new introduction, he describes the evolution of the field of New Testament scholarship over the past twenty years, including new developments in fields such as archaeology and social history.authoritative studyThose with any historical bent will be intrigued by the way a story usually overlaid with thick layers of theological speculation is unraveled....And those who simply have an interest in how groups form in any era...will be fascinated by this case study of one particular community that has ramifications for understanding all other communities"What makes THE FIRST URBAN CHRISTIANS particularly valuable is its comprehensiveness; Meeks has brought together a wealth of data that the reader will not find conveniently assembled elsewhere, and this alone is a great contribution. . . . Clearly this book deserves a wide audience. It would serve well as a textbook or point of departure for various seminary courses on Paul, and could provide the basis for some advanced undergraduate study as well. Meeks style is very readable, and Yale has done an excellent job of presenting this material in a pleasing and errorʇfree format. . . . This reader has found THE FIRST URBAN CHRISTIANS the most profitable book of its kind, and looks forward to further works from this learned scholar. --Ben Witherington, Review of Books and Religion

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Informative and provocative. Despite the fact that Meeks employs the technical terminology and theories of the social sciences with which most students of the New Testament will be unfamiliar, the discussion remains readable and understandable. The nearly one hundred pages of notes, bibliography, and biblical references reflect the thoroughness of this research. . . . Meeks proves that New Testament interpretation can benefit from the use of nonʇtheological disciplines. His efforts should appeal to the serious student of the New Testament. --Sharon Hodgin Gritz, Southwestern Journal of TheologyAn important advance in Pauline studies. . . . Meeks' social history of Pauline Christianity deserves close attention from pastors and teachers who seek to understand Pauls letters better.--James L. Bailey, Trinity Seminary ReviewHighly informed and very readable.--E. Earle Ellis, Reformed Review Meeks has mined a rich spectrum of archaeological, socialʇhistorical, theological and sociological resources in writing this book.... The book is clear and readable. . . . Meeks landmark study can . . . enrich ones understanding of what is was like to be a Christian in the ancient cities of the Roman Empire. --Rudy Mitchell, Urban Mission[An] interesting, important, and excellent book. . . . It is rich in insights, both those that are overʇarching and those that deal with details. . . . [A] solid piece of work.--O.C. Edwards, Jr., Anglican Theological ReviewConvincing and illuminating.--D. Kyrtatis, Journal of Roman StudiesMeeks book has much to recommend it and it certainly is a step towards a deeper appreciation of the early urban christians.--W.R. Domeris, University of Cape Town, Journal of Theology for Southern AfricaA milestone in the Pauline studies, is an engrossing study--comprehensive in scope, meticulous in its detail and suave in its prose style. One of the best on the Pauline world.--Dharam Singh, Journal of Religious StudiesA thorough social and cultural analysis. --G. H. Mueller, Sociological Analysis"Meeks' contribution is helpful and illuminating. . . . It can and will fruitfully stimulate our efforts to determine how Christian faith and social experience meaningfully intersect. . . . The book merits the attention of pastors and intellectually ambitious lay leaders. I can provide some spice for sermons."--Willard M. Swartley, The Mennonite (n the paper edition)The First Urban Christians is a study of the social background of the world in which the apostle Paul lived and wrote. It paints a picture of what it was actually like to be a first century Christian in a Pauline church, drawing on archaeological evidence as well as both biblical and non-biblical literary evidence. The approach is scholarly, employing all the tools of modern anthropology and sociology. (Some Christians will probably find this disturbing, but I think without good reason.) The topics looked at in detail include the way in which the early Christian communities maintained their separation from the rest of the world (while preserving an ability to accept converts) and a common sense of community with other churches; the social status of the first Christian converts and its significance for the growth of Christianity; the methods used to maintain order within communities; and the role played by rituals such as baptism and the celebration of the Lords Supper. The First Urban Christians is a good introduction for anyone wanting to understand the context in which Pauls letters were written. This is perhaps particularly relevant for Christians given the recent debates within various churches over issues such as the ordination of women. Non-Christians should not turn away, however -- the early Christians are as interesting a religious group as any other. A prior reading of the New Testament is recommended for those not familiar with it. Meeks goes into places in the Roman world you wont be able to visit by seeing Ben Hur. Were talking about the down and dirty urban city, the place where Christian growth and the church as a social unit came to the fore. The biggest surprise? Christianity was a movement that was top-heavy in the social status arena.Beyond the background, Meeks also goes into detail on the internal structures and rules of the urban church, placing them squarely in their social context. This is an excellent foundational book for the student of Christian roots.The First Urban Christians The Social World of the Apostle PaulBy Wayne A. MeeksNew Haven, Yale University Press, 18. pp. $1.5.We have come to expect only the very best from Wayne Meeks. Beginning with his study of Johannine Christology in the mid-sixties, he has electrified the field of Christian origins with articles and books unfailing in technical brilliance, imagination, insight, and good sense. Increasingly, his attention has turned from theology to the social world of early Christianity--the environment of early Christian groups, the symbolic worlds they constructed, the relationships that pertain between social factors and patterns of belief. This shift or broadening of interest is analogous to trends in the humanities generally, where quantitative history and studies of popular culture have come to supplement, or in some circles even supplant, the history of ideas. Within religious studies, social description is an interest Meeks shares now with a significant number of students of the early church. The present work marks the culmination of a decade of scholarly ferment and provides the first comprehensive treatment of Paul from a social-historical perspective.Meeks sets out to describe the life of ordinary Christians within the Pauline mission field. In what kinds of cities did they live? How did they travel? What sorts of jobs did they hold? How diverse was their social status? What were their prospects for social advancement? According to what structure were new Christian cells formed? How was conflict within them managed? What role did money play in the exercise of power? How sharply were group boundaries drawn? How successfully was group cohesion fostered? In what ways was deviant behavior defined and punished? Under what circumstances did believers meet? What impact did rituals have on attitudes and dispositions? What connections can be discerned between social Please note that this sample paper on urban christianity is for your review only. 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