Determination of the Resistivity of Constantan Wire

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Physics Coursework Determination of the Resistivity of Constantan Wire To calculate the resistivity of constantan wire, or any other type of wire, the resistance has to be calculated, as well as the cross sectional area and also the length.

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Resistivity of constantan wire can be determined by using the equation

= = RA/L= = resistivityR = resistance of wire in Ohms (Ω) Resistance is calculated by using R = V/I = Voltage/Current Voltage is measured in Volts, and Current is measured in AmperesA = cross sectional area of the wire (metres square) Cross sectional area can be calculated by A = <d/4

d = diameterL = length of constantan wire (metres)Physics Coursework List of apparatus• Power Pack Supply• Variable Resistor• Ammeter (0 1 Amperes)• Voltmeter (0 6 Volts)• Constantan Wire• 1m Ruler• Michrometer• Wire Cutters Method The circuit was set up as shown in the diagram. The length of the wire was measured by using a meter ruler. The lengths that I chose were 1m, 0.8m, 0.6m and 0.4m. The lengths were measured from one terminal to the other. When the power pack was switched on, I recorded the voltage and then I recorded the current and the reading were recorded on the results table. The experiment was then repeated 6 more times with the same length of wire, but using different voltages. This was then repeated using different lengths of constantan wire. I measured the diameter of the constantan wire with a michrometer screw-gauge, I measured the diameter at different positions along wire, the diameter was then recorded. I then calculated the average diameter from the measurements. After every reading that was taken, the power pack was switched off because if it was left on, then the circuit would overheat. I kept the voltages fairly low so that it would not heat the wire too much, and that would affect the rest of my results, and therefore affect the resistivity of the constantan wire. I kept the diameter of the wire constant by using the same piece of constantan wire so that the diameter would not change. When using analogue apparatus, such as a full-scale deflection voltmeter or ammeter, you have to be careful of the parallax error. The parallax error is when if you look at the reading at different angles, then the reading would look different because you are not looking down at it so that your eyes are directly above it. Resistivity of Constantan WireGradient of the graph = dy/dxGradient of the graph = == = RA/L= = 5.110^-7 .0810^-70.6 = .0410^-7 0.6= = 5.0610^-7Using the graph to calculate the average resistivity is more accurate than calculating the average resistivity using all the calculations because by drawing a line of best fit, increases the accuracy because it should cancel out the anomalous results. From my results table and graph I can see that my results that I collected are very reliable. I know this because from the graph, it can be seen that the points plotted all near enough lie along the line of best fit. Although you may think that there is one anomalous result at 0.8m, it is only about 0.110^-7 away from being not anomalous.From the graph, it can be seen that as the length increases, the resistance increase, therefore RA increases.In this experiment, the errors that could have occurred were -• The length of the wire was not very accurate, as I could have measured the wire off a few millimeters, which could have affected the whole experiment. • The power pack might have not been turned off when I was changing the length of the constantan wire, so the heat would build up, leading to more resistance on the next reading that I was going to do. If I was going to make improvements to the experiment, I would have tried to make the constantan wire length as accurate as can be. To also improve on my results I would use a digital voltmeter instead of an analogue voltmeter. I would do this because a digital voltmeter is a lot more accurate than an analogue one because if the needle in the analogue voltmeter is bent then the readings will be false whereas a digital voltmeter does not rely on a needle.I could have repeated the whole experiment again, and if the results were the same then the experiment that I carried out was accurate. Please note that this sample paper on Determination of the Resistivity of Constantan Wire is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Determination of the Resistivity of Constantan Wire, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Determination of the Resistivity of Constantan Wire will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Comparing & Contrasting Psychology and Anthropology to Sociology

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During the nineteenth century, philosophers tried to construct a science of society, or social science. (Hirsch 00) Among the social sciences are subdivisions like anthropology, psychology and sociology which fall into this category. Social scientists rejected the idea that human activities occur at random and affirmed instead that all human activities reveal observed regularities or patterns. Gradually, social scientists refined such concepts as social class and kinship to explain these patterns. (Hirsch 00) By the end of the nineteenth century as knowledge became more technical and specialized, sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists each pursued different avenues of inquiry into social experience. Although each of these social scientists in one field borrowed ideas for other fields, each one tended to develop its own specialized language and distinctive concepts. (Hirsch 00) What started as an all-encompassing effort to identify a single science of society became an endeavor marked by diversity, specialization, and often fragmentation. (Hirsch 00) Today, the usual list of social sciences includes anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology and even history. For the purpose of this paper I will focus on the similarities between sociology, anthropology, and psychology.Sociology is the study of social life, change and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure or groups, organization, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. (American Sociological Association 00) Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces of social change and resistance, and how social systems work. (American Sociological Association 00) For example, an economist might study a corporation to figure out its impact on production, and a political scientist might assess how corporations try to influence political campaigns. In contrast, a sociologist would explore the social relationships that develop among workers with a corporation. Anthropologists also study social behavior, but with a difference. Where sociologists focus on groups in advanced societies of the present, anthropologists have traditionally paid more attention to social relationships among so called primitive, preliterate peoples. However, in recent years this distinction has changed because anthropologists now also study social behavior in advanced societies. Anthropologists, however, are more likely to compare advanced societies with primitive societies. In this sense, anthropology encompasses a broader historical and geographical span than does sociology. (American Sociological Association 00)

Psychology is a science dealing with mental phenomena and processes. Psychologists study emotions, perception, intelligence, consciousness, and the relationship between these phenomena and processes and the work of the glands and muscles. (American Sociological Association 00) Psychologists are also interested in diseased or disordered mental states, and some psychologists provide therapy for individuals. (American Sociological Association 00) However, some subdivisions of psychology have far more in common with natural sciences such as biology and chemistry than with sociology or any other social science for that matter. For example, physiological psychologists study the role of the brain, glands, and other organs in mental processes and often experiment on animals rather then humans. Many other subdivisions of psychology, however, resemble the social sciences, especially sociology; for example, social psychology. A social psychologists deal with the mental processes of groups. They might investigate the role of the family and the peer group in the mental development of the individual. Both sociologists and anthropologists also concern themselves with mental processes, for all social relationships among humans have psychological dimensions. The difference is that psychologists start out with mental processes, whereas sociologists and anthropologists usually begin with social relationships and then speculate about mental processes. (Hirsch 00) Bibliography 1. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, rd ed., edited by E. D. Hirsch, Jr., et al. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 00. www.bartleby.com/5/. [Electronic Version].. American Sociological Association. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 00, from http//www.asanet.org/public Please note that this sample paper on Comparing & Contrasting Psychology and Anthropology to Sociology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Comparing & Contrasting Psychology and Anthropology to Sociology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Comparing & Contrasting Psychology and Anthropology to Sociology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What does meaning have to do with perception?

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My perception from yours may be very different. My mind might perceive a photograph to be a vase, but yours might see two faces. We assign meanings to different objects, but your mind has the power to change meaning and the way you perceive it. There is no set meaning to anything which is why you can change perceptions and meanings. There are no perceptions without meanings. Recognition to the sight or smell of your favorite food is instant, just as seeing your enemy across the street is instant. Your perception of your favorite dish, lasagna, means salivating at the smell or sight of that very food. While eating that food, you might relate that to sunbathing in a pristine beach in Southern Italy and dining with that dreamy Italian. A dietician's perception of lasagna, with all that fatty cheese and all of the carbohydrates from the tomato sauce and pasta, is definitely different than yours. She puts meaning to the ingredients in that lasagna and perceives a 00 pound slob eating that delicious piece of lasagna. Perceptions of things might be based from past experiences, mental state, biases, and world view. If you had a bad experience with the ocean when you were little, going out for a swim might mean you will be eaten alive by sharks, stung by jellyfish or drown a horrible death. Your perception of the ocean is a bad experience. The meaning of the word ocean might bring horrid flashbacks and cause you to become sick. On the contrary, to a surfer, the ocean is what they live for. Everyday they might wake up at dawn to catch some awesome waves. Their perception is based on meaning. The meaning of the ocean to them could be winning a trophy, maybe earning enough money to go on their dream vacation, or get the perfect job. You assign the meaning; there is no meaning to anything without perception.

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To look at perceptions and meanings in a totally different aspect, think about cows. Most carnivores will think about a juicy succulent burger or a steak. Vegetarians may think of a slaughter house with blood splattered on every inch of a white room. They might think of innocent animals being treated unjustly. Thinking of cows might even move them to take extreme actions and spread awareness of vegetarianism. Now if you are Muslim you worship cows to show harmony. Meanings and perceptions intertwine with one another as you put meanings to your perceptions. Let us say, for instance, you were taking a bicycle ride out in the country. It is still springtime but it is getting very warm outside. The scenery is starting to show signs of summer approaching; the hills are covered in golden weeds, you can see the heat rising from the scorching pavement, the spring buds from the trees are nonexistent and all of the farm animals are taking refuge under the little shade available. As you pedal harder to get over a slope, your calves are burning and finally you make it to the top. As soon as you relax and glide downhill you see a herd of cows feeding just a few yards away. What you perceive the cows doing is solely based on your mental state and past experiences. If you were hungry you would definitely see they were eating grains and indulging in what you would have liked to. Once you perceive them eating you start to put meaning to that. If you were hungry you might start to think you want a t-bone steak right away. If you are an animal enthusiast then you might have thought about how magnificent cows really are. You might ponder what they do all day or how they bond with each other. Lastly, if you were a Muslim, you might stop riding your bike, get down on that scorching hot pavement and pray. Every one of these scenarios you perceive a cow, but what it means is entirely up to you. Perception is incoherent. The instant danger enters a room you know it, and you feel it. You can sense something awkward almost instantly and that is why perception is incoherent. On the other hand, you must be coherent for meaning. If you are in a daze you are not aware of meaning. An object to you might be just that, an object. There is a natural tendency of meaning to flow towards a state of coherence. What does meaning have to do with perception? Anyone can ponder this question for hours as I have. There is no correct answer to such a scenario. This question has no true meaning. It is entirely up to your mind to perceive the question however you want to, and to put meaning to the question. There are never wrong or correct answers to anything until you have meaning. What you perceive and what something means varies widely. Once again, what does meaning have to do with perception? I cannot answer that for you. Let your mind perceive what you will. Please note that this sample paper on What does meaning have to do with perception? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What does meaning have to do with perception?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on What does meaning have to do with perception? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Elie Wiesel's Night: The Inhumanity of War

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Looking back to any random time in history will most likely take one to a world of greediness, envy, and a desire to dominate another. The history of the world is plagued by mankind's inability to settle for what they have and who they are. Wars have been fought over religion, tradition, territory, and in this case, the idea that one race is superior to another. World War II was a horrible time in the world. The First World War was "the war to end all wars" and yet chaos spread over Europe. Elie Wiesel's story, Night, is no exception. Elie was a Jewish prisoner who escaped the Nazi death camps. Night redefines what is a historically common theme of man's inhumanity to man. This theme is shown through the murder of a young boy, Elie's belief in God, and Elie's self-worth. The first display of Nazi inhumanity is the murder of a young child. An Oberkapo and the boy (his assistant) were accused of blowing up a power plant on the camp. The man and boy were tortured and questioned and refused to give any information about the incident to the Nazi soldiers. The boy was described as "having the face of a sad angel" and was sentenced to be hanged. Everyone at the camp liked him and the SS officer in charge of the hanging refused his job and was replaced. The child was so light he hung for half and hour before actually dying. The prisoners had never cried for a victim before, however, they cried for the boy. One man asked "Where is God now?"(6). Elie's belief in God diminished quickly during his time in the concentration camps. When the Jews first enter the camp, they are told by their elders "You must never lose faith, even when the sword hangs over your head…we shall all see the day of liberation. Have faith in life. Above all else, have faith. Drive out despair, and you will keep death away from yourselves". The Jews believe that in order to survive, they have to believe that survival is possible. Elie realizes he is only surrounded by death and inhumanity. After seeing the children burning in the crematory he questions his God saying, "Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for"? Elie finds faith in a just God hard when He allows concentration camps to even exist. The breaking point for Elie is the murder of the young boy. He ponders the question "Where is God? Where is He? Here He is He is here hanging on these gallows…"(6). Through the Nazi's relentless murder, they have managed to corrupt Elie's faith, the one thing that would keep him alive. The final result of the Nazi soldier's inhumanity can been seen through the Jewish people and Elie's self-worth. The story begins with the Jews viewing their segregation as a good thing. They believe they are now free of prejudice and can live amongst "brothers". This belief would soon be tarnished as the transition from humans to corpse evolves. At first they resist Nazi control. "We've got to do something. We can't let ourselves be killed. We can't go like beasts to the slaughter. We've got to revolt." The Nazi camps wore down their spirits to the point in which they saw themselves as nothing more than bodies. After reaching the camp Elie tells a friend not to waste energy by crying. He felt his fear being "replaced by an inhuman weariness". He described it as being numb from emotion, and "damned souls wondering the half-world". After being surrounded by death, starved, and beaten, Elie stated he "took little interest in anything except his daily plate of soup and crust of stale bread. Bread, soup, these were my life. I was a body. Perhaps less than that even a starved stomach." Through numerous events Elie describes himself as a corpse. He feels relieved when his father is finally killed, he doesn't even feel his body when he ran 4 miles in the snow with a wounded foot. Everyone around him had lost the will to live. At the end of the story Elie escapes death and the first time he looks into the mirror he said all he saw was a corpse.

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Nazi Germany was nothing more than a living grave. Even the people who lived lost their soul throughout this horrible experience. War and death is never a good thing and are never justified. The horror of the Holocaust should never have been allowed to happen, however, as long as men are on earth, there will always be war and death. Despite the traumatic outcome of World War II, mankind will never learn to live in peace. Please note that this sample paper on Elie Wiesel's Night: The Inhumanity of War is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Elie Wiesel's Night: The Inhumanity of War, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Elie Wiesel's Night: The Inhumanity of War will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Themes in a tree grows in brooklyn

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"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn," a book by Betty Smith is a book about the journey through adolescence into adulthood, mainly in the life of a young girl named Francie Nolan. Three main themes in this book are poverty and social status, education, and mainly, perseverance through hardships. These three ideas make up the vast majority of the novel. Poverty and social status is key to understanding this entire novel. When the book opens, Francie Nolan is 11 years of age. The narrator, Francie, and many characters in the book give their views on the neighborhood in which the Nolan's live, Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The author, who writes in third person omniscient, gives you and insight of everyone's perspective to the setting. In all their views, the neighborhood is indeed a poor neighborhood filled with poverty and many immigrants. Poverty and a low social standard do not keep Francie from achieving. Francie and her younger brother Neeley go to the garbage dump once a week, like many other poor children, and collect anything that could be of some worth and bring it to the junk man. He gives the children a few cents for aluminum, and then decides how much everything else is worth. The junk man also gives out "pinching pennies." To receive a pinching penny, you must not move or squirm when he gives you a little pinch on the check. Francie was always very good at not moving, and she always got her pinching penny. There is also Cheap Charlie's. At Cheap Charlie's, the poor children can use their few pennies and get candy and junky little prizes. All these things show poverty in the Nolans surroundings. At school, Francie is persecuted because she is not a rich girl. She has to sit in the back of most classes, because the teachers favor the rich children over the poor children. Even on top of all of this, Francie still enjoys learning, and strives to be very smart, which she is indeed. Education is also a very important theme in this story, mostly in the case of Francie. Francie is a very smart girl. She goes to the library every single day, and is determined to read each book there, in alphabetical order, and then read them all over again, and again. As stated in the last paragraph, Francie was persecuted at her first school because she wasn't rich. Teachers were nicer to the more fortunate, yet Francie still managed to show how intelligent she was. Eventually Francie got tired of all the unfairness, and while taking a walk in a very nice neighborhood, she saw a beautiful school. She brought her father there the next day and told him she really wanted to attend school there. He said they would find and address in that neighborhood, and write a letter to the principal of Francie's present school saying they were moving there that way the school would let her attend the new school. The plan worked, even thought Katie didn't like the idea, and Francie began attending the new school. People were a lot nicer there, and Francie loved it. She began to excel, and was very happy. She made it through that hardship, and many more before and after that. Perseverance through hardship is the main theme of this novel. There were many hardships in 6 years of Francie Nolan's life you read about in this book. Her father was an alcoholic. Francie love him very much, and he was a kind and gentle man, yet he had a drinking problem and was not a reliable source of income for the family. Katie Nolan, the mother, had the steady job and supported the family. Money was usually tight, but Francie and Neeley found many ways to manage. During Christmastime, the family could not afford a Christmas tree, and so on Christmas Eve, Francie and Neeley went down to the tree lot, and the man there throws a tree out and whoever catches it and can stay standing gets the tree for free. Francie and Neeley got the tree, and made it through that very happy. There were many instances in the novel where the Nolans didn't have much money for food, and would always get the stale bread, the tounges of meat, the crushed dessert, and things like that. The children were happy with what they could get, and they all persevered throught the hardships of their life. When Johonny dies, it is a turning point in the book for this is when Mr. McShane asks Katie to marry him. He is a successful man and will beable to support the new baby Laurie. The children comment that she will not have to worry about things like they did, but that she will not have near as much fun. This showed that through everything, Francie and Neeley did indeed have fun and loved their Life.

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Poverty and social class, education, and perseverance throughout hardships as you can see are the main themes of the novel. They are the pillars to the book, and without them, the book would be nothing. These three ideas give us an inside view on the characters lives and are incredibly important aspects in this wonderful novel. Please note that this sample paper on themes in a tree grows in brooklyn is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on themes in a tree grows in brooklyn, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on themes in a tree grows in brooklyn will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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