Indian National Congress

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The Indian National Congress is a political party that led the struggle for the independence of India from the British Empire. It formed the mainstay of the Indian nationalist movement and later dominated the countrys government. Founded in 1885 with a base of support chiefly in the upper-class intelligentsia, the Congress originally advocated limited democratic reforms under British rule. As early as 184 the British India Society was founded in Bengal. Later, in 1851 Rajendra-lal Mitra and Ramgopal Ghose formed the British Indian Association. At about the same time the Bombay Association was started by Juggan Nath Sarkar, Dadabhai Naoroji and others. Poona also organized its public life through the Poona Sarvajanin Sabha. In 1876 Surendranath Banerjea founded the Indian Association in Bengal. One of the main objects of Surendranath and the Indian Association was the unification of the people of India on the basis of common political interests and aspirations. The Indian Association at that time used to represent and reflect public opinion from Peshawar to Chittagong. The time had meanwhile become ripe for the formation of an all-India political organization. At the first National Conference at Calcutta held in 188 Surendranath Banerjea suggested that an all-India political organization be formed.In fact, while the second National Conference was being held at Calcutta, the Indian National Congress, the first effective all-India political organization, was established at Bombay. The National Conference later merged itself into the Indian National Congress. Beginning in 105, it called for swaraj, or self-government, and in 10 it adopted the strategy of Satyagraha (non-violent resistance) devised by Mohandas K. Gandhi, who also widened its support into a true mass movement. By 1, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress was demanding total independence. During World War II it refused to support the British war effort, launching instead a "Quit India" campaign that led to violent confrontations and prison terms for about 100,000 of its supporters. After India gained independence, in 147, the Congress controlled the central government and most of the Indian state governments for 0 years. In 155 it adopted a programme of democratic socialism. The party split in 16, but the dominant faction (the New Congress Party) remained in office under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Voted out in 177, it again split; Indira Gandhis Congress (I) Party (I for Indira) was again in power from 180 to 18, from 184 under Rajiv Gandhi after his mother Indiras assassination. After a brief interim, Congress (I) was returned to power in 11 under P. V. Narasimha Rao, but was ousted again in 16 amid public disaffection with party corruption and increasing support for locally based, left-wing reformist parties and the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party.

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After the dissolution of the BJP-led government soon after election, the United Front formed a coalition backed by Congress (I). Rao resigned as party president in January 17 and was succeeded by Sitaram Kesri. In April Congress withdrew its support for the government, but resumed the collaboration after a change in the coalition leadership. Six months later Congress once more withdrew its support and in December 17 the Lok Sabha was dissolved, with elections scheduled for early 18. In the run-up to the elections Sonia Gandhi made a number of speeches in support of the Congress Party and was seen as the standard-bearer for the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. After an inconclusive general election in early 18, in which no party attained a parliamentary majority, the BJP formed a new coalition. When the coalition failed in April 1, Congress was unable to form an alternative government and elections were announced for late 1. In May Gandhi was elected party president despite her foreign origins and lack of political experience. The performance of Congress in the 1 election was its worst ever since independence, winning only 16 of the 54 elected seats. Gandhi agreed to lead the opposition in the new parliament. Please note that this sample paper on Indian National Congress is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Indian National Congress, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Indian National Congress will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Investigating rates of reaction

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Investigating rates of reactionAIMThe aim of my investigation is to find out how rates of reaction are affected by temperature, specifically how the rate of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips is affected by the temperature of the hydrochloric acid.VARIABLES

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The variables in this experiment are· The mass of the marble chips· The size of the marble chips· The amount of hydrochloric acid used· The concentration of hydrochloric acid used· The temperature of the hydrochloric acid· The speed at which CO is produced· Equipment used My input variable is the temperature of the hydrochloric acid. I have chosen this because, according to the kinetic theory, the temperature should increase the speed and energy of the particles, therefore there are more collisions between particles, and the rate of reaction increases. My output variable is the speed at which CO is produced. I have chosen this because the reaction between the marble chips and the hydrochloric acid produces CO, therefore if there is a higher rate of reaction there should be more CO produced in the same amount of time. All the other variables will be controlled in order to make the experiment a fair test and so that any changes in the rate of reaction can only be due to my input variable · I will keep the mass of the marble chips constant by carefully measuring out and using the same mass of marble chips each time - this will be 5gm;· I will ensure the size of the chips are constant by using very similar size chips and approximately the same number of chips each time;· I will keep the amount of hydrochloric acid the same for each experiment by measuring it out beforehand - this will be 50ml;· The concentration of the hydrochloric acid will be kept constant because I will use acid of the same concentration from the same source (……….);· I will use the same equipment each time, as shown in my method. All the above points should ensure that my investigation will be fair, and that my results should be reliable.METHODFirstly, I will set up the equipment as shown above. Then I will measure out the hydrochloric acid with a measuring cylinder and pour it into the conical flask. Next I will measure out the marble chips, ensuring the chips are of the same size, and using accurate electronic scales. I will then heat, if needed, the acid to the required temperature using the bunsen burner. I will then add the chips to the hydrochloric acid and immediately put the bung on the flask and start the stop clock. When 50 cm of gas has been collected in the syringe, I will stop the stop clock and record the result in a table. I will heat the acid to 8 different temperatures, from 0-0 C, at 10 C intervals, using the same method each time as described above. I will repeat my experiments times and calculate an average to make my results more reliable and show up any anomalies that might occur.PREDICTION1. I predict that the hydrochloric acid and the marble chips will react to produce carbon dioxide gas, water and calcium dichloride. This is shown in the following equationCaCO(s) + HCl(aq) Ù CaCl(aq) + H0(l) + CO(g)calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid Ù calcium dichloride + water + carbon dioxide. I predict that as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increases, the time taken for 50 cm of gas to be collected in the syringe will decrease. This is because as the temperature increases, the particles in the hydrochloric acid and the marble chips move faster, so they collide more often and with more energy. If the particles collide with enough energy, the level known as activation energy, then the initial bonds will be broken. RESULTSTemperature ( C) First repeat Second repeat Third repeat Average0 57.81 61.5 58.1 5.150 7.7 .6 4. 5.0740 18.5 17.47 0.81 18.450 1.64 14. 1.47 1.8160 8.7 11.84 10.57 10.870 7.67 6.8 7.4 7.1080 5.80 4.54 4.76 5.00 4.6 .7 .8 .6 My results show that as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increased so did the rate of reaction, shown by the fact that time for 50cm of carbon dioxide to be released decreased. The line of best fit on the graph is curved because Please note that this sample paper on investigating rates of reaction is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on investigating rates of reaction, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on investigating rates of reaction will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Of mice and men+suffering

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The 10s were times of great depression for the American people. This resulted in sweeping changes. Some people starved trying to find work, while others did all they could just to hang on a little longer. All across America, times were tough. Suffering is sometimes an inevitable fact of life and cannot be avoided. The novel, Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck takes place during the great depression. This novel is basically about two ranch workers George and Lennie who escaped from a farm in weed to work in a ranch in Soledad. They lead a simple life as workmen but soon find themselves in for trouble. In this novel suffering is showed through the sadness and loneliness of the characters. Several techniques such as dialogue and setting are used to portray the suffering of the characters. Loneliness is a mans worst poverty. Without friends and companions, people begin to suffer. This is exactly what Crooks felt. Crooks is a stable buck who works at the ranch. He is also the only black . A proud and bitter man, Crooks has a cynical intelligence and a contemptuous demeanour that he uses to prevent others from excluding him because of his race. He reads a lot in his spare time which may be because he does not have anyone to talk to. Crooks isolates himself from the other workmen as he knows that he is not wanted around them. He will not be able to leave this situation because of the fact that he is black. They play cards in there, but I cant because I'm black. They say I stink. This is a clear example in the book that suggest to us that because Crooks is black, the other workmen does not want him around them. They say I stink. This sentence that Steinbeck used has a short and clear message to us readers that blacks were not wanted around the white people during that time. In this novel, techniques such as setting is used to convey the emotion sadness. An excellent example would be when Steinbeck describes Crooks's room. In the stable bucks room, a small electric globe threw a meagre yellow light. This description gives us readers a feeling of dullness and darkness. A meagre yellow light. This particular phrase foreshadows Crookss sadness.Loneliness changes the way a person thinks and behaves. Crooks lashes out at people and has become bitter because of the suffering he is put through by society. Well, I tell you, you all stink to me. The fact that all the workmen thinks that Crooks stink, makes him retaliate by doing the exact same thing back. You go on get outa my room. I aint wanted in the bunk-house and you aint wanted in my room. This sentence clearly suggests to us that Crooks doesnt like the other workmen and wants the same rights as they get. The black people in America were treated poorly back then and usually suffered from rejection and loneliness. Steinbeck emphasises on the matter by writing about how Crooks is treated to give us a clearly picture. He uses colloquial language used back then by the American people to give us readers clearer picture. Crooks emotions are once again displayed to us when he talks to Lennie, a fellow workman who was in his room, about having no one to relate to and communicate with. He states, Maybe u can see now. You got George. You know hes goin to come back. Spose u didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt even go into the bunk house. A guy needs someone to talk to, someone to be near him. In a way everyone needs someone to talk to. whether its a friend, a family member, or even a pet. This is a source of comfort and wealth for the person. Crooks is lacking all these elements, which will definitely make him a very lonely man. Once again Steinbeck has used dialogue as a technique to convey this message to the readers. He uses colloquial language again to give us a better knowledge of how people communicated back then which will again enable us to have a clearer picture.

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Society plays a big part in one's life. It can even change the way a person thinks, feels or behave. Society also plays a big role in the novel Of Mice and Men. John Steinbeck has successfully used several techniques to show us the sadness and loneliness Crooks is put through in a disinterested world. It was his brilliant descriptions that helped us readers understand the story better. John Steinbeck has successfully written an excellent novel which has effectively shown us readers the sufferings of the black Americans during the great depression. Please note that this sample paper on Of mice and men+suffering is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Of mice and men+suffering, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Of mice and men+suffering will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sand paper

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What is Magnum Photos? photojournalist.Magnum Photos is a photographic co-operative of great diversity and distinction owned by its photographer-members. With powerful individual vision, Magnum photographers chronicle the world and interpret its peoples, events, issues and personalities.There are constantly updated profiles on most countries of the world, covering industry, society and people, places of interest, politics and news events, disasters and conflict.

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In short, when you picture an iconic image, but cant think who took it or where it can be found - it probably came from Magnum. Magnum History Two years after the apocalypse that was called the Second World War ended Magnum Photos was founded. The worlds most prestigious photographic agency was formed by four photographers - Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, and David Chim Seymour They created Magnum in 147 to reflect their independent natures as people and photographers, the idiosyncratic mix of reporter and artist that continues to define Magnum, emphasizing not only what is seen but also the way one sees it. Iranian, b. 144Born a photographer, Abbas, an Iranian transplanted in Paris, has dedicated his work to the political and social coverage of the developing South. Since 170, his major work, published in world magazines, includes wars and revolutions in Biafra, Bangladesh, Ulster, Vietnam, the Middle East, Chile, Cuba, South Africa with an essay on apartheid. From 178 to 80 , he photographs the revolution in Iran, then returns in 17 after a 17 years voluntary exile to document the post-Khomeiny era. From 18 to 186, he travels in Mexico, photographing the country as if writing a novel. From 187 to 14, from the Xinjiang to Morocco, he photographs the resurgence of Islam, exposing the internal tensions within Muslim societies, torn between a mythical past and a desire for modernisation and democracy. The book draws special attention after the Sept. 11 terror by islamists. From 15 to 000, he travels in the lands of Christians. When the year 000becomes a landmark in the universal calendar, Christianity is the symbol of the strength of Western civilization. From 000 to 00 he works on animist faiths. Abbas is currently working on the Clash of Religions, defined as culturerather than faith, replacing political ideologies in the strategic struggles of the near future. Abbas is a member of Magnum Photos since 181.Henri Cartier-Bresson French, b.108 Born in Chanteloup, Cartier-Bresson started painting in 1 and began to photograph in 11, met Triade, the editor of Verve magazine and frequented members of the French surrealist movement. After a trip to the Ivory Coast he discovered the Leica, since then his camera of choice. He pursued his photographic career in Eastern Europe and Mexico, later on making films with Jean Renoir, Jacques Becker and Andr Zvoboda and a documentary on Republican Spain (17). A war prisoner, he escaped in 140 and made portraits of artists Matisse, Rouault, Braque, Bonnard. In 145 he photographed and covered the liberation of Paris with a group of professional journalists before filming the 146 documentary Le Retour (The Return) and spending a year in the US to complete a posthumous exhibition initiated by New Yorks Museum of Modern Art out of a belief that he was dead. In 147 he founded Magnum Photos with Bill Vandivert, Robert Capa, George Rodger and David Seymour Chim, then spent three years in India, Burma, Pakistan, Indonesia and China (during the last six months of the Kuomintang and the first six months of the Peoples Republic of China). In 15 he returned to Europe and in 154 was the first foreign photographer admitted into the USSR. He subsequently travelled to China, Cuba in the 160s, Mexico, Canada, the USA, India and Japan among other countries. In 168 he began to curtail his photography and follow his passion for drawing and painting. Best known for his concept of the decisive moment in photography, Cartier-Bresson is the recipient of an extraordinary number of prizes, awards and honorary doctorates, among which the Overseas Press Club of America Award (148, 154, 160, 164), The A.S.M.P. Award (15), the Prix de la Socit Française de Photographie (15), the Culture Prize, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie (175). Please note that this sample paper on sand paper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on sand paper, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on sand paper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Fiela's Child

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Fiela's Child. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Fiela's Child paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Fiela's Child, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Fiela's Child paper at affordable prices!Explain the changes in both households and how these have affected the eventual plot of the Novel.

The two households in the Novel are the van Rooyen household in the Forest and the Komoetie household in the Long Kloof. There are a few changes that take place in the two different household and affected the eventual plot of the novel.

The first change in the van Rooyen's household in the Novel is the loss of their child; Lukas van Rooyen aged years old. If the Lukas van Rooyen boy did not get lost or get missing, Benjamin Komoetie wouldn't have been accused of being the child that was lost nine years ago. He wouldn't have been brought to the village to meet the Magistrate at his court and none of the prejudicial acts would have been done. Benjamin Komoetie who is a white boy raised in a coloured family wouldn't be moved to the van Rooyen's in the Forest and none of the plot would have eventually gone on.

In the Komoetie household, the first change that took place was where Selling got imprisoned. As Selling became a convict, he does labour during his imprisonment which makes him to be weak. Before this happened, Selling was the head of the household and since his imprisonment, Fiela takes control as she becomes a stronger and dependant woman. That change causes Fiela to face anything without being frail and weak. This includes how she faces the two government officials, the Magistrate and the fact that Benjamin is being taken away. When the rest of the household members are worried and distraught, she makes sure that nothing gets their daily duties to be neglected as life has to go on for them. If Fiela didn't change during Selling's imprisonment and became a tough lady, we could never know how she would react to the two Government officials taking Benjamin away and how the Komoetie household would have gone through the ordeal of losing Benjamin from their family.

In the van Rooyen family, Elias got attacked by elephants after the pit he plotted trapped a calf elephant and was afraid to go to the Forest again. Before that happened, Nina has been sent to work in the village by Elias. These changes in the household made Lukas to be sent off to look for Nina as they were told she wasn't working in the village anymore and hasn't returned to the Forest. Elias is the one who usually goes to the village, to take the wages that Nina makes. As Lukas looks for Nina, he discovers the sea and is fascinated by it. He decides not to return to the Forest so that he could work at the sea and with the ships. As he works with the seamen, he becomes closer to Nina day by day because Nina is working at a place nearby. They spend more time together and realises that he is falling in love with her. This is where the plot of Lukas trying to find his real identity starts to get more complicated because if he is the real Lukas, he couldn't and shouldn't be falling in love with Nina because she is his sister. So questions of his real self comes into mind and makes him disturbed and distracted. If Elias and Barta didn't force Lukas to look for Nina, he wouldn't have started to fell in love with Nina and think of the consequences that would follow.

The last change in the Komoetie household that happened in the Novel was the death of Dawid who was bitten by a button spider. If Dawid's death didn't occur, a messenger wouldn't have been sent through the village to look for Benjamin so that he could be informed on Dawid's death and made him to return for a visit. Even though the messenger didn't meet Benjamin, Benjamin heard of it from Nina and he went back to the Long Kloof after nine years of being in the Forest. From Benjamin's return to the Long Kloof, he talks with Fiela over the problem he is facing which is the feelings he has for Nina who is supposedly to be his sister. As they talk, Fiela tells Benjamin to go back to the Forest and ask Barta if he really is Lukas, the child who was lost. Benjamin took her advice and went back to the Forest to ask Barta. As it turns out, after asking Barta if he really is Lukas van Rooyen, Barta tells him in front of Elias and Willem that he isn't and tells them that the tall guy in the Magistrate's court told her that he is the boy who is suspected to be Lukas. From Dawid's death, it brings about to the truth and the end of the Novel which tells that Benjamin Komoetie is not the lost Lukas van Rooyen and his love for Nina is nothing to be deprived of.

The changes in the two households brings the plot of the Novel together; from the beginning of the Novel where the Lukas boy was missing till the end where Dawid's death managed to bring Benjamin to find out the truth of his real self, either the Lukas boy that had gone missing or the white child raised up in a coloured family, Benjamin Komoetie.

Please note that this sample paper on Fiela's Child is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Fiela's Child, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Fiela's Child will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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