Central Business District

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THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTIntroduction The central business district (CBD) acts as the most important part of a city where the businesses are found along with the commercial activities in the centre of the city, forming what is known as the core. The CBD is a gradational fragmented zone rather than a single line that can actually be found. There are many important factors that contribute to the growth of the CBD. More purchasing power, better transportation and a larger population are preliminary conditions that have occurred as a slow process in their convergence after 1870. Other conditions that occurred over time include the economies of scale, the elimination of middlemen, the growth and location of dime stores, a need for financial exports and the vertical growth of buildings in the CBD. Changes in technology and the effects on the CBD during the later 1800's will be discussed. Street patterns and block sizes will be touched on briefly with examples of why they are important factors in the growth of the CBD. In terms of retail location, there are certain principles that will be outlined and explained. It is clear that the CBD is an extremely important part of a city as it provides its citizens with the convenience of easily accessed goods and services because of improvement in transportation and other developments in the centre of the city. (Brozowski, 00) The core of the city has undergone many changes which began as a benefit for society and for each business or industry within the district. This paper will illustrate that all the factors previously mentioned are what keep a city and a society functioning in the easiest yet most beneficial way possible.A Brief History of the CBD

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The central business district began as a "retail-commercial district" and transformed into an "office-commercial complex" from the turn of to the middle of the century. From mid century to now, the CBD has changed again to a "convention-tourist-entertainment centre" in the larger cities. In cities that are not as large, the CBD still remains a "retail-commercial" centre. (Hartshorn, 1;p.) Between 1840 and 170, industrial and commercial industries expanded as retail spread from place to place. Retail was mixed between warehousing and finance. The industrial sector began to decrease as other sectors expanded in the downtown area by 1870 and 100 as well as wholesaling. The Industrial Revolution was an important turning point for the changes in the growth of the CBD. Important Factors in the Growth of the CBD

The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of the preliminary conditions that were brought into the CBD after 1870. More purchasing power appeared in the CBD resulting from the Industrial Revolution. There was more money available to people because of the expansion of the city after the revolution which in turn gave people the desire to buy more goods. The retail sector therefore gained more purchasing power as the industrial sector expanded and hired more people. The spending habits of urban families also show the importance of travel and transportation. (Oi, and Shuldiner, 16;p.) The second preliminary condition was the increase of better transportation. The streetcar became important with the expansion of retail in the downtown area. Again, when there are more people, there is more money to circulate and build a better CBD. With better transportation, more people are attracted to the city centre because it is more convenient for shopping in the different sections and stores in the area. Lastly, population is a huge factor in the growth of the CBD. Growth being the key word, we can say that when there is a larger population, there is growth in a community with jobs and transportation creating more money and expanding the city outwards. Immigration is the reason for the rapid expansion and population growth in cities after 1870. Immigration continues to be a factor in the extended population and expansion of cities all over the world. Some other factors that affect the growth of the CBD are the conditions that change over time but not as slow as the preliminary conditions. Economies of scale deal with production and selling of goods. The more goods that are produced means that there are more goods to be sold and eventually the products will be cheaper depending on the amounts that are selling. For example, large numbers of VCR's were produced and sold. The more that were produced, the more that were sold. When the DVD player came out, the prices of the VCRs decreased and sold and the DVD players began to sell as more were made of the new product. The prices eventually drop and sell more rapidly until people are used to the next new product. Another factor is the 'cut out' of middlemen by the manufacturers.. (Brozowski, 00) It was cheaper to buy goods from a retail store and transportation was available and easy to acquire. The growth of dime stores and there locations at the transport stops contributed in the growth of the CBD because it costs less to transport goods when the stores were located directly at the stops. Dime stores, as there name suggests, were what we call bargain shops today. They were cheap and convenient. The growth of the finance centre began with the need for financial exports. More people were needed to handle the money that entered into the CBD. With the growth of the finance centre, the growing height of buildings became a factor. The vertical growth of buildings resulted in retail pushing industry and wholesale out to the side which was beneficial for the growth of finance. Population is what was wanted from this change and the overall vertical growth produced many technology changes and positive effects on the CBD. (Hartshorn, 1;p-5) Changes in Technology and Effects on the CBD

Before 1880, buildings were constructed with dense building stone and the strength of the walls determined the height that the building would be able to reach. If a taller building was wanted, the walls would have to be constructed extremely thick to support the weight. The thick walls proved to be a waste of space in the CBD.. (Brozowski, 00) New technology was the solution to this problem and the beginning of a new city. At the beginning of the 1th century, iron girders were used as part of the industrial framing system and support for building height. In 1847, Henry Fiedler came up with a technique to make beams with cast and wrought iron sections. Rivets were used with angles and plates to make connections. (Jayachandran, 11;p) "Wrought iron was used in tension since it was twice as strong as cast iron; cast iron was used mostly in struts or columns." (Jayachandran, 11;p) The stress was no longer on the walls of the building structure but on the girders instead. The vertical growth of the city expanded and buildings could be constructed in less stable areas since the buildings were supported by iron bars. The vertical growth of the cities posed the question of transportation from the bottom to the top since stairs were not a reasonable suggestion for travelling the number of floors that were constructed within the building. This is when the invention and introduction of the elevator appeared. In the mid 1800's, the elevator was introduced as a safe means of vertical transportation in the new enhanced vertical buildings. (Brozowski, 00) The increase in height also presented a need for improvement of materials in the areas of stability and safety precautions such as fire proofing and communication because of the stronger winds that are present at higher elevations. The result of the vertical growth began with a large number of new offices that were built due to the verticalness equalling the addition of space and moved to the improvement of the concentration of employment. A problem that occurred with the vertical growth was the congestion of the people at certain times of the day and with their cars since parking was limited and more people were working and traveling around the core. Bigger freeways and multi-level parking had hoped to solve this problem but instead more cars caused more congestion so the subway became the most relevant means of transportation in the improved CBD. The vertical growth made way for improvement of new street patterns and block sizes in the CBD as well.Street Patterns and Block Sizes

These two improvements, street patterns and block sizes, are extremely important in the internal structure of the CBD. They help to form the framework for the city as do the vertical buildings for vertical calculations of the city. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.) The patterns used for the streets and the sizes of each sector in the city play a huge role in the succession of the CBD. Different zones are developed in the city, a pattern which is to help guide the construction of the it and to define each area to better itself and make improvement more visible. An example of a zone pattern includes; Retail Business Uses which are subdivided beginning with food; restaurants, grocery stores, all stores dealing with all foods. Clothing; all types of clothing and fabric stores and shoe stores. Household; fireplace, ovens, sinks, baths, chairs and couches. Automotive; car and truck sales, service centers, tires and parts. Variety; typical convenient stores selling cigarettes, lottery tickets, and treats. Miscellaneous; anything from jewellery to flowers and second hand shops. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.6) These classifications which are clearly subdivided are giving an idea of the land uses which help to map out the block sizes and street patterns in the CBD. Retail location is one of the zones that were just discussed when looking at land use, size and street patterns. There are other certain principles that influence the growth of the CBD as well when dealing with the retail location.Retail Location and its Principles

"More important than the size and shape of the CBD are the ways in which the district is occupied and used." (Murphy, and Vance, p.1) "The "location" of a company may not be confined to the address of the headquarters." (Grant and Nijman, 00;p5) Some businesses such as factories may be located elsewhere in the city, not just at the prime business sites. In terms of retail location, certain principles arise beginning with the trading area potential. The trade area are the shopping malls for example. The possibility of population growth in the future may have an effect on its location within the CBD as well as grocery stores which are already starting to move out of the immediate congested areas. Accessibility to the trade area is another principle that relies on location for the transport routes. If a store is located away from the transport routes, that business is not going to be as successful as the stores that are located on or nearby the routes. The growth potential for the city and the whole area is important because if that area is declining, the location of a business there might not be the best idea. Business interception is a possibility when a store is located in an area that population is in competition(Hartshorn,1p8-4). This idea can be viewed in the description of "ring interceptors"(Hartshorn,1p65). A cumulative attraction was the next factor where the shopping centers were filled with different business chains presenting the image of 'look at all the nice stuff' in the hoping that people will come and buy their products. This was followed by compatibility and then the decreasing competitive hazard of grocery stores and site economics (rent). Grocery stores were spreading out to there own locations, not in immediate congested areas as stated before and depending on the location, rent was great or horrible as was the success of a business according to location. (Brozowski, 00) Location has been stated more than once as one of the most important factors within the CBD and many changes have occurred to make location of areas more successful. The CBD has undergone many positive changes and expansions as well as deterioration which is not covered in this paper simply because the focus is merely on the positive factors, changes and effects of the CBD. Conclusion Although the CBD does cause some problems in the city, the suburbs that have formed because of these issues is just another view of city growth on the outskirts as seen in Toronto and many other large cities. Overall, the CBD is greatly appreciated and beneficial for millions. All of the factors that have been discussed throughout this paper have illustrated positive results for the final outcomes and this in turn presents the question that if the CBD didn't exist, how well off would people be? Without the CBD, life in general would not be as easy as it is today only because of the CBD and the changes that have taken place over the years to upgrade it. All of these factors dealing with the CBD have influenced our entire population and has given us all the best and easiest possible means of life. The CBD is the most beneficial invention to mankind. Without it, there wouldn't be enough time in a year to do the things people do in a day throughout the CBD.Ashlee Gowan Please note that this sample paper on Central Business District is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Central Business District, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Central Business District will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pendulums

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on pendulums. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality pendulums paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in pendulums, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your pendulums paper at affordable prices!A washer swings on a thread, sweeping the face of a cereal box. This box is covered with a grid that measures length and amplitude. It is, in short, a classically simple TOPS learning system. Armed with a stopwatch and calculator, your students will graph length vs frequency into a beautiful curve; theyll stand this curve on its head by plotting the period, then straighten it back out by squaring the period. This straight line leads directly to a simple pendulum equation with powerful applications. Reinforce all this great learning with other simple things that oscillate, from bouncing springs to chains of paper clips.

Hypothesis

- Firstly, i am going to change the length of the string so it is longer. Once i have done this i predict thats the pendulum will take longer to complete one complete swing. I think this because there is more air resistance which slows it down.

Independant Variable

- I will change the length of the string, so it is longer.

Dependant Variable

- To measure the amount of time it takes for a pendulum to complete one full swing.

Controlled Variable (Fair Test)

- I am going to keep the weight of the pendulum the same and the angle the same too.Aim

- To investigate what factors effect the time it takes for a pendulum to complete one complete swing.Apparatus

-String

-Pendulum Swing

-Clamp Stand

-Boss Clamp

-Stopwatch

-Protractor

-G-Clamp

What i did today was when i got ot the playgroup i had to help to get the toys out then the children came with their partents and they helped to. Then the children played with the toys until 10.0 they had to practice their sporsts day.Then they had their milk and squash and their toast then they sang until it was time for the children to be picked up by their parents.

What i learnt todaywas how well the children are at doing things like running and jumping and hopping.

How i will do this in the future i would do the sorts with them to in courage them doing things like tihs.

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Ball

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Goals...- One of the Captain's- Starter- At least 40 threes throughout season (0+ games)

College papers on ball

- Be able to take my man one-on-one- Be able to create my own shot off dribble- 0% foul shooter- I want to get quicker- Improve my defense, not let my defender be able to get by me- Improve ball handling- Get stronger lift- Play AAU ball - I want to be able to dunk by end of summer- Liverpool - Section Champs- I want to play at Glenn FallsAfter High school...- Play division 1 basketballWhat I want to do...- Play overseasI still have trouble controlling myself from the thought of our season. I take it to heart every time someone says something or something reminds me of it. I admit, tears build up, and I cannot take it. I guess realizing 1 of my best friends and my dream are done with. I will always have the 1 friends, but not 8 of them. From the very start, you guys have been everything to me. It all started growing up play together at IHM, to the workouts in the summer, to open gyms, and to summer leagues where we kicked ass. I knew once we had that heartbreaking moment with my dad leaving, we all became a family. We all shared the same feeling and wanted the same thing. To win. I came into the past seasons knowing we were something special. Not knowing where we would go and what we would accomplish. We have worked so hard to be what we are. Thats a credit to you as individuals. Weve had so many great times that will become wonderful memories. This team and season will live on forever. We go from Qs top ten list, to Adrian's and Dan's blocks and dunks, to Skillzs d - psycho. To me and Bumpuss fight in Boston, where I kicked his ass. Jimmys dunk in open gym (ahahah) and hard shots at the glass nearly breaking it. To Kevin's dives and trips randomly in practice. To Nicks crazy shots in practice, his amazing steals, astonishing farts, and screams after a rebound that scars everyone. Including me. All memories last forever. Please note that this sample paper on ball is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ball, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on ball will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Complete Essay on Quantum Mechanics

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JOHNSON TO CLINTON

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The assassination of John Kennedy led to the arrival of another accidental president. Kennedy now becomes the third president killed in office after Garfield and McKinley and Texan Lyndon Johnson became the fifth accidental president in modern American history. Lyndon Johnson was a well experienced politician; this Texas cowboy started his political career in Texas policies and had earned a reputation as a successful congressman. He became the master of political manipulation and the art of power politics. He now planned to expand upon the New Frontier policies of John Kennedy; his slogan was the Great Society- an expansion of the New Frontier. This is the last major political slogan in our modern history and this slogan represents the climax of an active federal government. The Great Society was a drastic expansion of the powers of the federal government. Johnson planned a war on poverty and during his five year presidency, he became the most productive modern president. Yet he is rated only average as president; this is greatly due to his foreign policy which featured the most criticized and most expensive war in our modern history- the Vietnam War.The Johnson accomplishments are numerous and they clearly show that he worked with congress better than most modern presidents. Medicare- health insurance for the elderly- is considered one of his most important and most significant programs. He is also to be remember as one of the most effective civil rights presidents; Kennedy talked of the necessity of legislation to protect the civil rights of all Americans, especially minority Americans. Johnson took Kennedys ideas and push congress to pass the Civil Rights Act- which effectively killed Jim Crow in American society. Johnson is also to be remembered for the passage of the Voting Rights Act which ended the voting restrictions for black Americans. Johnson is also referred to as our freeway president due to the fact that most of our major freeway systems were built with federal government money during his presidency. Johnson expanded community action programs, low income housing projects and created the Office of Economic Opportunity. This became the government agency for minority programs. With pressure from his wife Lady Bird, he adopted the City Beautiful programs to plant trees and flowers where signs and billboards had stood. He also expanding upon Trumans idea of urban renewal. Effective in education reform, he was resonsible for education legislation which instituted bilingual education in schools across the nation as well as purchasing equipment for classrooms with federal funding. He created the agency for the humanities and the arts and went a long way toward the establishment of Public Television in America. Social welfare was expanded with the raising of minimum wage and the raising of social security payments; he created the welfare program and expanded unemployment benefits. Congress was well aware that an effective politician was in the white house and while this politician was crude, he really knew now to be effective with congress. Johnsons achievements also include major expansion of space projecgts, attack on disease through federal funding for medical research and development of depressed regions. The Great Society was a major expansion of the New Deal approach to government and represents the high point of government programs toward individual citizens.The Johnson programs at home were limited by his foreign policy. Johnson believed that he could use the same political manipulation in foreign policy. Johnson believed in the Truman Doctrine and in the Domino Theory; he decided to expand upon Kennedys military aid to South Vietnam. Johnson became the president of the Vietnam War; this war was his undoing. Criticism mounted as did the price tag; Americans could also watch television nightly and see that were not winning the war. This war was the undoing of Johnson and the Great Society; the war took away major funding for his Great Society programs. This war was one situation that Johnson could not control. By 168 he indicated that he felt isolated in the white house and he announced on national television that he would not seek re-election. The Johnson legacy in domestic programs is a very important one and a very detailed one, but he is still remembered today as the president of the Vietnam War- the only war that America ever lost in our entire history. The Johnson rated of average is a mixed bag; here is one of the most effective congressman/presidents, but here is one of the most criticized war presidents. In 168 the anti-Johnson votes would be very numerous; Democratic Herbert Humphrey was in the shadow of Johnson. Republican Richard Nixon was now elected president.Richard Nixon by 168 had made a remarkable political comeback. He had lost a close election to Kennedy in 160 and then he lost when he ran for governor of California. After that loss Nixon announced to the media that he was leaving public office and that they would not have Nixon to kick around anymore. But Nixon remained active behind the scenes in Republican politics and his hard work paid off when he was nominated for president in 168 and elected on the anti-Johnson votes. Insecure Richard Nixon now took over the job of president, always aware of the polls and his overall rating as president.

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To achieve popularity, Nixon tried to appeal to both the conservatives and liberals in America. Actually Nixon was a conservative Republican who planned to cut back the programs of the Great Society and he did just that. The Office of Economic Opportunity, for example, was discontinued. On the other hand, many of his programs appealed to liberals and seemed to try to expand the Great Society. To say that Nixon was inconsistent as a domestic leader is correct. He is responsible for the fact that 18 year olds could vote, for an independent post office, and for major ecology programs. He also ended the draft system and pushed anticrime laws. And during his first term he took major credit for his achievements in space when a man landed on the moon.The Nixon rating is similar to the Johnson rating- both men are rated average, but there strength lies in opposite areas. While Johnson was successful at home, Nixon was successful in foreign policy. Nixon created the Nixon Doctrine which took a new approach to foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine was directed at containment of world communism; the Nixon Doctrine embraced reality in foreign policy. This reality in foreign policy involved dtente- open communications with Russia. Nixon became the first American president to visit Moscow and to take our relations with Russia in a new direction. Nixon felt that we must begin to accept world communism and deal with it in a realistic way. We see this clearly with his China diplomacy. Nixon first invited the Chinese ping pong team to visit the United States; this ping pong diplomacy led to Nixons historic trip to China and to the beginning of diplomatic relations with China. China was even allowed to participate in the United Nations. While Nixon found the Vietnam situation a difficult one to get untangled from, by 17 he had gotten us out of Vietnam. This is Vietnamization and is part of the Nixon Doctrine. Nixon also felt that the United States could not longer send massive foreign aid to western Europe, so he began the New Atlantic Charter which saw a cutback in foreign aid. Today the United States in foreign policy is clearly in the tradition of the Nixon Doctrine; the Truman Doctrine has disappeared as has much of world communism. Americans owe a great deal to Nixons leadership in foreign policy.But Nixons quest for a high rating as president as well as his insecurity and his sensitivity to criticism would be his undoing. Nixon was renominated for president in 17, while most Americans felt that Democrat George McGovern was too liberal for them. But during the campaign there was a break in at the Democratic Headquarters in the Watergate Office Building. This break in did not become an issue during the campaign and Nixon was easily re-elected. But the Watergate break in would become Nixons Watergate Scandal. A special congressional committee was established to investigate the break in and committee research revealed that the committee established to re-elected Nixon was responsible for the break in and for other illegal uses of government power such as wiretappings. Members of Nixons staff became to resign and some of them were charged with crimes. Recorded conversations from the Nixon white house made it clear that Nixon was responsible for the misuse of government powers. While Nixon continued to plead his innocence, a House committee charged him with crimes as president that would lead to his impeachment. Polls showed that Nixon would be found guilty during the trial in the Senate. So in August, 174, Richard Nixon became the first president to resign the presidency. When Nixon was elected in 17, Spiro T. Agnew was elected vice president. But before Nixon resigned, Agnew had resigned. He had been charged with crimes when he was governor of Maryland. Before the Nixon resignation, House minority leader Gerald Ford of Michigan had been appointed vice president. With the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford now became the most accidental president of all. Richard Nixon became the third major scandal president after Grant and Harding. Watergate destroyed his presidency and his presidential rating. He was a real leader in foreign policy but he is still not rated any better than average.Gerald Ford now had a very difficult task. He must restore confidence to government and to move beyond the Watergate Scandal. Gerald Ford had earned a reputation as a hard working, honest congressman who was a former athlete and football center at the University of Michigan. But his goal of restoring confidence was hurt by his early decision to pardon Nixon for any possible crimes he may have committed as president. In addition, Ford was an uninspiring speaker and was viewed as a clumsy president when he nearly fell down all the stairs when he was exiting an airline. This image of a clumsy, dull president who had pardoned Nixon would stay with him for his two years. Ford actually accomplished little. He said that he was a moderate in domestic affairs, a fiscal conservative, and an internationalist in foreign policy. But he would be hurt by runaway inflation and a slow down in the economy. His WIN-whip inflation now- campaign was not successful and he would accomplish little in his relations with congress. Meanwhile the Nixon Doctrine was becoming reality in foreign policy as dtente with Russia continued. Ford never could overcome the Nixon shadow and the anti-Nixon and anti-Republican votes would elected Democrat Jimmy Carter in 176.James Earl Carter, Jr., now became president in 176 and would only serve one term. Carter was the only president in modern history from the deep south. He rose from being a successful peanut farmer to Georgia state politics to governor of Georgia to president in 176. His goal was to create a competent and passionate government, but he had major problems in achieve that goal. Carter was hurt by his lack of experience in national politics along with his thick southern accent which was not always accepted well by the media. While Carter developed a national energy policy, worked for civil service reform and brought about deregulation of the airlines, he was identified with rising prices (inflation) as well as the slowdown of the economy (recession). Plus he was hurt by his alcoholic brother Billy who frequently embarrassed Jimmy Carter; it was during this time that a beer was named after the presidents brother. Billy Beer had limited appeal and did not last long.Carter was also hurt by his morality in foreign policy. His deep roots in Baptist religion were evident in his foreign policy. Wilson and Carter had a similar approach to foreign policy and both had little successful as moral world leaders. Carter found that Russia did not appreciate his comments about their treatment of Russian Jews, while he had little success as a peacemaker in the Middle East. Carter was so upset when Russia invaded Afghanistan that he did not allow our Olympic athletes to participate in the Olympics in 180 in Russia. Americans were also upset that Carter did little to release the American hostages that were being held in the American embassy in Iran. Carters inability to deal with the Iran hostage crisis along with economic problems in particular inflation led to his defeat in 180 and to the election of Republican Ronald Reagan. Today Carter is rated no better than a below average president; his humanitarian work in the world has caused him to be rated a much better ex-president.Ronald Reagan became the first actor president in American History and the oldest president in American history. Reagan was a radio sport announcer who became a movie star and started in 5 films. He eventually became a conservative and was elected governor of California. Six nine days into his presidency, he was nearly killed, but he made a full recovery. With his media background, Reagan was an effective media president along with his sense of humor. But Reagan was still very much an actor as president; to make sure that his live press conferences were limited, he had helicopters in the background and because of the noise his press conferences were often cut short.Reagan wanted a smaller government and a greater America. The decline of the Great Society program was well underway. Meanwhile Reagan offered Americans a new economic program known as Reaganonics. Reaganomics involved the following 1. Taxes were cut so that consumer spending would increase, . Social welfare programs were cut back, . Defense spending was increased 5%, and 4. Foreign loans were increased. This economic program curtailed inflation and created the longest period of prosperity since World War II. Reagan was identified with this economic prosperity and his popular rating caused him to be re-elected over Democrat Walter Mondale in 184.In foreign policy Reagan wanted peace through strength. He began to move in a major way from the Truman Doctrine to the Nixon Doctrine. He had many major talks with Russian leaders, while he declared war on terrorism. While he was moving away from foreign aid for containment, his often gave a little too much power to his advisors. This was clearly seen in the Iran-contra scandal which involved selling arms to Iran and using the money to help the contra fight communism in Central America. While this scandal hurt his rating near the end of his second term, many Americans loved the prosperity of the Reagan years and wanted him nominated for a third term. But the Republicans now turned to his vice president George Bush and the Reagan popularity saw Bush elected in 188. Today experts rate Ronald Reagan an above average president due to the changes his policies brought to the economy and to his use of the media. George Bush wanted a kinder and gentler government. This man had a varied background. He was the youngest pilot in the Navy during World War II and distinguished himself well. After a college education, he entered the oil business in West Texas and then was elected to two terms in the House of Representatives from the state of Texas. He then worked in government and became Director of the CIA and under Reagan was vice president. Bush was never able to work well with congress and his achievements are home are limited. He made many promises, but they were hollow promises. He was hurt by his inability to work with congress, by a declining economy that led to a recession, to inner city violence and by increasing deficit spending.In foreign policy Bush saw the end of the Soviet Union and the major decline of world communism. Then Nixon Doctrine became American foreign policy. Bush sent troops into Panama to capture Noriega and he was the president of the successful Gulf War. The Gulf War was the best time of the Bush presidency, but it was not enough to make him a successful president or to ensure his re-election. Bush today is rated below average. The anti-Bush votes would lead to the election of William Clinton in 1.William Clinton better known as Bill Clinton entered the presidency and promised a better tomorrow. Clinton at 46 became the youngest presidency since Kennedy. Clinton was a hardworking student and was known as a capable sax player. He went from law to local politics and eventually became governor of Arkansas. Clinton continued the Nixon Doctrine in foreign policy while he still had to deal with the effects of the Gulf War. At home he tried to work with congress on a deficit reduction plan and national service program. But he failed with his major health reform and crime plan and by his second term his private life entered his presidency. Clinton had been accused for years of being a womanizer, but it was not clear that these were more than accusations. Clintons involvement with Monica Lewinsky caused the House committee to recommend his impeachment which led to a senate trial. There had never been an impeachment trial since the presidency of Andrew Johnson in the 1860s. Clintons presidency was never in doubt and the Republicans could not get /rd of the senate to vote for his impeachment. While Clintons private life hurt his presidency, his rating remained high due to declining unemployment and continued prosperity. Clinton still has not been rated by experts until he leaves office in 000, but he will be remembered for his womanizing as well as his general ineffectiveness with congress. Please note that this sample paper on JOHNSON TO CLINTON is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on JOHNSON TO CLINTON, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on JOHNSON TO CLINTON will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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