The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants

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Assess the impact of War Communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP) on both the peasantry and proletariat in Russian society between 118 and 18.The policies of war communism and the New Economic Policy (NEP) had a great impact on both the peasantry and the proletariat. Both policies were a desperate attempt to preserve the revolution and this is greatly reflects the reasons why some groups were advantaged and why others were disadvantaged.War communism was implemented as a result of the civil war. Historians such as Maurice Dobb, E. H. Carr, and Stephen Cohen -- have interpreted war communism as a short-term expedient imposed on the Bolsheviks by the emergency demands of civil war and foreign intervention. According to this version, the system was never intended to last into normal peacetime conditions and had no special ideological significance. While this has since become the standard account, several well-informed economists writing in the 10s, such as Boris Brutzkus and Leo Pasvolsky, viewed war communism in a much more ideological light -- as an attempt to realise Marx anti-market socialist or communist utopia. The features of war communism were that peasant land was seized and then nationalised, however the peasant's control. As insufficient grain was reaching the cities the government introduced grain requisition, excess food was seized with Cheka support, it couldn't be sold for a profit. Large scale businesses were nationalised without compensation; this was extended to all business with more than ten people by 118. All private trade was abolished, and the government controlled food with ration cards and workers were paid through food rations. Workers were told when and where to work, often working up to ten hours a day, and strikes became illegal. The impact of War Communism was great on both the peasantry and the proletariat. Most peasants were prepared to burn their crops and kill their livestock rather than hand them over to the Cheka, however the dire consequences that resulted in doing this meant that many peasants did reluctantly hand them over. As the Cheka also took the seed grain an acute shortage of food and a great famine occurred during the period 10-11. Peasants resented these changes and there were many great uprisings during this period of time. This included the peasant revolution led by Antanov and the Tambok region in 11. Peasants that did not cooperate were sent to concentration camps and labour camps. The famine of 11 caused peasants to flee urban centres in search of food. The impact on the peasants were that their livelihood was destroyed they had no way of feeding their families and hence dissatisfaction with the government grew. A wave of strikes in Pertograd demanded the abolishment of grain requisitioning, freedom for peasant to run their own farm, a Soviet based government rather than a Bolshevik based government and amnesty for political prisoners.

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War communism also caused dissatisfaction within the proletariat. They were unhappy about the extremely long working hours and the punishment they received simply for being late. Industrial production declined, as raw materials were not reaching the factories. Food shortages occurred and many starving workers went to the countryside to try and find food. Factories had to close down as raw materials and fuel was not reaching them. The disfavour towards the government by the proletariat was shown as membership of the proletariat to the Bolshevik party greatly declined during this period of time. The great number of illegal strikes and demonstrations caused Lenin to rethink his policy of war communism in order to preserve the revolution.The solution to War Communism was done through the New Economic Policy (NEP). The NEP partly reintroduced capitalism as it was a return to small industries. The NEP abolished requisitioning, concessions were given to the Kuklas, who were allowed to sell their surplus after paying a tax, who could rent land for limited periods of time, hire labour for cultivation and choose what they grew. It was a limited return to the cash economy with cash given rather than the ticketing system in place and private ownership of factories were allowed. Small business owners (Nepman) could purchase raw materials and sell their products but the state still had control of large scale heavy industries within its central planning regime. Lenin was quick to recognise that the peasants were very important stating that "Only the agreement with peasants can save the socialist revolution in Russia" hence the policy seemed to benefit the peasants more than the proletariat, whose lives the revolution was supposed to benefit.When firstly introduced in 11 the NEP had no impact on the peasants as it was introduced too later for the 11 sowing and severe droughts ruined crops in Central Russia and Volga area. This led to the great famine of 11. However in the period 1-1 the harvests were so good, largely due to corn seedlings from the USA, that Russia was able to export a small amount of grain. With the new conditions peasants were able to diversify and produce vegetables and fruits. As a result of this the peasants; standard of living began to improve. However agriculture still remained primitive and inefficient as peasants did not have the capital for investment, and peasants had a tendency to hoard food until prices were higher. This meant that although initial successes had been gained by 16 production levels were only equal to that of 11. Hence the NEP had initial positive impacts on the peasants, however this was not so with the proletariat.Large industry was much slower to recover from the detrimental effects of war communism as was the proletariat, who were supposed to be the beneficiaries of the October Revolution. Although major industries was owned by the government, 'Red Mangers' (former factory mangers) were employed to run nationalised industries. They were often brutal and caused hostility by the proletariat towards the government, as their methods seemed to be a reversal for what the revolution stood for. With demobilisation there was a surplus of labour in town which caused unemployment and low wages at a time of rising agricultural prices. Industrial prices remained low so there was little profit and consequently little investment to expand industry. In the early years the proletariat questioned the NEP more and more and they suffered while the peasantry prospered. The proletariat saw it as the "New Exploitation of the Proletariat".In conclusion both War Communism and the NEP had a great impact on the lives and livelihood of both the peasantry and the proletariat as described above. Whilst the NEP caused a refreshing new outlook to the peasantry after the suffering under War Communism this was not so for the proletariat. Both policies were implemented to preserve the revolution and although the initial revolution was to benefit the proletariat, the preservation of the revolution benefited the peasants. Please note that this sample paper on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on The Impact of War Communism and the NEP on proletariat and peasants will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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On the Ocean Floor

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On to the Ocean Floor A classic ophiolite sequence consists of the following layers: peridotite, gabbro, sheeted dikes, and pillow basalt (from bottom to top). The peridotite is iron and magnesium rich as well as extremely dense. The gabbro layer is produced by the partial melting from the underlying mantle. Sheeted dikes are also referred to as "feeder tubes" that carry magma upward through the chambers. The magma then erupts on the ocean floor to form the pillow basalts. Geologists have determined that it is from the ocean floor and was pushed up during the plate convergences. At Stop #1, Peridotite, I learned that the Smith River is one of the world's largest exposures to peridotite. There are several photographs depicting the Smith River as well as one showing the orange and green colors of the peridotite. Another photo shows the rough outer exterior of the peridotite. At Stop #2, Layered Gabbro, there is a photo of a sand and gravel beach as well as one of a layered rock. The rock in the picture appears similar to a sedimentary rock, but is actually a discontinuous, mixture of light and dark, layered rock. I learned that these color differentiations are produced by the olivine and pyroxene (dark layer) and the plagioclase and pyroxene (light layer).

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At Stop #3, Sheeted Dikes, a photograph of dikes is displayed. This picture is across a river and one can easily see the slanted area of the dikes. This section also reemphasizes the notion that sheeted dikes are responsible for carrying magna upward through the chambers. At Stop #4, Pillow Basalt, the location is Middle Fork of the Smith and there are several pictures of exposed pillow breccia and limestone. I learned that pillow basalt results from the magna brought upward by the sheeted dikes which in turn erupts onto the ocean floor. Please note that this sample paper on On the Ocean Floor is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on On the Ocean Floor, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on On the Ocean Floor will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Central Business District

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THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTIntroduction The central business district (CBD) acts as the most important part of a city where the businesses are found along with the commercial activities in the centre of the city, forming what is known as the core. The CBD is a gradational fragmented zone rather than a single line that can actually be found. There are many important factors that contribute to the growth of the CBD. More purchasing power, better transportation and a larger population are preliminary conditions that have occurred as a slow process in their convergence after 1870. Other conditions that occurred over time include the economies of scale, the elimination of middlemen, the growth and location of dime stores, a need for financial exports and the vertical growth of buildings in the CBD. Changes in technology and the effects on the CBD during the later 1800's will be discussed. Street patterns and block sizes will be touched on briefly with examples of why they are important factors in the growth of the CBD. In terms of retail location, there are certain principles that will be outlined and explained. It is clear that the CBD is an extremely important part of a city as it provides its citizens with the convenience of easily accessed goods and services because of improvement in transportation and other developments in the centre of the city. (Brozowski, 00) The core of the city has undergone many changes which began as a benefit for society and for each business or industry within the district. This paper will illustrate that all the factors previously mentioned are what keep a city and a society functioning in the easiest yet most beneficial way possible.A Brief History of the CBD

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The central business district began as a "retail-commercial district" and transformed into an "office-commercial complex" from the turn of to the middle of the century. From mid century to now, the CBD has changed again to a "convention-tourist-entertainment centre" in the larger cities. In cities that are not as large, the CBD still remains a "retail-commercial" centre. (Hartshorn, 1;p.) Between 1840 and 170, industrial and commercial industries expanded as retail spread from place to place. Retail was mixed between warehousing and finance. The industrial sector began to decrease as other sectors expanded in the downtown area by 1870 and 100 as well as wholesaling. The Industrial Revolution was an important turning point for the changes in the growth of the CBD. Important Factors in the Growth of the CBD

The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of the preliminary conditions that were brought into the CBD after 1870. More purchasing power appeared in the CBD resulting from the Industrial Revolution. There was more money available to people because of the expansion of the city after the revolution which in turn gave people the desire to buy more goods. The retail sector therefore gained more purchasing power as the industrial sector expanded and hired more people. The spending habits of urban families also show the importance of travel and transportation. (Oi, and Shuldiner, 16;p.) The second preliminary condition was the increase of better transportation. The streetcar became important with the expansion of retail in the downtown area. Again, when there are more people, there is more money to circulate and build a better CBD. With better transportation, more people are attracted to the city centre because it is more convenient for shopping in the different sections and stores in the area. Lastly, population is a huge factor in the growth of the CBD. Growth being the key word, we can say that when there is a larger population, there is growth in a community with jobs and transportation creating more money and expanding the city outwards. Immigration is the reason for the rapid expansion and population growth in cities after 1870. Immigration continues to be a factor in the extended population and expansion of cities all over the world. Some other factors that affect the growth of the CBD are the conditions that change over time but not as slow as the preliminary conditions. Economies of scale deal with production and selling of goods. The more goods that are produced means that there are more goods to be sold and eventually the products will be cheaper depending on the amounts that are selling. For example, large numbers of VCR's were produced and sold. The more that were produced, the more that were sold. When the DVD player came out, the prices of the VCRs decreased and sold and the DVD players began to sell as more were made of the new product. The prices eventually drop and sell more rapidly until people are used to the next new product. Another factor is the 'cut out' of middlemen by the manufacturers.. (Brozowski, 00) It was cheaper to buy goods from a retail store and transportation was available and easy to acquire. The growth of dime stores and there locations at the transport stops contributed in the growth of the CBD because it costs less to transport goods when the stores were located directly at the stops. Dime stores, as there name suggests, were what we call bargain shops today. They were cheap and convenient. The growth of the finance centre began with the need for financial exports. More people were needed to handle the money that entered into the CBD. With the growth of the finance centre, the growing height of buildings became a factor. The vertical growth of buildings resulted in retail pushing industry and wholesale out to the side which was beneficial for the growth of finance. Population is what was wanted from this change and the overall vertical growth produced many technology changes and positive effects on the CBD. (Hartshorn, 1;p-5) Changes in Technology and Effects on the CBD

Before 1880, buildings were constructed with dense building stone and the strength of the walls determined the height that the building would be able to reach. If a taller building was wanted, the walls would have to be constructed extremely thick to support the weight. The thick walls proved to be a waste of space in the CBD.. (Brozowski, 00) New technology was the solution to this problem and the beginning of a new city. At the beginning of the 1th century, iron girders were used as part of the industrial framing system and support for building height. In 1847, Henry Fiedler came up with a technique to make beams with cast and wrought iron sections. Rivets were used with angles and plates to make connections. (Jayachandran, 11;p) "Wrought iron was used in tension since it was twice as strong as cast iron; cast iron was used mostly in struts or columns." (Jayachandran, 11;p) The stress was no longer on the walls of the building structure but on the girders instead. The vertical growth of the city expanded and buildings could be constructed in less stable areas since the buildings were supported by iron bars. The vertical growth of the cities posed the question of transportation from the bottom to the top since stairs were not a reasonable suggestion for travelling the number of floors that were constructed within the building. This is when the invention and introduction of the elevator appeared. In the mid 1800's, the elevator was introduced as a safe means of vertical transportation in the new enhanced vertical buildings. (Brozowski, 00) The increase in height also presented a need for improvement of materials in the areas of stability and safety precautions such as fire proofing and communication because of the stronger winds that are present at higher elevations. The result of the vertical growth began with a large number of new offices that were built due to the verticalness equalling the addition of space and moved to the improvement of the concentration of employment. A problem that occurred with the vertical growth was the congestion of the people at certain times of the day and with their cars since parking was limited and more people were working and traveling around the core. Bigger freeways and multi-level parking had hoped to solve this problem but instead more cars caused more congestion so the subway became the most relevant means of transportation in the improved CBD. The vertical growth made way for improvement of new street patterns and block sizes in the CBD as well.Street Patterns and Block Sizes

These two improvements, street patterns and block sizes, are extremely important in the internal structure of the CBD. They help to form the framework for the city as do the vertical buildings for vertical calculations of the city. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.) The patterns used for the streets and the sizes of each sector in the city play a huge role in the succession of the CBD. Different zones are developed in the city, a pattern which is to help guide the construction of the it and to define each area to better itself and make improvement more visible. An example of a zone pattern includes; Retail Business Uses which are subdivided beginning with food; restaurants, grocery stores, all stores dealing with all foods. Clothing; all types of clothing and fabric stores and shoe stores. Household; fireplace, ovens, sinks, baths, chairs and couches. Automotive; car and truck sales, service centers, tires and parts. Variety; typical convenient stores selling cigarettes, lottery tickets, and treats. Miscellaneous; anything from jewellery to flowers and second hand shops. (Murphy, Vance and Epstein, p.6) These classifications which are clearly subdivided are giving an idea of the land uses which help to map out the block sizes and street patterns in the CBD. Retail location is one of the zones that were just discussed when looking at land use, size and street patterns. There are other certain principles that influence the growth of the CBD as well when dealing with the retail location.Retail Location and its Principles

"More important than the size and shape of the CBD are the ways in which the district is occupied and used." (Murphy, and Vance, p.1) "The "location" of a company may not be confined to the address of the headquarters." (Grant and Nijman, 00;p5) Some businesses such as factories may be located elsewhere in the city, not just at the prime business sites. In terms of retail location, certain principles arise beginning with the trading area potential. The trade area are the shopping malls for example. The possibility of population growth in the future may have an effect on its location within the CBD as well as grocery stores which are already starting to move out of the immediate congested areas. Accessibility to the trade area is another principle that relies on location for the transport routes. If a store is located away from the transport routes, that business is not going to be as successful as the stores that are located on or nearby the routes. The growth potential for the city and the whole area is important because if that area is declining, the location of a business there might not be the best idea. Business interception is a possibility when a store is located in an area that population is in competition(Hartshorn,1p8-4). This idea can be viewed in the description of "ring interceptors"(Hartshorn,1p65). A cumulative attraction was the next factor where the shopping centers were filled with different business chains presenting the image of 'look at all the nice stuff' in the hoping that people will come and buy their products. This was followed by compatibility and then the decreasing competitive hazard of grocery stores and site economics (rent). Grocery stores were spreading out to there own locations, not in immediate congested areas as stated before and depending on the location, rent was great or horrible as was the success of a business according to location. (Brozowski, 00) Location has been stated more than once as one of the most important factors within the CBD and many changes have occurred to make location of areas more successful. The CBD has undergone many positive changes and expansions as well as deterioration which is not covered in this paper simply because the focus is merely on the positive factors, changes and effects of the CBD. Conclusion Although the CBD does cause some problems in the city, the suburbs that have formed because of these issues is just another view of city growth on the outskirts as seen in Toronto and many other large cities. Overall, the CBD is greatly appreciated and beneficial for millions. All of the factors that have been discussed throughout this paper have illustrated positive results for the final outcomes and this in turn presents the question that if the CBD didn't exist, how well off would people be? Without the CBD, life in general would not be as easy as it is today only because of the CBD and the changes that have taken place over the years to upgrade it. All of these factors dealing with the CBD have influenced our entire population and has given us all the best and easiest possible means of life. The CBD is the most beneficial invention to mankind. Without it, there wouldn't be enough time in a year to do the things people do in a day throughout the CBD.Ashlee Gowan Please note that this sample paper on Central Business District is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Central Business District, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Central Business District will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pendulums

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on pendulums. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality pendulums paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in pendulums, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your pendulums paper at affordable prices!A washer swings on a thread, sweeping the face of a cereal box. This box is covered with a grid that measures length and amplitude. It is, in short, a classically simple TOPS learning system. Armed with a stopwatch and calculator, your students will graph length vs frequency into a beautiful curve; theyll stand this curve on its head by plotting the period, then straighten it back out by squaring the period. This straight line leads directly to a simple pendulum equation with powerful applications. Reinforce all this great learning with other simple things that oscillate, from bouncing springs to chains of paper clips.

Hypothesis

- Firstly, i am going to change the length of the string so it is longer. Once i have done this i predict thats the pendulum will take longer to complete one complete swing. I think this because there is more air resistance which slows it down.

Independant Variable

- I will change the length of the string, so it is longer.

Dependant Variable

- To measure the amount of time it takes for a pendulum to complete one full swing.

Controlled Variable (Fair Test)

- I am going to keep the weight of the pendulum the same and the angle the same too.Aim

- To investigate what factors effect the time it takes for a pendulum to complete one complete swing.Apparatus

-String

-Pendulum Swing

-Clamp Stand

-Boss Clamp

-Stopwatch

-Protractor

-G-Clamp

What i did today was when i got ot the playgroup i had to help to get the toys out then the children came with their partents and they helped to. Then the children played with the toys until 10.0 they had to practice their sporsts day.Then they had their milk and squash and their toast then they sang until it was time for the children to be picked up by their parents.

What i learnt todaywas how well the children are at doing things like running and jumping and hopping.

How i will do this in the future i would do the sorts with them to in courage them doing things like tihs.

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Ball

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ball. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ball paper right on time.

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Goals...- One of the Captain's- Starter- At least 40 threes throughout season (0+ games)

College papers on ball

- Be able to take my man one-on-one- Be able to create my own shot off dribble- 0% foul shooter- I want to get quicker- Improve my defense, not let my defender be able to get by me- Improve ball handling- Get stronger lift- Play AAU ball - I want to be able to dunk by end of summer- Liverpool - Section Champs- I want to play at Glenn FallsAfter High school...- Play division 1 basketballWhat I want to do...- Play overseasI still have trouble controlling myself from the thought of our season. I take it to heart every time someone says something or something reminds me of it. I admit, tears build up, and I cannot take it. I guess realizing 1 of my best friends and my dream are done with. I will always have the 1 friends, but not 8 of them. From the very start, you guys have been everything to me. It all started growing up play together at IHM, to the workouts in the summer, to open gyms, and to summer leagues where we kicked ass. I knew once we had that heartbreaking moment with my dad leaving, we all became a family. We all shared the same feeling and wanted the same thing. To win. I came into the past seasons knowing we were something special. Not knowing where we would go and what we would accomplish. We have worked so hard to be what we are. Thats a credit to you as individuals. Weve had so many great times that will become wonderful memories. This team and season will live on forever. We go from Qs top ten list, to Adrian's and Dan's blocks and dunks, to Skillzs d - psycho. To me and Bumpuss fight in Boston, where I kicked his ass. Jimmys dunk in open gym (ahahah) and hard shots at the glass nearly breaking it. To Kevin's dives and trips randomly in practice. To Nicks crazy shots in practice, his amazing steals, astonishing farts, and screams after a rebound that scars everyone. Including me. All memories last forever. Please note that this sample paper on ball is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ball, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on ball will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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