Power play 1984

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Relationships at all levels involve complex power playAll human history, thought and action has what Nietzsche describes as 'the will to power' at its core. An individual's desires are best explained within the context of power, as their realization more often than not necessitate the exclusion of other's desires. This can be seen in George Orwell's novel 184, in which he uses a fictional totalitarian Government (modeled on the USSR, Nazi Germany and to a lesser extent the Medieval Catholic Church) to give an exaggerated account of how individuals and regimes use misinformation and fear to gain power over people's words, thoughts, actions and labours. The manifestations of man's quest for power are evident in all levels of relationships. People seek power in their communities, in their families, in their peer groups, relationships and institutions. From mass revolts to domestic violence, mankind is intoxicated with the idea of gaining personal power. Orwell, in 184, offers are simplistic, but useful, explanation of the division of power through history. There is the upper class, whose motivation is to maintain it's power, the middle class, that wishes to replace the upper, and the lower class, that wishes to eliminate the classes above it, the classes that hold power and exploits their labour potential. Throughout history, mechanisms have been employed by each of the classes to gain or maintain power. The Upper class tried to maintain it's power by claiming a divine mandate, and creating a Monarchic personality cult. The middle class used commerce and capitalism to elevate themselves up the social ladder, and the lower classes adopted socialism with the hope of creating a 'dictatorship of the proletariat'. But despite the evolution of these different mechanisms, there still remains distinct class divisions, in our society. The three different classes have changed their colours, methods and membership over time, but there still remains a minority in power, and a majority that aspire to gain power. Once one has power, however, there remains the question; how does one maintain it? Orwell provided his own answers in 184 through the character of O'Brien, an Ingsoc party official. The maintenance of power in Oceania has numerous facets. One was the creation of a personality cult centered on a mythical leader known as 'Big Brother'. In all likelihood Big Brother had never existed, had died, or had grown old, but in the party mythology, he was immortal and infallible; the personification of the body politic. He is used in the same manner as religions use God; he is the focus of the people's love, the giver of rewards, and the punisher of wrong deeds, all the beneficial aspects of society are attributed to him. In all practicality, he is a figurehead, the state is not administered by him at all, but from the four ministries of Love (fear), Peace (war), Plenty (scarcity) and Truth (lies). And also, as with religion, all that is bad is blamed on a Satan-like figure, in Oceania, he is Emmanuel Goldstein. In the USSR, Stalin achieved the same result through mythologizing his own life and character, and demonizing that of his former party colleague Leon Trotsky.Another way Ingsoc maintains power is through it's involvement in a state of permanent and fruitless war. This serves as both a propaganda tool; it engenders hatred for the enemy, as opposed to their own regime, and through the use of atrocity stories, inciting an emotional response in the public, and giving moral legitimacy to war effort. This 'atrocity story' tactic is not a fictional tactic, it was used in 10/1 by the US Government to legitimize it's war in Iraq, the American press hounded upon the story of a Kuwaiti hospital in which three hundred premature babies were killed by Iraqi soldiers. The New York Times revealed, after the end of the war that Some of the atrocities that had been reported, such as the killing of infants in the main hospitals shortly after the invasion, are untrue or have been exaggerated" (/8/1). The Howard Government also used this tactic in the run up last year's federal election, when they revealed 'proof' that refugees had thrown their children overboard as their vessel was challenged by the Australian Navy. It has since been revealed that this 'evidence' was misinterpreted, or at worst, fabricated. So one can see that even democratic Governments use misinformation to maintain power and legitimacy; George Bush Snr. did it to maintain support for his war in Iraq, Howard, to draw the public mind off domestic issues and secure an election victory.

Another form of power dealt with in 184 is that of the individual over his own autonomy; freedom of thought and the power to shape one's own destiny. One of the most important manifestations of power is that of freedom. Winston Smith was motivated by this need for personal power. He felt alone and overwhelmed by the power of the state, so he attempted to counter it by maintaining a heretical state of mind. O'Brien acknowledged the significance of this personal autonomy as a thorn in the side of the State's aspirations to permanent and all pervading power; "it is intolerable to us that an erroneous thought should exist anywhere in the world, however secret and powerless it may be". The state in 184 is one that imposes a consensus, revisionist reality, with a history that is constantly altered and corrected to suit the party line. Any deviant from this reality are punished by "vaporization". The effect is that the individual is alienated from his peers, family and friends, yet at the same time assimilated into an organic machine fueled by the thirst for power of the Oligarchy that controls it. In this reality, the only power an individual can grasp is power over that which lies between one's ears; one's thoughts. In the film American Beauty, husband, father and white collar worker Lester Burnham feels very much in the same boat as Winston; he is dissatisfied with his job, his life, and feels oppressed in his relationship with his wife. He gains personal power for himself in the same way as Winston, by rebelling against that which he feels powerless. He quits his job, buys a sportscar, and takes up marijuana. In his home he finally explodes at the dinner table, throwing his plate at the wall, and for the first time in the movie, he has power in the household. His wife, feeling powerless herself, rebels against him by having an affair and taking up sharp shooting. His daughter, feeling oppressed and powerless in her relationship with her parents and her best friend, seeks her own personal power through a relationship with the son of her neighbours, whose father fights to overpower his own latent homosexuality by becoming a bigot and violently asserting authority over his son, who he suspects of giving sexual favours to Lester. What we see is a harmful and often violent web of powerplay within a familial context. In 184, Ingsoc subverts the rebellious instinct of children by encouraging them to spy on their parents and betray them to the thought police if they display unorthodox behaviour. The character Parsons was betrayed in this manner for denouncing Big Brother in his sleep. Ingsoc takes advantage of the child's own thirst for power in the household; Lewis Mumford, an American Humanist philosopher observed that "every generation revolts against its fathers and makes friends with its grandfathers"; in the case of 184, Ingsoc has replaced the idea of a grandfather with that of Big Brother, it could be theorized that in Oceania, most outer party members do not live long enough to become grandfathers. O'Brien has this to say for personal power; "alone, free, the human being is always defeated", this is true for both Lester and Winston, they were both destroyed in the end, the former by a bullet, the latter through prolonged torture and brainwashing.184 offers a chilling picture of power, and the potential for great injustice in it's acquisition. It is by no means pure fiction; there were obvious elements of Oceania in Nazi Germany, the USSR, and regimes like the one set up by the Communists in Cambodia were terrifying emulations of Ingsoc. Have no illusions about human nature, power can corrupt anyone. Bill Clinton once said "politics gives guys so much power that they tend to behave badly around women. And I hope I never get into that" a fairly self explanatory example of the corruption of power. Even in Democratic countries we see Politicians misleading the public for the sake of personal and political power. Mankind can veil his desires with noble intent, but what really exists is only the will to power, In 184, O'brien dismisses the rhetoric of all the socialist and fascist revolutions before his, and offers this maxim; "one does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes a revolution in order to establish a dictatorship…. The object of power is power". Please note that this sample paper on power play 1984 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on power play 1984, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on power play 1984 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Reality Tv: Big Brother

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Real New Formats of Television Looking at Big Brother.By Phillip BellThe term 'Reality television,' has become popular in recent years to describe programmes that depict events and interactions, which are supposedly true depictions of the 'real.' As to what constitutes the 'real,' is a constant source of debate and discrepancy. One such example, which attempts to disprove the reality of such shows, and prove 'Reality Television,' to be a misnomer is Phillip Bell's article, 'Real new formats of television looking at Big Brother.' Bell's analysis focuses on the Reality game show, Big Brother, and portrays the negative aspects of it through analysing the contestants as well as those who watch them; the audience.He presents this pessimistic attitude by using sarcasm, ironies and snide comments, which often appear after a statement in brackets, "They encourage competitive and self-examining behaviours of their participants (victims?)…"1 By doing so the reader is positioned to see Bell's point of view, which offers no credit to Reality television and if anything mocks it.

School papers on Reality Tv: Big Brother

Bell begins with an interesting comparison of George Orwell's novel '184' and the show 'Big Brother,' which evokes a sense of nostalgia and regret from Bell as to what modern day entertainment has become. Big Brother was once "watching his cowering subjects for signs of rebellion," and is now, "paying selected members of the audience to cross over to the other side of the all-seeing lens." This notion that Big Brother, no longer represents a serious and deadly authority but rather a voyeur; concerned with entertainment and ratings somehow diminishes it's authenticity and depiction of the 'real.'Despite Bell's stern standpoint on what is 'real,' his discussion of contestants involved are insightful. Bell accurately notes that those selected are, "carefully selected 'ordinary' people," who are specifically chosen, "…to generate certain kinds of stories, certain kinds of competitive and cooperative behaviours and inter-personal conflicts." This of course affects the 'real' as there is bias from the onset of their appearance on screen. There are also the specifics of why one is chosen; their 'role' if you like. It is imposed upon the contestant to play up to this role that the program producers have chosen them for. "They'll play the theatrical roles they've been chosen to play vixen, slut ingnue, yobbo, etc." Such behavioural patterns Bell describes as 'demand characteristics,' which he verifies by describing a societal experiment conducted around the theme of imprisonment. People involved in this experiment felt compelled to 'perform their role,' such as attempt escape if a prisoner and to rule harshly if a guard. Although Bell uses this as an effective argument against an accurate portrayal of oneself on Big Brother, we must acknowledge the fact that we are all subjected to some form of societal conformity within everyday life. There are multi-facets of every person and when put in different situations we often display or conceal certain aspects of our true self in order to be accepted. By showing different sides of their personality, appropriate to the current situation the contestants are faced with a double-edged sword. Bell discusses this as a kind of equilibrium, which entails keeping not only the audience content but their fellow contestants as well. By being too extreme one risks challenging societal norms and hence being pushed to the outer, which of course leads to elimination. Furthermore, being deprived of certain necessities such as family, sex, food and freedom will as Bell points out, inevitably lead to extreme behaviour, where uncharacteristic behavioural traits are displayed in order to win, survive or maintain dignity. This is perhaps where the untrue portrayal of oneself comes into play as competitiveness and winning become issues. On the June 10 (00) Big Brother Live nominations episode, the housemate Mirabai admitted, "There is something held back because you have to think about the game." Such a comment confirms Bell's point of view, that contestants are reserved in offering their real selves as it ultimately comes down to the fact that it is just that; a game.However, what sort of game would it be without a judge or mediator? This is where the audience come into play. Perhaps the most appealing facet of reality game shows is the authoritative position that the audience hold; that of judge. Bell comments that the audience "…interacts with the participants and their games, judging them, voting for or against them." He perceives this as a rather unnatural situation referring to this arrangement as 'perverse,' and 'voyeuristic;' both of which hold negative connotations. By perceiving this as unnatural Bell is neglecting to acknowledge that this form of behaviour occurs in everyday normal situations. It is inherent within human nature to observe something and then to pass judgement on it. One meets a new acquaintance and within tenths of a second has reduced them to a particular category or stereotype.Interestingly Bell not only looks at how the audience judge the contestants but how doing so forces them to judge themselves, consciously or not. This is achieved through the television channel ('agent provocateur'), who attempts to "catch the audience in their own moralistic web." Agreeably this is the hook which draws many viewers as we are sub-consciously subjected to internal scrutiny, asking ourselves, "What would I do in that situation?"Bell's discussion of why people pass judgement raises a valid and interesting point. When, as an audience, we are faced with displays of body flaunting, raw sexuality, and primitive behaviour, "…the native or 'feral' Aussie is on display, and the audience is made uncomfortably aware that it may be more like that species than it cares to admit." It is as though the viewer watches this behaviour that society deems as unacceptable, openly criticises it, despite feeling sub-consciously aroused and interested in behaving likewise and hypocritically act similarly in their own lives.Moreover, Bell's main qualm with Reality television appears to be that "…they exhibit a kind of perverse, rather than a critical or ironic 'pseudo-documentary.'" This 'pseudo-documentary,' he believes stems from the fact that the contestant know there is an audience who are watching and judging the contestants, therefore there is "….the demand to act as though they are not being looked at," which will undeniably tamper with the 'real.'Without being able to discuss this notion of the 'real,' as a balanced argument, Bell's only form of flattery throughout his article appears with sarcastic undertones, "Big Brother may not be reality but it certainly is television."By making unjust generalisations, Bells argument diminishes in worth. He refers to all contestants as "minimally educated, heavy television viewers." This judgemental voice appears loudly in his concluding paragraph where he tries to define the problem with Reality television. He states, "…it is not its apparently ignorant or vulgar participants who are the problem. Nor is it 'human nature.' Rather, it is the imprisoning situations constructed for us to think of as reality itself that should incite the critics' indignation." Perhaps as an academic this should be taken into account, but for the everyday viewer it is human nature, which holds their interest and is of the highest importance.Although Bell's article does raise some interesting and valid points, his overall attitude is negative and sarcastic. He does not conclusively prove that these shows do not present 'real' situations and people, nor does he gain any kudos by being closed-minded and cynical. By treating the general population as a collective whole, he is forced to make sweeping generalisations, which are often unjustified. Furthermore Bell passes judgement on such things as the contestants intellects, and of the type of people who would be amused by, "the selfish, the perverse, the eccentric," thus appearing class-orientated and naïve towards the richness and quality of human nature. In this sense Reality television is more 'real' than Bell gives it credit for. As an objective audience we catch sight of glimmers of the real and it is these that we should grab on to. BibliographyBell, Phillip, "Real New Formats of Television," Media Information Australia, No. 100, August 001 Big Brother Live nominations, Southern Star Endemol, Broadcast date June 10, 00 (Network Ten) Please note that this sample paper on Reality Tv: Big Brother is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Reality Tv: Big Brother, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Reality Tv: Big Brother will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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William Faulkner

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William Cuthbert Falkner was Born September 5, 187, in New Albany Mississippi. William Cuthbert Falkner changed his last name upon the publish of his first book to Faulkner. William's father was the business manager of the University of Mississippi in the town of Oxford, and his mother was a literary woman who encouraged William and his three brothers to read. William was a good student, but lost interest in studies during high school. He dropped out in his sophomore year and did odd jobs while writing poetry. In 118 his high school girlfriend, Estelle Oldham, married another man, and William left Mississippi. He joined the British Royal Flying Corps but World War I ended before he finished his training in Canada, and he returned to Mississippi. A neighbor gave money to William for the publication of his first book of poems, The Marble faun. His first novel Soldiers Pay was published two years later. In 1 Faulkner finally married Estelle Oldham Franklin. She had divorced her first husband after having two children. William and his wife Estelle bought a ruined mansion near Oxford. Faulkners difficult novels did not earn him enough money to support his family, so he started selling short stories to magazines and working as a Hollywood screenwriter. He wrote two critically acclaimed films, both starring Humphrey Bogart. To Have and have Not was based on an Ernest Hemingway novel, and The Big Sleep was based on a mystery by Raymond Chandler. Faulkners reputation received a significant boost with the publication of The Portable Faulkner which included his many stories set in Yoknapatawpha county. Three years later, in 14, he won the Nobel Prize for literature. His Collected Stories won the National Book Award, and A Fable won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize in 155. He was writer in residence at the University of Virginia from 157-58 and lectured on university campuses. Faulkners. He died of a heart attack in Mississippi at age 55.

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William Faulkner wrote Many good Novels. Two of those Novels he Wrote is The sound and the Fury and Light in August. The Sound and the Fury is based on three bothers located In different times. While Light in August is Based on a Pregnant girl who comes to Jefferson, Mississippi, To see her father but is only surprised by tradegy.Trothers located in three different historical times--Benjy Compson, a severely retarded thirty-three-year-old man in 18, Quentin Compson, a young student at Harvard in 110, and Jason Compson, a bitter farm-supply-store worker in 18--The Sound and the Fury portrays the decline and fall of the Compson family, once the most prominent dynasty in Jackson, Mississippi. Mr. Compson and Mrs. Compson have four children the three brothers and one sister, Caddy. Jason is mean-spirited and difficult from birth, and is kept at a distance by the other children. Quentin and Caddy are extremely close. In the absence of the self-absorbed, ailing Mrs. Compson, Caddy serves as a mother figure for Benjy.As the children grow older and become adolescents, Caddy begins to behave promiscuously, which torments Quentin into fits of jealousy and Benjy into fits of moaning and crying. Quentin is preparing to go to Harvard, and the family sells a large pasture to a local golf club in order to marshal the funds to send him there. Caddy loses her virginity, which causes Quentin to threaten to kill her and himself--a threat she accepts as a suggestion. Quentin, shattered, lies to his father, claiming that he and Caddy have committed incest; but Mr. Compson does not believe him, and tells him to leave early for the Northeast.Caddy becomes pregnant, and is unable or unwilling to name the father of the child, which is probably Dalton Ames. She is forced to marry very quickly, to a banker she met in Indiana, Herbert Head; Herbert promises Jason a job, but divorces Caddy once he realizes she is pregnant with another mans child. He also withdraws the job offer to Jason. In the meantime, Quentin, unable to bear the knowledge of Caddys sin, commits suicide by drowning himself toward the end of his first year at Harvard.Caddy is expelled from the Compson family, but Mr. and Mrs. Compson take in her daughter, whom Caddy names Quentin, after her brother. Miss Quentin is raised largely by Dilsey, the Compsons Negro cook. When Mr. Compson dies of alcoholism a year or so after Quentins suicide, Jason becomes the head of the household, and begins to work in the local farm-supply store. He also finds ingenious ways to blackmail his sister; in addition, he steals the money that Caddy sends to support Miss Quentins upbringing. Miss Quentin grows up into a rebellious, unhappy, and promiscuous girl, continually in conflict with her overbearing and vicious uncle Jason. Eventually, she steals several thousand dollars from him and runs away with a man from a traveling show. He chases after them, butis unable to catch up.A young pregnant girl named Lena Grove comes to Jefferson, Mississippi, in search of Lucas Burch, the father of her unborn child. On the day of her arrival, Jefferson is shaken by a tragedy the home of Joanna Burden, the heiress of a family of Northern abolitionists, burns to the ground, and Miss Burden is found dead, her head almost completely severed from her body. A man named Joe Brown comes forward to claim the thousand-dollar reward for information regarding the murder. He claims that Joe Christmas, a half-negro mill worker who used to be his bootlegging partner, had been Joannas lover and committed the murder. Byron Bunch, who helps Lena find a place to stay when she reaches Jefferson, realizes that Joe Brown is the same person as Lucas Burch, and that he is simply using Joe Brown as an alias. Against the advice of his friend, the outcast Reverend Hightower, Byron installs Lena in the old negro cabin where Joe Brown and Joe Christmas lived before the murder. He does not tell her about the role of her lover in the tragic recent events.Joe Christmas, who was sent away from his orphanage at a young age to be raised by the strict, almost inhuman Presbyterian McEachern, lives in the wilderness, trying to evade capture, and remembering his past--the long road of prostitutes and fighting that followed his killing of McEachern and his separation from his first lover, the prostitute Bobbie Allen. At last, Joe is unable to bear the struggle to avoid being caught and the attendant inner struggle to retain a measure of his humanity; he goes to Mottstown, where he is captured. The townspeople are outraged that Joe, a nigger, would dare to lay hands on a white woman; Joe only escapes lynching because a local man stands to collect the reward if he is transported safely to Jefferson. Joes grandparents, whom he has never seen, happen to live in Mottstown and hear of his capture. His grandfather, the fanatic religionist and racist Uncle Doc Hines, wants to kill him or have him lynched, but his grandmother, Mrs. Hines, protects him.They follow him to Jefferson, where they meet Byron Bunch. Byron takes them to see Reverend Hightower, and asks Hightower to support a false alibi for Joe, claiming that he was with Hightower on the night of the murder. The alibi is tantamount to acknowledging a homosexual relationship with Joe, however, and Hightower, who has been accused of such a relationship in the past, angrily declines. Shortly thereafter, Lenas baby is born; Byron cannot find a doctor, so Hightower is forced to deliver it himself. Through this act, he begins to feel triumphantly reconnected to the world from which he has been isolated for so long.Joe escapes from his captors in Jefferson and runs to Hightowers house, where he is killed and castrated by Percy Grimm, a racist army captain. Before Grimm kills Joe, Hightower tries to claim that Joe was with him the night of the murder. The claim fails, but the bare attempt completes Hightowers redemption; when he dies not long thereafter, he sees a giant, luminous wheel made of faces from his life, and his face is included on the wheel. Lena and Byron leave Jefferson with the baby, in pursuit of Lucas Burch, who fled out a window when he was taken to see Lena. Byron hopes that Lena will give up searching for Burch and marry him, but Lena insists on continuing the journey--possibly just because she enjoys traveling. Please note that this sample paper on William Faulkner is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on William Faulkner, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on William Faulkner will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Heart of Darkness

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The late 1th century represented a high water mark for European colonialism. This drive by European nations to accumulate overseas possessions and thus demonstrate their superiority (moral, social and military) over the native populations became known as the scramble or race for Africa. Heart of Darkness is set in the Congo Free State, which at the time, was owned by King Leopold of Belgium. King Leopold was portrayed by the popular media of his time as a philanthropist who selflessly devoted his efforts to rescue and "civilise" the peoples of central Africa. He proposed to end slavery in the Congo, protect the rights of the natives and guarantee free trade. During the decade after publication of Heart of Darkness, Leopold's rule of the Congo became viewed with reference to the last words of Conrad's fictional ivory company agent, the depraved Mr. Kurtz" The horror! The horror!"Marlow, Conrad's protagonist, has an ambivalent attitude towards colonialism which is expressed throughout the novel but with increasing frequency, he attacks it. He questions man's right to abuse foreign countries and peoples for the sake of prosperity and wealth, sometimes using irony After all, I also was part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings (p.), sometimes ridicule … trading places with names like Gran' Bassam, Little Popo names that seemed to belong to some sordid farce acted in front of a sinister black-cloth (p.18 ), merry dance of death and trade (p.1), weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares (p.0). Colonialism was underwritten by a series of powerful ideas, which can also be labeled ideologies. These ideas were; the childishness or inhumanity of native populations; the exportability and broad relevance of Christianity; the superiority of European civilization (laws, customs, etc.) and the hierarchy of the races. Marlow attacks the excesses of colonialism but defends the idea, " What redeems it is the idea only. An idea at the back of it; not a sentimental pretence but an idea; and an unselfish belief in the idea--something you can set up, and bow down before, and offer a sacrifice to. . . . (p.8). These ideas were used as a defense for colonialism. The prevailing attitude of the day is personified in Marlow's idealistic aunt. She feels that colonizing the world is imperative for everybody and uses the self-deceiving arguments that Kurtz utilizes believing that the prime reason for colonization is to enlighten the primitives "…weaning those ignorant millions of their horrid ways" (p.17). Kurtz states that "Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a centre for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing" (p.47).

The "darkness" that Marlow refers to as needing to be tackled is the unknown which in Marlow's case is the Congo and the Congolese. The "otherness" of the natives was seen as less than human A primitive pre-European state A state that has to be overcome. It was considered the moral and ethical duty of civilized people to tackle the "darkness" but the the irony is that colonialism itself is morally "dark" and corrupt. The only way Marlow can speak of the "darkness" is to point to it by saying that it is "indescribable/ inscrutable". He has no language for it. When Marlow refers to the "work", he really means the irrational and meaningless violation of the foreign lands and their peoples. In fact, Marlow often mentions things to the effect that no effort is made by the colonialists to understand the local population they exploit as raw matter. The process of colonisation was not a "pretty thing". The native population was "enslaved" to assist with the developed of colony. While the building of a railway line gets underway, Marlow watches as six black men make their way up a pathThey walked erect and slow, balancing small baskets full of earth on their heads, and the clink kept time with their footsteps. Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking (p.1). When the local people have outlasted their usefulness, they are 'allowed' to crawl away and dieBlack shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair. Another mine on the cliff went off, followed by a slight shudder of the soil under my feet. The work was going on. The work! And this was the place where some of the helpers had withdrawn to die. They were dying slowly--it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now-- nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. These moribund shapes were free as air--and nearly as thin. I began to distinguish the gleam of the eyes under the trees. Then, glancing down, I saw a face near my hand. The black bones reclined at full length with one shoulder against the tree, and slowly the eyelids rose and the sunken eyes looked up at me, enormous and vacant, a kind of blind, white flicker in the depths of the orbs, which died out slowly (pp.-4).Marlow realises that the Company is obsessed with the acquisition of ivory. The greed and avarice is highlighted by Marlow's thoughts, "The word 'ivory' rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed" (p.). Ivory is God to the pilgrims as apposed to the Christian God they are supposed to worship. The Company supplies, "rubbishy cottons, beads and brass-wire" (p.6) which it trades for immensely valuable ivory. The local people are exploited and compelled to carry goods and ivory on behalf of the Company. The comment of the sickly man explaining his reasons for being in the Congo as "To make money, of course. What do you think?" (pp.8-), epitomises the general attitude of the company and all those employed by it. But trade was not the only way to procure ivory. Kurtz uses "unsound" methods to obtain the precious white gold. The implication is that he takes it by force. The manager when discussing the issue with Marlow says "Mr Kurtz has done more harm then good for the company" (p.1). The most brutal person Marlow encounters is Kurtz. The Company's chief accountant, describes Kurtz as "a very remarkable person" who "sends in as much ivory as all the others put together" (p.6). The chief accountant has no idea of Kurtz's downfall both morally and spiritually. Kurtz ends up as the least civilised of the lot. A person who "decorates" his station with the severed heads of the Congolese people he has murdered. The attitude of the pilgrims on the steamer who fire into the crowd after collected Kurtz is summed up by Marlow as follows And then that imbecile crowd down on the deck started their little fun, and I could see nothing more for smoke (p.100). These pilgrims are not in the Congo for spiritual purposes. They are purely adventurers looking for their fortune. They see the local people as nothing more than animals that stand in the way of their goal of self enrichment. Conrad, through Marlow, questions the white man's exploitation of the unexplored "dark" parts of the world. The belief of the "civilized" man that colonialism is philanthropic is in essence negated by the lessons taught in Heart of Darkness. What is shown about man's many dark sides in particular is his ability to deceive himself acting out with a misconceived justification. Kurtz is clearly the personification of the self-deceived European spirit which reigned at the time. The contrast between Kurtz's "burning noble words" (p.74), where he explains his rationale for working in the wilderness and the way he wants to "exterminate all the brutes" (p.74) captures the psychology of colonialism very well. These words reveal Kurtz's self deception and failure to put the high ideals into practice.In addition to the slave labour practices and brutality as portrayed in Heart of Darkness, mutilation and other forms of torture were also used to increase the collection of ivory and rubber in the Congo at that time. The basic ideals of humanity, decency and justice were set aside for commercial interests and pure unadulterated greed. The colonies cost more to maintain then they were worth; huge abuses of human rights occurred. Christian education exacerbated local ethnic and cultural tensions and Africa was not allowed to develop economically. Many countries in Africa, including the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) as the Congo Free State is now known, suffer under the legacy of colonialism to this day. Please note that this sample paper on Heart of Darkness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Heart of Darkness, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Heart of Darkness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless

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The film Clueless, written and directed by Amy Heckerling, is an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Emma and closely parallels the story in terms of character development and action. Although Emma was written in 1816 and developed ideas and issues of that period in time, 180 years on we can still recognize and identify with the exact same issues. This just proves that despite all the radical social changes that have taken place since Jane Austen's time, people and life haven't really changed all that much. The general life issues of money, love, friendship, class and finding ones place in the world are raised in both texts. From the very beginning of both movies, we can see the similarities between the two main characters. Emma Woodhouse, the protagonist in Emma, is part of the rich, upscale society of a large and populous village called Highbury, in nineteenth century England; while Cher Horowitz lives in rich, upscale Beverly Hills, U.S.A. In both Clueless and Emma, both of the main characters, Cher and Emma, are spoiled, high-class snobs who are looked upon with admiration and popularity by all. Cher and Emma are among the cultural elite and because of their wealth and class they are spoiled and tend to think too highly of themselves.Relationships are one of the key issues raised and explored in both texts. One of the relationships explored is that between the daughter and her father. Both Emma and Cher have a close yet out of the ordinary relationship with their father, as each girl is the apple of their fathers' eye and can do no wrong. And both Emma's and Cher's fathers are very generous with not only their love but also their money and constant compliments. But with these compliments and cash comes a certain amount of snobbery and I believe that it is the fathers' over-indulgence in their daughters that has caused this.

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It is here that the real problems of both Cher's and Emma's situations come to light. Both girls have the habit of getting rather too much their own way and a disposition to think a little too highly of themselves. In both movies the girls' mothers died when they were quite young and at first viewing do not have a major part in either movie. But at second glance we can begin to see the root of the fathers over-indulgence. Because of their wealth, Emma and Cher are spoiled, in control socially, and tend to think too highly of themselves. This is a result of the lack of a maternal figure in their lives and the fact that their fathers and governess (in Emma's case) were too lenient and indulgent during their upbringing. Another branch of the relationship issue that is shown in both movies is friendship, and follows on from the issue of Cher's and Emma's wealth and power. The snobbery of both girls leads Cher and Emma to, in their eyes, take pity on Tai and Harriet Smith, two girls of lower social status. Emma decides that Harriet should be made into a proper young lady, and that the friends Harriet has already made are "unworthy of her" and "causing her harm". Even though Emma has never met Mr Martin, with whom Harriet has strong feelings for, she declares him as coarse and unpolished and very unfit for her friend. Emma's haughtiness causes her to assume that Harriet's acquaintances are not good enough for her, and that they are holding Harriet back from a better social life and status, even though Harriet is in the social class she should be in and as Mr Knightly points out, "We do not even know her parents. They could be pirates for all we know!" Therefore, to prove Mr Knightly wrong, Emma sets out on a mission to push Harriet forward to a more desirable status. Emma is optimistic that her influence on Harriet will be more than positive and sets out to improve Harriet and to detach her from bad acquaintances, and to introduce her to good society where she would form new opinions and gain the manners and customs appropriate for a woman of Emma's social status. Harriet Smith is neither a clever or bright person and desires nothing less than "to be guided by any one she looks up to." Harriet is therefore perfect material for Emma to mould. In Clueless, like Emma, Cher sets out to improve Tai, the new girl at school and the equivalent to Harriet Smith in Emma. Like Harriet, Tai is obviously of a lower class than Cher as her clothes lack style, her hair is stringy and dyed a fake red colour, she has a thick unpolished accent and she likes to smoke drugs. Cher pronounces her "adorably clueless" and consequently decides to give her a complete makeover: a new hairstyle, new make-up and a new wardrobe. Cher honestly believes that she is taking "that lost soul in there and making her well-dressed and popular". She proudly tells Josh, "Her life will be better because of me." Through Cher's actions and words towards Tai, we can see that here, like Emma, Cher is not just helping Tai out of the goodness of her heart, but to feed her own ego and pride.Another issue that is explored in similar contexts in both films is the idea of marriage and dating. In Clueless, the girls express to Tai their "rules for dating". Cher explains that they are not allowed to see certain males, and should only date the men that will help them to get further up the social ladder. Tai is so captivated by her mentor that she does not disagree, even though she is being pressured into ignoring her own heart. On her first day at her new school, Tai meets and instantly likes Travis in the cafeteria. However, Travis is from the long-haired, drug-smoking, lower class skateboarder group, to which Cher says, "No respectable girl actually dates." Cher will not allow Tai to mix with a boy of lower social status, even though Tai and Travis would have made a good couple because of their common interests and similar social status and upbringing. Cher automatically assumes that if Tai were to date Travis, Tai's social status at school would plummet.To draw Tai's attention away from Travis and to improve Tai socially, Cher makes it her mission to find a proper boyfriend for Tai. She is shown the various social groups of the school that includes a small group of boys that are the only "acceptable" ones. One of these boys is Elton, a rich snob and the equivalent to Mr Elton in Emma. Cher immediately decides that Elton is the boy "suitable" for Tai and immediately sets out to make a good match. However, her plans backfire when she learns that Elton has not been showing feelings for Tai all that time, but rather ones for Cher instead. The same happens to Miss Woodhouse in Emma. After helping Harriet Smith to refuse Mr Martin, Emma, like Cher, makes it her mission to find an appropriate match for her clueless friend. However, Mr Elton, like Elton in Clueless, reveals to Emma that he actually loves her and not Tai. After her first failure in the matchmaking department Emma, and Cher, feel confused and "out of control".This is where another issue that is raised in both movies appears which is the depiction of love. The arrival of Frank Churchill in Highbury is of great interest to the gossiping social group and Emma is immediately attracted to him, just as Cher falls for Christian on his first day at school. The arrival of both Frank and Christian in Clueless and Emma cause Mr Knightly and Josh to see for the first time the nature of their real feelings for Emma and Cher as they both feel seething jealousy when they see both girls falling for obviously the wrong types.Emma and Cher have never been in love before and only know the concept of love from friends and romance novels. Therefore, when they find themselves attracted to Frank Churchill and Christian they immediately assume that they are in love. However, as they find themselves becoming more attracted to Mr Knightly and Josh, Emma admits "that I am not in love with Frank" and Cher discovers that Christian in gay. In a sudden burst of inspiration, Cher and Emma both realise where their hearts lie and finally get together with Josh and Mr Knightly. With the exception of the exclusion of a few characters and minor story lines, Clueless is a faithful adaptation and update of Jane Austen's Emma and accurately illustrates all of the issues made by Jane Austen. Most of the characters and plot parallel the original story but the major similarity between the two are the issues raised, which shows us again that although society has changed over the past 150 years, the main concept behind life will never change. Please note that this sample paper on Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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