Notes on Congress

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Chapter 6Congress

- Article 1- Creates a bicarmel legislature

- One Senate - One House - Article 1 Section - House of representatives - # based on participation (45) - Requirements - 5 Age - National citizen for seven years - Selection

- year terms

- /5 clause, altered by 14th amendments Section - House of Senators - # based on participation (45) - Requirements - 0 Age - National citizen for years - Selection - year terms

- hoping to create stability Impeachment - Section Electoral Politics - Incumbency - politicking - Gerrymandering - Incumbent Backlash allowed for state

- Political Action Committee (PAC)

- Federally registered fund-raising group that pools money from individuals to give to political candidates and parties

-who do they have to contend with? Split-Ticket Voting

The act of voting for candidates from different political parties for different offices Tendency of Highly educated White Men does this hurt minorities? Descriptive representation? Y

- principle that legislative bodies should resemble the demographics of the constituencies they represent Substantive representation? N

- principle that legislative bodies should represent the substantive interests of their constituencies regardless of the demographic composition of the constituencies they representCongressional Organization Congressional parties Caucuses

Party LeadersConstitutional Leadership House of Representatives The speaker of the house Senate Chair, no vote unless tie President Pro Tempore (in VP's absence)House of representative speaker of the house - presiding officer of the House - Elected at the begininning of each congressional session on majority vote

- Hence, the speaker of the house is a member of the majority party Majority Leader - Helps schedule legislation Majority whip - Serves as communicator between party leadership and the rank and file - Responsibilities Poll members, prepare bill summaries Minority Maj and min work together Leadership Party leaders are coalition builders not autocrats Party leaders can only lead if others are willing to follow TO be effective, leader must follow as well Committees The workhorses of the legislature Decentralized power structure

To help reach power goals Types - Joint

- A permanent congressional committee made up of members of both the House and the Senate that does not enjoy and legislative authority bill, instead, monitor specific bills,

Select (or Special),

- Temporary committee created for a specific purpose and dissolved after completion of tasks

Standing,

- permanent legislative committee specializing in a particular legislative area that have stable memberships and jurisdictions

Conference

- temporary joint committee of the House and Senate appointed to reconcile the differences between the two chambers on a particular piece of legislation

- differences because of size, procedure, constituency, and tenure

- what values does committee system emphasize?

Enhance pluralism as members try to get on the committees dealing with issues of special importance to their constituents

Reflects the bipartisan nature of Congress and thus reflects The Legislative Process- Bill drafted- Introduced in Senate/ House - Referred to committee - Hopper in Reps, Senate clerk or at any time- In committee - Hearings Information Gathering To have permanent public record To put a human face on a problem Who testifies - Interest groups, academic experts, Members of Congress, executive branch officials, Celebrities, and even ordinary citizens - Markup congressional committee session at which a bill is revised before being reported out to the floor - reported out Senate / House Floor - Conference committee On to the PresidentThings to worry About in the Legislative Process Being killed in committee Discharge Petition - A portion that gives a majority of the House of Representatives before a particular bill is brought to the floor, thereby preventing a bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed Hold - A tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor, therby preventing a bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed Filibuster - A formal mechanism of halting action of a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate in the Senate - A motion requiring 60 senators to cut off debate - Must allow voices to be heard before the fact Veto - Sign - law - After 10 days, becomes piece of law - Veto Overridden Not overridden - Not Law

Pocket VetoLine- Item Veto authority of a chief executive to delete part of a bill duly passed by the legislature, typically involving taxing and/or spending provisions

Other Important Congressional Activity Oversight of federal bureaucracy Oversight The process of reviewing agency operations to determine wether agency is carrying out Congressional policiesWith all those legislators, how do they ever get things done?Formal and Un-formal NormsRules Committee in the House to govern floor debateUnanimous consent agreements in the Senate?

Unanimous resolution in the senate restricting debate and limiting amendments to bills on the floorInformal Norm Members are to show respect for another in their public deliberations Members of Congress are expected to be willing bargainersHow do legislators make up their mindsPolitical Parties party is not strongthe President heavily involved in legislation Lobbies Congress heavilyConstituents

Ever congressman wants to get trelected also want to be "good representatives of legislatorsInterest groups Source of informationEnhance if interest group active in member''s district or stateShould a repesentative be a trustee or a delegate?Trusteeview that legislators should constituent opinion but must be free to vote according to their consitiuentsDelegates tare duty bound to act with majority view of their consititents.What do legislatures do?What does this do for majoritarainist or pluralismDelegate v TrusteeDelegate highly pluralisticNo guarantee legislator will be majoritarian but they will be les closely tied to the narrow interests of their districts and states. Please note that this sample paper on notes on Congress is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on notes on Congress, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on notes on Congress will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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