Heart of Darkness

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The late 1th century represented a high water mark for European colonialism. This drive by European nations to accumulate overseas possessions and thus demonstrate their superiority (moral, social and military) over the native populations became known as the scramble or race for Africa. Heart of Darkness is set in the Congo Free State, which at the time, was owned by King Leopold of Belgium. King Leopold was portrayed by the popular media of his time as a philanthropist who selflessly devoted his efforts to rescue and "civilise" the peoples of central Africa. He proposed to end slavery in the Congo, protect the rights of the natives and guarantee free trade. During the decade after publication of Heart of Darkness, Leopold's rule of the Congo became viewed with reference to the last words of Conrad's fictional ivory company agent, the depraved Mr. Kurtz" The horror! The horror!"Marlow, Conrad's protagonist, has an ambivalent attitude towards colonialism which is expressed throughout the novel but with increasing frequency, he attacks it. He questions man's right to abuse foreign countries and peoples for the sake of prosperity and wealth, sometimes using irony After all, I also was part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings (p.), sometimes ridicule … trading places with names like Gran' Bassam, Little Popo names that seemed to belong to some sordid farce acted in front of a sinister black-cloth (p.18 ), merry dance of death and trade (p.1), weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares (p.0). Colonialism was underwritten by a series of powerful ideas, which can also be labeled ideologies. These ideas were; the childishness or inhumanity of native populations; the exportability and broad relevance of Christianity; the superiority of European civilization (laws, customs, etc.) and the hierarchy of the races. Marlow attacks the excesses of colonialism but defends the idea, " What redeems it is the idea only. An idea at the back of it; not a sentimental pretence but an idea; and an unselfish belief in the idea--something you can set up, and bow down before, and offer a sacrifice to. . . . (p.8). These ideas were used as a defense for colonialism. The prevailing attitude of the day is personified in Marlow's idealistic aunt. She feels that colonizing the world is imperative for everybody and uses the self-deceiving arguments that Kurtz utilizes believing that the prime reason for colonization is to enlighten the primitives "…weaning those ignorant millions of their horrid ways" (p.17). Kurtz states that "Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a centre for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing" (p.47).

The "darkness" that Marlow refers to as needing to be tackled is the unknown which in Marlow's case is the Congo and the Congolese. The "otherness" of the natives was seen as less than human A primitive pre-European state A state that has to be overcome. It was considered the moral and ethical duty of civilized people to tackle the "darkness" but the the irony is that colonialism itself is morally "dark" and corrupt. The only way Marlow can speak of the "darkness" is to point to it by saying that it is "indescribable/ inscrutable". He has no language for it. When Marlow refers to the "work", he really means the irrational and meaningless violation of the foreign lands and their peoples. In fact, Marlow often mentions things to the effect that no effort is made by the colonialists to understand the local population they exploit as raw matter. The process of colonisation was not a "pretty thing". The native population was "enslaved" to assist with the developed of colony. While the building of a railway line gets underway, Marlow watches as six black men make their way up a pathThey walked erect and slow, balancing small baskets full of earth on their heads, and the clink kept time with their footsteps. Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking (p.1). When the local people have outlasted their usefulness, they are 'allowed' to crawl away and dieBlack shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair. Another mine on the cliff went off, followed by a slight shudder of the soil under my feet. The work was going on. The work! And this was the place where some of the helpers had withdrawn to die. They were dying slowly--it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now-- nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. These moribund shapes were free as air--and nearly as thin. I began to distinguish the gleam of the eyes under the trees. Then, glancing down, I saw a face near my hand. The black bones reclined at full length with one shoulder against the tree, and slowly the eyelids rose and the sunken eyes looked up at me, enormous and vacant, a kind of blind, white flicker in the depths of the orbs, which died out slowly (pp.-4).Marlow realises that the Company is obsessed with the acquisition of ivory. The greed and avarice is highlighted by Marlow's thoughts, "The word 'ivory' rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed" (p.). Ivory is God to the pilgrims as apposed to the Christian God they are supposed to worship. The Company supplies, "rubbishy cottons, beads and brass-wire" (p.6) which it trades for immensely valuable ivory. The local people are exploited and compelled to carry goods and ivory on behalf of the Company. The comment of the sickly man explaining his reasons for being in the Congo as "To make money, of course. What do you think?" (pp.8-), epitomises the general attitude of the company and all those employed by it. But trade was not the only way to procure ivory. Kurtz uses "unsound" methods to obtain the precious white gold. The implication is that he takes it by force. The manager when discussing the issue with Marlow says "Mr Kurtz has done more harm then good for the company" (p.1). The most brutal person Marlow encounters is Kurtz. The Company's chief accountant, describes Kurtz as "a very remarkable person" who "sends in as much ivory as all the others put together" (p.6). The chief accountant has no idea of Kurtz's downfall both morally and spiritually. Kurtz ends up as the least civilised of the lot. A person who "decorates" his station with the severed heads of the Congolese people he has murdered. The attitude of the pilgrims on the steamer who fire into the crowd after collected Kurtz is summed up by Marlow as follows And then that imbecile crowd down on the deck started their little fun, and I could see nothing more for smoke (p.100). These pilgrims are not in the Congo for spiritual purposes. They are purely adventurers looking for their fortune. They see the local people as nothing more than animals that stand in the way of their goal of self enrichment. Conrad, through Marlow, questions the white man's exploitation of the unexplored "dark" parts of the world. The belief of the "civilized" man that colonialism is philanthropic is in essence negated by the lessons taught in Heart of Darkness. What is shown about man's many dark sides in particular is his ability to deceive himself acting out with a misconceived justification. Kurtz is clearly the personification of the self-deceived European spirit which reigned at the time. The contrast between Kurtz's "burning noble words" (p.74), where he explains his rationale for working in the wilderness and the way he wants to "exterminate all the brutes" (p.74) captures the psychology of colonialism very well. These words reveal Kurtz's self deception and failure to put the high ideals into practice.In addition to the slave labour practices and brutality as portrayed in Heart of Darkness, mutilation and other forms of torture were also used to increase the collection of ivory and rubber in the Congo at that time. The basic ideals of humanity, decency and justice were set aside for commercial interests and pure unadulterated greed. The colonies cost more to maintain then they were worth; huge abuses of human rights occurred. Christian education exacerbated local ethnic and cultural tensions and Africa was not allowed to develop economically. Many countries in Africa, including the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) as the Congo Free State is now known, suffer under the legacy of colonialism to this day. Please note that this sample paper on Heart of Darkness is for your review only. 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Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless

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The film Clueless, written and directed by Amy Heckerling, is an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Emma and closely parallels the story in terms of character development and action. Although Emma was written in 1816 and developed ideas and issues of that period in time, 180 years on we can still recognize and identify with the exact same issues. This just proves that despite all the radical social changes that have taken place since Jane Austen's time, people and life haven't really changed all that much. The general life issues of money, love, friendship, class and finding ones place in the world are raised in both texts. From the very beginning of both movies, we can see the similarities between the two main characters. Emma Woodhouse, the protagonist in Emma, is part of the rich, upscale society of a large and populous village called Highbury, in nineteenth century England; while Cher Horowitz lives in rich, upscale Beverly Hills, U.S.A. In both Clueless and Emma, both of the main characters, Cher and Emma, are spoiled, high-class snobs who are looked upon with admiration and popularity by all. Cher and Emma are among the cultural elite and because of their wealth and class they are spoiled and tend to think too highly of themselves.Relationships are one of the key issues raised and explored in both texts. One of the relationships explored is that between the daughter and her father. Both Emma and Cher have a close yet out of the ordinary relationship with their father, as each girl is the apple of their fathers' eye and can do no wrong. And both Emma's and Cher's fathers are very generous with not only their love but also their money and constant compliments. But with these compliments and cash comes a certain amount of snobbery and I believe that it is the fathers' over-indulgence in their daughters that has caused this.

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It is here that the real problems of both Cher's and Emma's situations come to light. Both girls have the habit of getting rather too much their own way and a disposition to think a little too highly of themselves. In both movies the girls' mothers died when they were quite young and at first viewing do not have a major part in either movie. But at second glance we can begin to see the root of the fathers over-indulgence. Because of their wealth, Emma and Cher are spoiled, in control socially, and tend to think too highly of themselves. This is a result of the lack of a maternal figure in their lives and the fact that their fathers and governess (in Emma's case) were too lenient and indulgent during their upbringing. Another branch of the relationship issue that is shown in both movies is friendship, and follows on from the issue of Cher's and Emma's wealth and power. The snobbery of both girls leads Cher and Emma to, in their eyes, take pity on Tai and Harriet Smith, two girls of lower social status. Emma decides that Harriet should be made into a proper young lady, and that the friends Harriet has already made are "unworthy of her" and "causing her harm". Even though Emma has never met Mr Martin, with whom Harriet has strong feelings for, she declares him as coarse and unpolished and very unfit for her friend. Emma's haughtiness causes her to assume that Harriet's acquaintances are not good enough for her, and that they are holding Harriet back from a better social life and status, even though Harriet is in the social class she should be in and as Mr Knightly points out, "We do not even know her parents. They could be pirates for all we know!" Therefore, to prove Mr Knightly wrong, Emma sets out on a mission to push Harriet forward to a more desirable status. Emma is optimistic that her influence on Harriet will be more than positive and sets out to improve Harriet and to detach her from bad acquaintances, and to introduce her to good society where she would form new opinions and gain the manners and customs appropriate for a woman of Emma's social status. Harriet Smith is neither a clever or bright person and desires nothing less than "to be guided by any one she looks up to." Harriet is therefore perfect material for Emma to mould. In Clueless, like Emma, Cher sets out to improve Tai, the new girl at school and the equivalent to Harriet Smith in Emma. Like Harriet, Tai is obviously of a lower class than Cher as her clothes lack style, her hair is stringy and dyed a fake red colour, she has a thick unpolished accent and she likes to smoke drugs. Cher pronounces her "adorably clueless" and consequently decides to give her a complete makeover: a new hairstyle, new make-up and a new wardrobe. Cher honestly believes that she is taking "that lost soul in there and making her well-dressed and popular". She proudly tells Josh, "Her life will be better because of me." Through Cher's actions and words towards Tai, we can see that here, like Emma, Cher is not just helping Tai out of the goodness of her heart, but to feed her own ego and pride.Another issue that is explored in similar contexts in both films is the idea of marriage and dating. In Clueless, the girls express to Tai their "rules for dating". Cher explains that they are not allowed to see certain males, and should only date the men that will help them to get further up the social ladder. Tai is so captivated by her mentor that she does not disagree, even though she is being pressured into ignoring her own heart. On her first day at her new school, Tai meets and instantly likes Travis in the cafeteria. However, Travis is from the long-haired, drug-smoking, lower class skateboarder group, to which Cher says, "No respectable girl actually dates." Cher will not allow Tai to mix with a boy of lower social status, even though Tai and Travis would have made a good couple because of their common interests and similar social status and upbringing. Cher automatically assumes that if Tai were to date Travis, Tai's social status at school would plummet.To draw Tai's attention away from Travis and to improve Tai socially, Cher makes it her mission to find a proper boyfriend for Tai. She is shown the various social groups of the school that includes a small group of boys that are the only "acceptable" ones. One of these boys is Elton, a rich snob and the equivalent to Mr Elton in Emma. Cher immediately decides that Elton is the boy "suitable" for Tai and immediately sets out to make a good match. However, her plans backfire when she learns that Elton has not been showing feelings for Tai all that time, but rather ones for Cher instead. The same happens to Miss Woodhouse in Emma. After helping Harriet Smith to refuse Mr Martin, Emma, like Cher, makes it her mission to find an appropriate match for her clueless friend. However, Mr Elton, like Elton in Clueless, reveals to Emma that he actually loves her and not Tai. After her first failure in the matchmaking department Emma, and Cher, feel confused and "out of control".This is where another issue that is raised in both movies appears which is the depiction of love. The arrival of Frank Churchill in Highbury is of great interest to the gossiping social group and Emma is immediately attracted to him, just as Cher falls for Christian on his first day at school. The arrival of both Frank and Christian in Clueless and Emma cause Mr Knightly and Josh to see for the first time the nature of their real feelings for Emma and Cher as they both feel seething jealousy when they see both girls falling for obviously the wrong types.Emma and Cher have never been in love before and only know the concept of love from friends and romance novels. Therefore, when they find themselves attracted to Frank Churchill and Christian they immediately assume that they are in love. However, as they find themselves becoming more attracted to Mr Knightly and Josh, Emma admits "that I am not in love with Frank" and Cher discovers that Christian in gay. In a sudden burst of inspiration, Cher and Emma both realise where their hearts lie and finally get together with Josh and Mr Knightly. With the exception of the exclusion of a few characters and minor story lines, Clueless is a faithful adaptation and update of Jane Austen's Emma and accurately illustrates all of the issues made by Jane Austen. Most of the characters and plot parallel the original story but the major similarity between the two are the issues raised, which shows us again that although society has changed over the past 150 years, the main concept behind life will never change. Please note that this sample paper on Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Comparitive essay between Emma and Clueless, we are here to assist you. 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Theatre

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on theatre. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality theatre paper right on time.

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Breaking the Code.Breaking the Code is an excellent play. It is based on the life of Alan Turing, a genius mathmetician who helped break the German Enigma code during World War II. Alan was gay and eventually commited suicide after being hounded by the authorities.

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The play starts in 15, with Clives character going to the police to report he has been burgled by a George. He makes up a story about knowing the culprits name because he was warned by a door-to-door seller. The play flashes back to different times to Alans schooldays at public school, focusing on a schoolfriend that later died, who Alan was/is in love with; then to the present and him meeting a young man in his late teens in a pub and shyly making advances which end with the man coming to his house for dinner and spending the night; then back to Alan first getting the job on the Enigma project, developing a friendship with a female co-worker and telling her hes a homosexual, then being warned by his by his boss that his casual relationships (read one night stands) with young men could cause a security breach and to be careful, Flash forward to the present, Alan is again being interviewed by the police, and admits hes been having a sexual relationship with the young man, who told him about George. The police officer interrogates him, and Alan says all they did was mutual masturbation, at which point the officer tells him hes confessed to gross indecency (which was illegal in 50s England). The next scene flashes between Alan and the young man giving their statements. Alans is long-winded, romanticizing about their conversations. The young mans statement is mater-of-fact; they had dinner, Alan talked, then masturbated him, later he returned the favour. He says he is not gay but heard he could make money doing that. In the next scene Alan talks to his female friend and tells her the court sentenced him to take female hormones for a year to cure his homosexuality, and that he has grown breasts as a result. Two years later - a Foreign Office official warns Alan that his sexual habits (he has now turned to vacationing in places where homosexuality is not illegal) could cause security breaches. Alan responds by telling him about an upcoming vacation in Greece. Greece a young man of 0 lies sleeping naked on a bed, while Alan talks to himself. The last scene shows Alan commiting suicide by eating an apple dipped in cyanide.Interesting The plot description doesnt begin to describe how hard this role is. Alan has a number of very long soliloquies, mostly extremely technical/mathematical. There isnt any sexual content in the play (Alan doesnt kiss anyone, for example) but in other ways the characters sexuality is very stark. I think a lot of Ben fans wouldnt love it. Also, the character is aged from between teenage and mid-40s (Clive being late 0s at the time), and also suffers from a bad stammer.The play was prefomed at the Theatre Museum, which is a museum, rather than a theatre. They do put on plays but are not, I would say, particularly regarded as a stage venue.The Wild Asss Skin, Balzac.The play is about a young suicidal French man who gains posession of a magical skin that will grant him wishes, but kill him. His wishes come true, he inherits money and marries the woman he has been chasing but he starts dying; eventually he makes love to a poor girl he has fallen in love with, knowing it will kill him. Clive played a small role, not that of the young man.The Bridewell is a fringe theatre, but a very well respected one. Ive performed there. I mean, some Fringe productions can be very ameteurish indeed, its a pretty wide-ranging term, but Bridewell is one if the more high-end and professional.The Criminal Prosecution of Animals. Geoff Cush.Dont know anything about this play, apart from it was writte in 1 and Clive was part of the original run. It premiered at the Lyric Hammersmith, which is one of the big West End theatres. They do show experimental, new works alongside the big shows, so I imagine this was one. It might have been performed just this one run.Rope.Clive starred as Brandon. Rope is a pyschological horror about two public schoolboys (Clives character being one) who decide to commit the perfect murder. Brandon murders a school chum by strangling him with a rope, then dumping his body in a trunk while he throws a party for the dead mans family and friends.Interesting Can you say Derek? Clives character murders a man by strangling him and dumps the body in a chest (where did Derek put Tims body?). The public schoolboy part is more like Clive. Clives character has great lines in the play. The play also has a great deal of homoerotic subtext. Which is nice.The Rivals. A comedy by Lord Sheridan, set in Regency England.Clive starred as Captain Jack Absolute, a wealthy naval officer who is in love with a woman named Lydia. To win her heart and make sure she loves him in return, he pretends to be a poor man, Ensign Beverly. Lydia soon falls in love with Beverly. The problem is, Jacks father and Lydias aunt want them to marry, but neither Jack/Beverly or Lydia realise the person their families want them to wed is the person they are already in love with! Jack soon finds out the heiress his father wants him to wed is Lydia, and continues to woo her as Beverly, planning to talk her into eloping. Eventually Lydia realises Beverlys real indentity, and Jack is forced to confess the whole story. Lydia is angry he lied, but after Jack sword fights a rival for Lydias hand, the couple are reunited and get married.Interesting Clive swordfighting!Performed at The Kings Head, a pub in Islington. Yeah, its a pub, but its also a respected fringe venue. Lot of fringe is in pub venues.Performed at the Oxford PlayhouseCat on a Hot Tin Roof.Classic play by Tennessee Williams, set in the Deep South.Clive played Brick, an alcoholic who is heir to his dying fathers fortune. He is married to Maggie (the role Elizabeth Taylor made famous). In the play, Brick, who is on crutches because of a broken leg, spends most of his time drunk, torturing himself over the recent suicide of his best friend, because he feels he is to blame. He also thinks his wife is being unfaithful to him. She tries to seduce him, but he resists. At the end of the play, Brick and his father have a bitter confrontation when Brick finds out his father is dying of cancer. The argument gives Brick clarity, and the play ends with him and his wife reconciling.Interesting Its an incredibly meaty, complicated role, and Clive would have had to do a southern accent. It also reminds me a lot of early Ben (torturing himself), but more complex, e.g. the character being an alcoholic.Les Liaisons Dangereuses.Ill assume everyone is familiar with, if not the play, the movie, or at least the modern version Cruel Intentions, so I wont bother to explain the plot.Clive played Le Chevalier Danceny, a fairly small role. Danceny is young and naive, and in love with the equally innocent Cecile, who the duplicitious Madame de Merteuil and Valmont have decided to ruin. Madame de Merteuil later seduces Danceny, and tells him Cecile slept with Valmont. Danceny duels with and kills Valmont.The Glass Menagerie. Another play by Tennessee Williams.Controversial, ground-breaking kitchen sink-type play set in (and dated from) the 150s. Introduced the angry young man concept. Educated but poor Jimmy Porter works in a sweet stall, and lives with his wife Alison in a squalid bedsit. Their marriage is breaking apart. Nothing much happens plotwise; Jimmy reads the paper and argues with his wife and friends, ranting on the failings of pretty much everything; the state, the church, society. Alison leaves, then miscarries Jimmys child. Meanwhile Jimmy starts an affair with another woman, who eventually leaves him. In the end Alison comes back to him.Whose Life Is It Anyway?Clive plays Ken Harrison, a sculptor who is paralysed from the neck down, kept alive by life support, after a car accident. The play deals with his quest to be allowed to commit suicide (euthenasia) by declining the medical care keeping him alive. Ken breask up with his girlfriend, who thinks he should stay alive, and battles in the courts with the medical director of his hospital, who does not believe in euthesnasia. The hospital tries to have him commited as mentally ill (by claiming he suffers from clinical depression; this would deny him the right to make decisions concerning his care). The court finds that he is not clinically depressed, and has the right to end his life. Please note that this sample paper on theatre is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. 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Legalize it

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Legalize It It is my belief that the policy of the United States in regards to marijuana and other illicit street drugs is flawed and that marijuana should be legalized for not only medical use, but for recreational use as well. In this paper I will look at the prohibition of marijuana in America, compare its positive and negative effects, and in doing so bring to light the inherent failures of Americas drug policies. I will then examine the pros and cons of marijuana legalization and its effects on society and America as a whole. To understand why marijuana is illegal in the first place we must look back at how marijuana was viewed in the early part of last century when the practice of smoking it first became widespread in the 10s. This was during the great social experiment of alcohol prohibition. Marijuana use was highest among people who also used opiates, primarily recent immigrants. In the 10s, the common belief that immigrants were inhumane and violent included a strong belief that marijuana was part of the cause (Wikman 15). Since marijuana was associated with opiates and those who use them, marijuana was quickly defined as a narcotic (Musto 11). By 17 all states had passed anti-marijuana legislation, the same year the federal government created the Marijuana Tax Act (NCMDA 17). Marijuana was outlawed in 17 as a repressive measure against Mexican workers who crossed the border seeking jobs during the Depression. The specific reason given for the outlawing of the hemp plant was its supposed violent effect on the degenerate races, this is actual testimony of Bureau of Narcotics Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger, in testimony before Congress in hearings on the Marijuana Tax Act of 17 (Whitebread 15). During this time no research was conducted on marijuana and its effects, nevertheless it was almost universally assumed that marijuana was a narcotic, caused psychological dependence, provoked violent crime, and led to insanity (Wikman 15). 6 years later it is still illegal to possess marijuana in the United States by order of the federal government. If the purpose of prohibition is to eliminate the use of a substance, then marijuana is certainly another example of how prohibition fails (Wikman 15). In 17, 68.% of all 18-5 year olds had tried marijuana at least once, and 5% said that they were regular users (U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 11). Today after 6 years of prohibition the numbers have fallen to 50% and 1%.

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Another example of why prohibition has failed is that of the felons convicted of crimes related to marijuana possession, production, and trafficking during the eighties and early nineties; 58% had no prior arrest history, 1% were not identified as organizers, leaders, managers or supervisors of drug-oriented organizations, and % did not own or possess a gun. In other words, the large majority of these felons should not be viewed as individuals endangering our society (Schlosser, 14). According to the Bureau of Prisons statistics, over 60% of federal prisoners are in for drug offenses, .8% are in for violent offenses, and 0.7% are incarcerated for white collar crimes (Legalize Now, 000). Today with policies like Zero Tolerance and Three Strikes even more non-violent drug offenders are contributing to the record overcrowding of our nations jails. The federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) now spends $1. billion a year fighting marijuana. Overall, federal anti-marijuana efforts have cost taxpayers $0 billion (Schlosser, 14). There are an estimated thirty to forty million people who have used illegal drugs in the last year. If we imprisoned all of them, we would have to build a prison large enough to hold the combined populations of California, Arizona, and New Mexico. The total cost to imprison them for five years, including the costs of arrest and prosecution would be roughly ten to fifteen trillion dollars, or about ten times the total Federal annual budget. This does not include the related costs to society which would be caused by the imprisonment of millions of gainfully employed, tax paying citizens (Schaffer, 15).People against legalization believe that drug use and violence go hand in hand. In reality even the Department of Justice states that of all psychoactive substances, alcohol is the only one whose consumption has been shown to commonly increase aggression (Roth, 14). The report goes on to state that illegal drugs and violence are linked primarily through drug marketing disputes among rival distributors, arguments and robberies involving buyers and sellers, property crimes committed to raise drug money and, more speculatively, social and economic interactions between the illegal markets and the surrounding communities (Roth, 14). All major authorities agree that the prohibition against drugs, rather than the drugs cause the vast majority of drug-related violent crime. This was the same situation which was true during alcohol Prohibition. Alcohol Prohibition gave rise to a violent criminal organization. Violent crime dropped 65 percent in the year Prohibition was repealed (Schafer, 15). Other people argue that marijuana should be kept illegal because of the health risks that it poses to people. The actual health problem which prohibition is supposed to solve is minor in comparison to other health problems. Tobacco causes 6 percent of all deaths in the world. In the United States, 400,000 people die from tobacco each year, 100,000 from alcohol, 5000 from drugs. In general, these numbers are at a 100 to 5 to 1 ratio. We try to solve the health problems caused by tobacco and alcohol by regulation and education (Legalize Now, 000). This should be the same approach we take when looking at marijuana. Instead of prohibiting it we should regulate and educate people about it. All illegal drugs combined kill about 4,500 people per year, or about one percent of the number killed by alcohol and tobacco. Tobacco kills more people each year than all of the people killed by all of the illegal drugs in the last century. Marijuana kills 0. There has never been a recorded death due to marijuana at any time in US history (Schaffer, 15). The dangers of marijuana have been grossly overstated and misinformation still runs rampant even today. It is interesting to note that the DEAs own Chief Administrative Law Judge, after listening to the evidence for two years concluded that marijuana in its natural form is safer than many of the foods we commonly eat (NCMDA 17). As you can see it is time to legalize marijuana and let people take responsibility for themselves. Drug abuse is a tragedy and a sickness. Criminal laws only drive the problem underground and put money in the pockets of the criminal class (Legalize Now, 000). If marijuana was legalized the united states could redirect billions of dollars now spent fruitlessly enforcing the prohibition of marijuana and redirect it into treatment programs and further scientific research. Surely if alcohol and tobacco are legal there is no good reason that can be presented to justify keeping marijuana illegal. I hope this paper has shown how much misinformation the United States government, in regards to marijuana and its prohibition, are putting out with their misguided policies. Hopefully by showing others the truth more people will realize that our countrys policies towards marijuana are much more harmful to us than marijuana itself is. Wikman, Eric 15. http//www.60marijuana.com/marijuana/articles/1115.htmlMusto, D. F. 11. Opium, cocaine and marijuana in American history. Scientific American July, pp.40-47NCMDA, National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse 17. Marihuana A signal of Misunderstanding. http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/nc/ncmenu.htmWhitebread, 15. The History of the Non-Medical Use of Drugs in the United States. http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/whiteb1.htmU.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 11. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Washington, D.C. General Printing Office. Schlosser, Eric 14. Reefer Madness. The Atlantic Monthly. http//www.theatlantic.com/politics//crime/reefm.htmLegalize Now, 000. http//www.internettrash.com/users/legalize/ednpro.htmlSchaffer, Clifford A. 15. Basic Facts About the War on Drugs. http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/basicfax.htmRoth, Jeffery A. 14. Psychoactive Substance and Violence. http//www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/govpubs/psycviol.htm Please note that this sample paper on legalize it is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on legalize it, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on legalize it will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dr Faustus

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Dr Faustus. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Dr Faustus paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Dr Faustus, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Dr Faustus paper at affordable prices with !Christopher Marlowe's play, Dr. Faustus, centers around the contradictory character of Doctor Faustus. Faustus possesses an incredible capability for eloquence and ambition, but is prone to blindness and wasting his powers. Faustus's unfortunate fate is forecast from the very beginning. The Chorus foreshadows the destiny of Faustus by comparing him to the mythological character of Icirus. In reference to Faustus, the chorus proclaims

Till, swollen with a cunning, of a self conceit,

His waxen wings did mount above his reach,

And melting heavens conspired his overthrow.

(Prologue, 0)

He is arrogant and swelled, yet his grand ambitions are so impressive that he earns sympathy. Faustus is torn between two traditions. He is a man with medieval beliefs, but renaissance aspirations. Faustus is a modern man, the combination of the renaissance and medieval man. Faustus represents the spirit of the Renaissance, through his rejection of the God centered universe, and his embracement of human potential. In this transitional play, beliefs from medieval and renaissance time periods intermingle within Faustus's life, often with ruinous results.

From a medieval perspective Dr. Faustus can be viewed as a morality play. Faustus is a man who aspires to go beyond his God-given role in the world. In the Middle Ages a man was trapped in whatever social class he was born into. Immediately the reader is alerted to the upbringing and family status of Faustus

His parents base of stock

In Germany, within a town called Rhodes

(Prologue, 11-1)

Faustus is born into an impoverished family and pays the price for trying to change his societal role. Faustus does not only slightly try to raise his position in society, but essentially tries to be on the same level as God. Faustus is first presented sitting in his study. There is grandeur to Faustus as he contemplates all the marvels that his magical powers will produce and claims

A sound magician is a mighty god.

Here Faustus, try thy brains to gain a deity.

(ScI, 6-6)

Faustus has aspirations that are beyond his limitations as a human. The righteous medieval man had patience and practiced moderation, two traits Faustus does not adhere to. Faustus betrays God and faces the consequences. Faustus for a period openly declares he believes prosperity arrives when men, "despair in God, and trust in Belzebub" (Sc V, 5). Proclamation that faith should be placed in the Devil, and not God, goes against central medieval practices. Faustus is so far detached from God that he has no chance of salvation and affirms this when he cries out, "Faustus' offence can ne'er be pardoned! The serpent that tempted Eve may be saved, but not Faustus" (ScVIII, 15-16). Faustus ignores warnings from other characters. The Old Man, who is the model medieval man, cautions Faustus

I see an angel hovers o'er thy head,

And with a vial full of precious grace

Offers to pour the same into thy soul!

Then call for mercy, and avoid despair.

(ScXII,44-47)

Faustus disregards the Old though and ventures so far from his advice that he offers Meshastophilis, "with my blood again I will confirm my former vow I made to Lucifer" (6-6). By the end of the play, Faustus has conflicting sentiments about his life choices, and recognizes his impending death and pleads to God

For Christ's sake, whose blood hath ransomed me,

Impose some end to my incessant pain"

(Sc XIII, -)

Faustus begs God to limit his punishment in the underworld to less than eternity, however, his pleas go unanswered. The chorus stresses the medieval, specifically the moral aspect, of Faustus's error

Faustus is gone! Regard his hellish fall,

Whose fiendful fortune may exhort the wise

Only to wonder at unlawful things"

(Epilogue, 4-6)

Faustus is used by the chorus as an example for how others should not act if they are to uphold medieval standards. Faustus ironically seeks to exceed mans moral limits and as he becomes more powerful, faces an irrevocable disaster and is damned to an eternity in hell as a result of his selfish goal.

Doctor Faustus's life is a tragedy from the renaissance point of view and his character embodies the typical renaissance individual. The Renaissance was a time period when people were able to advance beyond their born social position. Faustus is essentially a good man by Renaissance ideals and is admirable for challenging convention. Faustus is an arrogant, yet impressively ambitious, scholar who desires grandiose knowledge without the help of God and Christianity, which was the central religion during his time. Faustus's fate is a warning to Christians to not become trapped by science, ambition and pleasure. In his quest to acquire knowledge, Faustus distrusts, medicine, logic and law. He declares he has mastered these practices and tells himself he needs to "read no more, thou hast attained the end" (scI, 10). Faustus in his first soliloquy concludes that there is no outcome in life other than death, "the reward of sin is death (scI, 40), and thus feels there is no reason to put his faith into something resulting solely in death and declares, " What will be, shall be! Divinity, adieu!" (scI, 47-48). Faustus believes "necromantic books are heavenly" (scI, 50) and turns his motives to transforming his surroundings into a "world of profit and delight, of power, of honor, of omnipotence" (scI, 5-54). Faustus is a renaissance man because he believes he reaches the end of human knowledge and for that reason feels it is justifiable to turn to the black arts and conjure the devil to further his learning. Metastophilis offers to Faustus a great deal of what the Renaissance highly valued. Faustus desires

Having thee [Metastophilis] ever to attend on me,

To give me whatsoever I shall ask,

To tell me whatsoever I shall demand...

(ScV, 4-6)

To his list of worthless material demands Mephastophilis responds by telling him, "I will [give them to you] Faustus" (ScV, 10). Faustus's downfall is complete and caused by his extreme pride from a renaissance view point.

The persona of Faustus is that of the first tragic modern man. He incorporates both medieval and renaissance beliefs. He is torn between being a believer and a nonbeliever and fluctuates between dependence and independence upon God. When Faustus is signing his soul over to Lucifer and his blood begins to congeal he has second thoughts and questions, "is not thy soul thine own?"(ScV, 68) When the blood stops flowing from his arm, it is as if God is intervening and signaling to Faustus to stop. After this happens, Faustus wonders, "Is it unwilling I should write this bill?"(ScV, 65). Despite a moment of doubt, Faustus accepts burning coals from Mesphastophilis and proceeds to sign and "bequeathed his soul to Lucifer" (Sc V, 75). One minute Faustus declares to Mesphastophilis, "I will renounce this magic, and repent" (Sc V, 187), but only moments later is persuaded by the evil angel to switch decisions and proclaims in third person, "Faustus shall ne'er repent"(Sc V, 08). Faustus repeatedly is torn when he listens to the Good and Evil angels whom symbolize his conscience and represent good versus evil. One voice bids Faustus to repent; while the other rejects the future prospect of Faustus's salvation

GOOD ANGEL

Faustus repent, yet God will pity thee

EVIL ANGEL

Thou art a spirt, God cannot pity thee

(ScV, 188-18)

Faustus is forced to learn the reality of his own nature, a truth that the Renaissance side of him tries to coerce him to deny, that he is a man and not a god. Faustus recognizes the error he makes by working in conjunction with Lucifer

God forbad it indeed, but Faustus hath done it it for the

vain pleasure of four-and-twenty years hath Faustus lost

eternal joy and felicity!

(ScXIII, 7-)

Faustus makes mistakes, as all mankind does. Nearing the end of his twenty-four year contract, Faustus states, "cursed be the parents that engendered me"(ScXIII, 105), and demonstrates his desire to blame others, which is a typical modern human trait. Faustus is ultimately a modern man and discovers that he is only a small fraction of a much greater whole.

The disillusioned scholar fully illustrates the outcome of pursuing renaissance values while medieval, religious values are sacrificed. Faustus shows large capacities for good as well as evil. He is not malevolent, only self-serving. He ultimately is a modern man who has the fatal flaw of craving power. Throughout his twenty-four-year gamble, he continually contemplates his decision to sell his soul, whether it was right or if he condemns himself, he ultimately chooses to keep his satanic pact. Faustus faces the dilemma frequently dealt with by modern man. He is confined by human finitude and human restrictions stressed by Christian beliefs, but also desires to press deeper into the questions of the world that frequently, when investigated, yield answers. For him to remain content with his restrictions would be denying his talents given to him by God, but when he seeks power through prying into the mysteries of the world, only suffering and evils develop in his life. Faustus transforms from a proud, promising scholar, to a tormented figure doomed to hell. As the chorus proclaims in reference to Faustus, "cut is the branch that might have grown full straight" (Epilogue, 1). Faustus had the potential to live a commendable life, but destroys this opportunity when he signs away his soul in blood to Lucifer in exchange for fleeting power.

Please note that this sample paper on Dr Faustus is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dr Faustus, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Dr Faustus will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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