Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge"

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As one of the greatest men in recent history , Leonardo da Vinci's genius remains unbounded by time and technology. By helping to set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, Leonardo's spirit lives on to influence the inventors, artists, and art patrons of our own time. This paper is about the design to divert the Arno River to

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fortify city of Pisa during war time. It has been 500 years since Leonardo da Vinci recorded his thoughts and designs in notebooks for us to marvel at, and within these notebooks I am interested in the "Codec Madrid II", which dealt with military architecture and Leonardo plans to divert the Arno river. The Codec Madrid were rediscovered in 165 in Madrid after being officially lost since 180. This is were the arguments become interesting. Many are unsure whether or not Leonardo da Vinci originated the design of the diversion of the Arno River to help fortify Pisa for war. There are many arguments about whether or not Leonardo originated idea to divert the Arno River. Scholars and experts alike have many different angles to this design. Experts say he would have known it was a hopeless project because of the environment, war, and lack of manpower. There are many who think the Florentines came up with this design 100 years before Leonardo was born. The wars and campaigns in Italy began in the 1500's because of political conflicts between the great powers. All involved parties had to maintain the best possible defense as well as their means of attack. Since new firearms, explosives, and artillery were developing all the time, they had to alter the systems of fortifications and technical warfare became more important. It was only natural that Leonardo da Vinci with his theory and practice of architecture throughout his life should also be included to the field of defense architecture and strategic engineering studies. In 150 the Florentine Republic started a new campaign against Pisa, and here emerged the most daring plan to divert the course of the Arno river to cut off the sea access so the Pisans could not get supplies. The big question is whether Leonardo had any part in drawing this plan up or if he was just to perfect the idea. This must be left undecided. Scholars doubt that the Florentine plan to divert the Arno River was originated by Leonardo, because they said he would have know from the beginning that such a feat would be difficult in peacetime but very impossible during war time. The plan called for canals to be dug 60 feet wide and 1 feet deep to carry the river as much as 7 miles off it's normal course. Being a man of practical knowledge of time-and-motion expert and he could figure our how much digging men could do, how they ought to do it, and what it would cost. This what Leonardo wrote in Codex Madrid II I found that the complete excavation of the moat, which is, on average, 17 braccia wide, and 16 braccia deep, and 40 braccia long, reduced to square braccia, amounts to 174,080 braccia. Which reduced to square canne, amounts to 70 canne. Of which, those at the mountain, due to the difficulty offered by the rock, deserver 5 lire the canna, an amount paid on other occasions to the diggers. (Leonardo da Vinci, Madrid II 10r) With this in mind he knew he had to design a machine to help the dig process because of inefficiency of men equipped with shovels. That is where the treadmill powered digging machine design was born. All of these calculations and work was erroneous. It was said that five times the available manpower would have been necessary, according to more realistic calculations by today's experts. Besides, the work had plenty of difficulties. It seemed to be impossible to get the thousands of workers required, or to keep them working, especially since they didn't get paid on time, and the section which was completed but could not handle the mass of water that was fed to it and collapsed. By this time opinions were split amongst the commanders, so the projects came to end in October 1504. The Florentines continued fighting another five years only to surrender there city in 150.

As one of the greatest men in recent history , Leonardo da Vinci's genius remains unbounded by time and technology. His dedication to the discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature make his insightful contributions to science and technology legendary in the Renaissance period. By helping to set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, Leonardo's spirit lives on to influence the inventors, artists, and art patrons of our own time. Whether or not Leonardo originated the design to divert the Arno River doesn't matter it was he vision and challenging dedication that moves me and many others. Some might argue that such ideas in the Renaissance time period should of been too modern. They need to remember to whom there referring too. Please note that this sample paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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English

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on english. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality english paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in english, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your english paper at affordable prices!In Fae Myenne Ng's novel Bone, the symbolism of paper and bone are very symbolic and meaningful. In the novel, these two objects have a deep significance towards the meaning of the whole "Chinese immigrant" situation. The reference of paper in the novel symbolizes a lot about the past and how it is important to value and remember it. Paper also becomes identification and something that is used to give life and prove Leon's existence. Bones may not seem as important for people who have no immigrated to another country. For the rest of us, and especially for Chinese immigrants living in a western society, the bones of the ancestors are very important and mean a lot if they are brought back to the homeland to bury. Being Chinese and raised in a western society is not very easy, and being Chinese, I find that many of their situations that they have been through are a lot like the ones that I have experienced.

Throughout the novel, there are many references and indications about paper. Paper is very important especially to Leon because being a man whose legal identity is based on a piece of paper; it has become more important to him than anything else he owns. Leon came to America on a ship and had to falsify papers in order to make him legible to stay in the country. For Leon, living "in this country, paper is more precious than blood" (p.). Paper is the only thing that gives life and existence to Leon, so he values all the documents that he has. Paper proves important in Leon's life because one time when he was going to apply for social security, he was not recognized because he did not have the proper documents with him. Without those false papers, Leon is socially and economically powerless in a white American society. The following quotation describes how his papers have a greater meaning and also give him power

All the letters addressed to Leon should prove to the people at the social security office that this country was his place, too. Leon had paid; Leon had earned his rights. American dollars. American time. These letters marker his time and they marked his endurance. Leon was a paper son. (p.58)

Other than providing existence, the papers that Leon kept reminded him about the past, which was something Leon also treasured deeply. When Leila opened Leon's suitcase, it was as if she was entering his past. She gets quite frustrated at first and considers the idea of gathering all Leons papers, burning his secrets and maybe his answers, and then scattering the ashes into the bay (60). Leon had kept everything, from rejection letters, old photos to old newspaper clippings. Leila said that seeing those old letters "held a truth about Leon I wasn't sure I wanted to know" (p.58). She eventually comes to understand and realize that Leon kept all these things because "he believed time mattered", the "old made good". Leon even had a tradition of honouring paper, and described how writing is "sacred". For Leon, saving all of his papers is essential because "for a paper son, paper is blood" (p.61).

Bones are something that carried a lot of symbolism to the story as well. There are many references to them and they give a lot of meaning in Leila's family. The Bones that are mainly mentioned are the ones that belonged to Grandpa Leong. To Leon, he believed that all the bad luck in their family resulted from the fact that he did not send Leong's bones back to China as he had promised to. So whenever anything went wrong, like losing a job, their bad business in the Ong and Leong laundry, and even Ona dying, Leon would "blame the bones". There was a time where Leon sort of lost it and went back to the cemetery to look for the bones that belonged to Grandpa Leong. But Leon could not locate them and all he did was shake his head and say "'no more, no more'" referring to the lost bones. Other than Grandpa Leong's bones which were mentioned in the story, I noticed that pigeon bones were also talked about in the novel. When Leila talked about how they ate pigeons when they were young, there was one line that Mah said which really stuck out. She said "bones are sweeter than you know" (p 1). The interpretation that I got from this sentence was Mah telling her daughters to value their bones and who they are, to not take anything for granted because she wants "clean bones, no waste".

For a Chinese family living in a western society, paper and bone are important symbols of life. The papers that Leon owns give their family existence, value, and roots. They remind the family that they are Chinese and how hard it was to come and survive in a foreign country with so much expectation from friends and relatives in their homeland. More importantly, the papers symbolize the past, filled with achievements and humiliation, something that they should never forget because "the past gives power to the present". Bones are something that means a lot to the Chinese. Bones bring respect and also symbolize a time period. Having your bones being brought back and buried in your home country is very special because it signifies where your family was established. There is an old Chinese saying that the blood came from the mother and the bones from the father (105) and that fates can be divined by the weighing of our bones (15). That is why it is so symbolic to them.

Please note that this sample paper on english is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on english, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on english will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Smoking

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Cigarette smoking is the most significant cause of lung cancer and also the leading cause of death in both men and women. Cigarette smoking is accountable for at least one-third of deaths of cancer annually in the United States. Cigarette smoking is an addiction that can be prevented. However, once a person inhales a cigarette it becomes an addiction that can cause lung cancer, heart disease, and other health effects which I think people should be aware of. Smoking involves inhaling and absorbing nicotine into the bloodstream and traveling it to the brain which causes an addictive effect. Every time the smoker's serum nicotine level falls below the minimum limit, he/she experiences drug withdrawal which makes him/her to become tense, anxious, and irritable. This feeling of dependency on nicotine makes the smoker to continue to smoke, therefore those who continue to smoke will continue to be in a constant battle of maintaining their serum nicotine level. Nevertheless it is best to never start smoking because once a puff is inhaled, you will become addicted to nicotine and continue to crave for it. People commonly start smoking when they were a teenager. Some teenagers smoke because they want to be rebellious, however, the most common reason is peer pressure. Teenagers start smoking because they think it will give them a better image like being cooler, more attractive, or more popular. However, some people say they smoke because they are unhappy, unsatisfied, nervous, bored, anxious, lonely, tired or just

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frustrated without their cigarettes. Other reasons are that cigarettes keep them thin, help them think better, or they are more sociable while smoking. On the contrary, cigarette smoking can cause serious health problems. Health problems such as symptoms, diseases, and cancer which can be fatal.

Nicotine has both stimulant and depressant effects on the central nervous system. It can cause many symptoms such as; alertness or relaxation, changes in mood and behavior, diarrhea, increased pulse and blood pressure, nausea and vomiting, and tremors. There are also risks of experiencing withdrawal symptoms, such as; stress, anxiety, depression, or boredom. Smoking causes many symptoms and it can also cause serious damage to one's health. Smoking is responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, and lung cancer. In addition, it is highly associated with the development of. bladder, kidney, pancreatic, and cervical cancers. Tobacco use can also cause chronic bronchitis, coronary artery disease and other forms of heart disease, such as; emphysema and gastro esophageal reflux disease. Tobacco also is a factor in causing decreased life expectancy, gray hair and baldness, high blood pressure, infertility in men and women, increased risk for bone fractures, premature wrinkles and a weakened immune system. Most experience heart attacks, strokes, or other circulatory conditions. Nevertheless, cigarette smoking is a serious addiction that causes serious health problems that people should be aware of. Cigarette smoking is an addiction that can cause significant damage to ones health. It is also the leading cause of lung cancer death in both men and women. However, it is an addiction that can be prevented; which is to never smoke at all. Once a

Wilson puff is inhaled, the nicotine is absorbed into the body causing an addictive effect. I believe that people should start thinking of the effects that nicotine can do to their lives. I truly do not think that smoking is worth risking a person's life. I know that there are serious consequences of smoking, which is why I am not a smoker. I have thought about taking a puff to see why people like to smoke but I always thought about the risks which is why I never even tried it at all. I know that nicotine is an addictive chemical that can cause cancer and other serious damage to the body. I experienced and saw what nicotine can do. My uncle had past away a couple of months ago from lung cancer which was caused by his dependency on smoking. I would think about the consequences before I act upon doing something and there are many serious consequences of smoking. Once you inhale a cigarette, it becomes an addiction and in the long run will cause damage to the health. So, think before you act and know the consequences that it can do to you and the ones that you love. Works CitedThe Washington Times. 00. "Blowing Smoke." July 00. http//www.washingtontimes.com/op-ed/00051-05610-6057r.htmDetroit Free Press. 00. "No Smoking." July 00. http//www.freep.com/voices/editorials/esmoke_000.htmThe Seattle Times. 00. "Smoking Ruins." July 00. http//seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/editorialsoppinion/satlets1.htmlFoodservice News. 001. "Hundreds of Restaurants to go smoke-free for a day." July 00. http//www.foodservice.com/001/11/1/eng-starnews_business.html Please note that this sample paper on smoking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on smoking, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on smoking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The changes to the supervision and training of staff

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HEALTH Values and Principles H100 Health is the condition in which individuals and communities achieve their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potential. Health for individuals is only possible in the context of a healthy environment and society. The healthy society is one which guarantees a safe and clean environment; material security for all its citizens; good work; adequate housing; a balanced and unpolluted diet and clean water; appropriate education; a safe transport system; accessible and sensitive public services; equality of opportunity; a secure present and hope for the future. All Green Party policies are designed to promote the health of individuals, communities and society. H101 Ill health exists at many levels; a diseased organ within a stressed person, a sick individual within an uncaring society, or a sick society within an overstrained and collapsing ecosystem. To achieve improved individual, social and environmental health, effective interventions at all levels are needed. Current theory and practice place too much emphasis on interventions at the biochemical and individual levels, too little on the social and ecological. Achieving better health requires a balanced, integrated and holistic understanding and approach.

H10 Health services are not in themselves a major determinant of the public health. Increased investment in health services alone will generate little improvement in the conventional indicators of health and disease. Furthermore, expansion of health services on the basis of indiscriminate economic growth will inevitably be counterproductive, since such growth itself damages health at the individual, social and ecological levels. However, willingness and ability to care for the sick and disabled are essential features of a compassionate society. Free market mechanism alone cannot adequately meet health needs, or effectively constrain costs. Proper health care for all, and the responsible use of resources, both require the continued provision of well-funded health services. H100 Health services can create dependence on the part of users, which is itself unhealthy. Individuals can through properly informed choice, and when adequately supported, acquire much greater responsibility for their own health, and the health of their families. However, true freedom of choice cannot be exercised without the economic and political power to choose, at present denied to the majority. AimsH00 To promote public health through policies designed to secure a healthy urban and rural environment, healthy work, healthy agriculture and food, healthy education, a healthy transport system and healthy local economic development. (FD00s) H01 To devise new economic models using quality of life and health indicators as the target variables to be optimised. Policies to achieve these targets will be integrated into overall economic strategy. Health-promoting policies will be mediated by social investment at national, regional and community levels. H0 To develop a new public health consciousness, which, through individual and collective action, will challenge vested interests and promote the personal, social and political changes needed to achieve improved states of health. H0 To develop health services which place as much emphasis on illness prevention, health promotion and the development of individual and community self-reliance as on the treatment and cure of disease. Such services will of necessity be empowering, participatory and democratic and their development will be guided by users own perceptions of their health needs. PoliciesH00 Health services must be effective, efficient, comprehensive, accountable and equally available to all. Effective health services will deploy a broad range of interventions, operative at many levels pharmaceuticals, surgery, psychological therapies, complementary and alternative medicine, and community and social interventions will be used where appropriate. All services will be available without charge at the time of need. Community Health Centres. H01 Funding will be diverted away from centralised facilities towards community health care, illness prevention and health promotion. Community Health Centres will be the focal points for self-help and community-based initiatives and will also provide a full range of services including primary health care, and health education and health promotion programmes. A variety of specialist services, in particular midwifery, obstetrics, family planning, counselling and psychiatry, will also be available. The midwifery and obstetric service will be such that a real option of home delivery is created. To permit the availability of the widest possible range of services and interventions, staff will be organised into multi-disciplinary teams. The public will be provided with easier direct access to nurse practitioners and other non-medical health workers, including social workers, counsellors, clinical psychologists and complementary therapists. Please note that this sample paper on The changes to the supervision and training of staff is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The changes to the supervision and training of staff, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The changes to the supervision and training of staff will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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FRiday night lights book review

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Friday Night Lights Book Review

Friday Night Lights, by H.G. Bissinger, is about a classic example of a small town in Texas, a town called Odessa. Odessa is a town like most Texas towns, it was founded because of its oil, every body seems to know each other, and the Hispanics and Mexicans coming over the border have flooded it. But there is one more thing about Odessa. This is football.

Odessa has one of the greatest high school football programs in the country. Students from other states come to Odessa, just to get a chance to play, or watch a football game at Permian High School. Despite the great legends Permian High School has earned over the years of its football, there are also consequences.

Football is the only thing that brings the town together. People live for Friday night. Every player has his own life, but the center of it is football. Each of the players has their own peppette, a high school girl, devoted to them. These girls make a huge sign to put in the player's yard for the season, posters for the game, cookies and other sweets, and they put on huge pep rallies every Friday morning. For almost every single Odessa Resident, if there weren't a football team, they wouldn't have anything to live for.

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This town may sound unreal, but its values are extremely important to the residents. Once you are out of high school, your life just drags on, until you have children, and once again you can relive the Permian High School glory days of football.

High school football was the absolute most important aspect in the town of Odessa. Money was spent around it, the football coach was paid $48,000, while the head of the English department, with a master's degree and twenty years of experience was paid $,000. The football coaches were given brand new computers almost every year, while the school had just received its first computer. $70,000 was spent every year for chartered jets to a football game at Midland High School, which was 500 miles away from Odessa.

Racism was also a huge dispute in Odessa. Ever since the desegregation of schools, there had been problems in Odessa. Although a black or Hispanic football player would be given the same respect on the football field as anyone else, off the field, things were usually different. Black and Hispanic families were often treated with racism. Odessa had been rated one of the towns with the highest murder rates of blacks and Hispanics.

Academics were also another factor much less important in Odessa than football. Most of the time, teachers would teach for the first ten minutes of class, and then for the remaining forty minutes of class, they were given time to basically do whatever they wanted. Teachers along with the students thought nothing could top the Friday night game. There was no academic probation for students, if they couldn't even reach the bare minimum. Many of the players had the knowledge of a twelve year old. Trying in school didn't matter; performing on the football field was what mattered. If the football team did well, the town was content, despite its low scores on standardized tests. If the football team did bad, more emphasis was put on forgetting the test, and working on plays and getting ready for the next game.

In conclusion, this book goes to show that although high school football can be a great experience for a high school student, it shouldn't be the center of a town. But it is in some towns still today. It is a terrible example for a town to be okay with the way schools don't care about it's student's grades, only about whether or not the football team will win the state championship that year. A town in America shouldn't revolve around the Friday night-lights.

In the book, Friday Night Lights, I learned a lot about how some towns emerge. Many small Texas towns were founded strictly for oil. Before long, these towns filled up with wild cowboy men, looking for bars (which became very popular businesses in these small towns,) and prostitutes, which were also in high numbers.

The town of Odessa was split in two, like many towns in Texas. There was southern Odessa and northern Odessa. Southern Odessa was mostly run down cheap houses, where mostly blacks and Hispanics lived, and northern Odessa was a richer, white section of town, where almost everyone was racist.

Not only was the town split, but the high schools were also split. There was Permian High School, for mostly northern Odessa white children, (in 188, when the book takes place, the school was made up by 6% whites, and % Hispanic, with the remaining 8% blacks or other ethnic groups.) There was also Odessa High School, which was for mostly southern Odessa Hispanic and black children.

This town, like many others, was extremely reliant on the oil. In 181, a record 4,50 drilling rigs were running the United States. Ten months later, that number dropped to ,7. Unemployment increased, and banks, especially the First National Bank, which got into hundreds of millions of dollars in debt.

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