Functional areas of business and how they are integrated

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Briefly describe the main functional areas of a business and explaina) why they need to be integratedb) how organisations attempt to integrate themIn this essay I plan to show if general management does integrate other functional areas of an organisation. In a medium sized business, there are several different functional areas or departments that need to work together in order for a business to perform to its full potential. If this does not happen then a business will not achieve its maximum profit level. These main functional areas include production, marketing, research and development, sales, human resources, accounting and finance, and management. Some of these functional areas are directly linked to more than one other area, as will be discussed shortly.

Production, as defined in The Complete A-Z Economics and Business Studies Handbook 'is the process of organising resources in order to meet a customer requirement'. Not all businesses have a production department, it depends on whether they sell goods or services. That is to say the production team in businesses that have them, must make goods which will satisfy its existing and potential customers. The production department therefore needs to integrate with a number of other departments in order for this to happen. It must firstly liase with the marketing area, so as they can produce goods that the company has researched and found out that people want to buy. They must also integrate with the sales area so that they know what their optimum output levels should be. The business neither wants a surplus nor a shortage in their stock levels as this would damage their sales and ultimately their profit.The definition of marketing as given in The Complete A-Z Economics and Business Studies Handbook is 'the all embracing function that links the company with the customers tastes to get the right product to the right place at the right time'. The marketing area of a business could be thought of as the crossover point between production and sales. These three functional areas of a business need to integrate fully with each other for the business to thrive. If the marketing area does not let the production team know what the customers want, then they will have very little idea of what to produce. Likewise, if the marketing area does not promote the products that a business is trying to sell well enough, that is to say they are not reaching their target audience, the sales team will have great difficulty in trying to sell the business's stock.The sales area of a business is a high pressure environment. There are targets to meet, stock turnover to think about and they relaying of information back to other functional areas as to what the customer thinks of the service and products they are getting. The are able to do this because the sales department is usually the only part of a business that a customer will deal with directly. Therefore, again the marketing and production functional areas need to integrate fully for the business's benefit.The research and development functional area would not be apparent in every business, but it should be integrated closely with many of the other functional areas in businesses which have one. This department is concerned, as its title suggests, with developing both new and current products to suit customers needs. They would have to integrate fully with the marketing and sales areas to find out current trends. It would also have to integrate with the accounting and finance department because the company does not want to spend money developing a product that will not help the company's position in their market.The accounting and finance department is responsible for the monetary affairs of a business. In this area, other functional areas are given their budgets, and records kept of their accounts. The accounting area provides reports for the other areas of the business so that they can improve methods of practice in order to improve the profitability of the business. It would be fair to say that the accounting and finance department has to integrate with all the other functional areas of a business because they all need a financial input of some kind in order to work effectively. The other main area that the accounting and finance department is responsible for is the distribution of wages to the business's employees. If this is not done efficiently, there will be negative effects on the workforce and the company's performance will decline. Likewise if the company does not employ the correct people for the tasks that need to be done, this will also reduce the business's performance.This area of the company is the human resources area. It is defined in The A-Z of Economics and Business Studies Handbook as 'the responsibility of using and developing the organisations personnel in the most productive way'. This means that the human resources area of a business will have to integrate with all the other areas of a business in order to find out what criteria must be met in order for an employee to be suited for a particular job. This may mean recruiting from outside the business. This department will also keep records of all employees in order that they receive appropriate training for the relevant areas in which they are working. Again the human resources area will have to integrate with each department and find out what employees must know and use records already kept to see if the employee has done, or is yet to do such training.All of these areas are overlooked by management. As the quotation suggests, this functional area does differ slightly in that it must integrate with each and every other area for a business to run well. It is down to the general management to make sure that all the other areas are integrated properly. Usually in a business there will be departmental managers who report directly to the general management, and their role is to inform the general management of how well or how poorly their department is running and also how well they are integrating with other departments.Organisations can attempt to integrate the other departments by using various different leadership or management styles. The three styles most commonly used are autocratic, democratic and paternalistic. The autocratic or authoritarian style of leadership puts forward the idea that the general management of a business should make all of the decisions, that is to say the policies and procedures of a business are left with the head of the organisation. The employees would therefore have a strict set of guidelines on how to go about their tasks. This could be upset however, if some employees do not think that the management are making the right choices. It may prove more difficult to integrate areas of a business using this method because the employees may feel that they are having to take orders so that other areas will benefit, and this may lead to unwanted rivalry between functional areas. In a democratic management, the basis of decision making is done between management and the main functional areas of the business. That means that any ideas which are put forward by the management are either voted on or discussed, and a decision is reached after this process has taken place. The management may also choose to delegate a decision to a particular functional area, and leave the choice up to the people who are going to have to follow it. This my be wise when a management group does not have sufficient knowledge to make a decision confidently. This may be seen as the best way to integrate different functional areas because the decisions that are made involve the people who will action them, and it also suggests that more integration will take place between functional areas in order for these decisions to be reached.The other commonly used management style is paternalistic. This is quite similar to the autocratic style, in that the decision is made by the management, but they will then explain to staff why they have made such choices. In this type of leadership, delegation is not commonly used. Because the paternalistic style is very similar to the autocratic style, it could be argued that a comparable outcome might come from its use. Only the fact that the decisions are explained to the workforce may indicate some sort of smooth integration between functional areas.Another less commonly used style is matrix management. This involves taking one or more members from one functional area and teaming them up with members from other functional areas, so forming a separate area. The employees in this new functional area now, though, have two management departments to report to. This may cause conflicts but is obviously a good way of integrating different areas. It is suggested that Japanese businesses have made good use of this method.In conclusion, I would argue that, as the quote suggests, organisations can attempt to integrate their various functional areas, but only if the management style chosen by the company is used to its full advantage. As has been shown, there are various different styles of management, and the style adopted depends on the nature of the organisation and on its objectives as to whether the functional areas listed earlier will integrate well. All organisations look for a management style that will maximise integration and ultimately improve the organisations profits. Please note that this sample paper on functional areas of business and how they are integrated is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on functional areas of business and how they are integrated, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on functional areas of business and how they are integrated will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Flower in the Crannied Wall by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

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Flower in the crannied wall,I pluck you out of the crannies,I hold you here, root and all, in my hand,Little flower - but if I could understand

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What you are, root and all, and all in all,I should know what God and man is. (Flower in the Crannied Wall by Alfred, Lord Tennyson) Tennyson says that if we can understand a flower, then we would know who we are and what the world is. Observing and understanding a flower can thus be considered an important process. However, different people see things in different ways. Given a certain object there are various ways it can be examined and described, according to the observers approach and his / her reaction to it. Perception depends on the experience of the observer, the result of combining sensation and interpretation, and on the basis of his/ her knowledge. Taking a flower as the object which is being observed, a biologist, an economist and a poet would approach knowing about it using different methods and aims, according to the field of study each one of them draws his knowledge from. The biologist might be interested in determining the characteristics of the structure of the flower, in order to be able to classify it and to analyse its adaptation to the environment. Biology is a natural science which deals with the study of living organisms and vital phenomena. As a science, it deals with facts that can be examined, quantified, proved. The classification of flowers into different categories, for example, is based on observations and experiments in order to determine recurring characteristics. In order to be able to understand the group the flower which is being observed belongs to, the biologist would attempt to identify its relevant structural features. He would analyse it observing its distribution, its habitat, its reproduction (eg. whether it has an attractive colour and scent in order to attract insects and lead to pollination) and its propagation, its importance to lifestock and wild life. The biolgist will want to categorise it and this is all concerned with pure science. Whereas, applied science is concerned with, for example, finding out how the flower can be used in medicine or as food. The following is an example of a description of a lupin flower by a biologist. He concentrates on describing the structure of the flower in order to determine its type and how its structure corresponds to the type of pollination it undergoes There are five sepals but these are joined together forming a short tube. The five petals are of different shapes and sizes. The uppermost, called the standard, is held vertically. Two petals at the sides are called wings and are partly joined together. Inside the wings are two more petals joined together to form a boat-shaped keel. The single carpel is long, narrow and pod-shaped, with about ten ovules in the ovary. The long style ends in a stigma just inside the pointed end of the keel. There are ten stamens, five long ones and five short ones. Their filaments are joined together at the base to form a sheath round the ovary. The flowers of peas and beans are very similar to those of lupins and they all belong to the family of Leguminosae. As a natural sciece, biology bases itself on empirical knowledge sense data, observation, investigation and experimentation, which lead to the establishment of laws. Empiricism is the view that knowledge comes from experience, through our senses. While observing the flower, however, the biologist will expect everything he finds out to fit in with what is already known about flowers, as scientists tend to see what they expect to see. In science, novelty emerges only with dificulty, manifested by resistence, against a background provided by expectation. Initially, only the anticipated and usual are experienced. - Kuhn. This relates to the fact that science cannot be completely objective. Scientists have to decide where to look and this limits their options. An economist would observe and analyse the flower from another perspective. He would probably be interested to find the market tendency of the respective type of flower, i.e. its supply and demand on the market. The aspects which he would probably take into account are the time of year the flower is available, the advantages and disadvantages of the commercialization of the flower, the requisites for its cultivation (eg. special conditions hothouse/ coldhouse/ glass roof/ forced light) and production (home-produced/ imported from other countries), competition from artificial flowers and the price elasticity of demand for that flower. Economics is a social science, so it implies humans interacting with each other in one way or another, but is also searching for general laws and some degree of rigour in the methods used. Similarly to the natural sciences, the same distinction between pure and applied science can be found when dealing with social sciences. In economics, for example, the pure economist is engaged in trying to establish hypotheses, laws and theories to describe and explain economic behaviour, while the applied economist is putting these discoveries into practice on behalf of governments, businesses or individuals. Unlike the two scientists, a poet or an artist, would probably observe and describe the flower according to the feelings, memories and images it arrises in him. He would see it as a symbol, he would not limit himself to describing the external aspect of the flower, but relate it to thoughts and ideas that come into his mind. The one below is an example of how Borges, a poet, addresses a rose and relates it to his vision of the worldYour fragile globe is in my hand; and timeis bending both of us, both unaware,this afternoon, in a forgotten garden.Your brittle shape is humid in the air.The steady, tidal fullness of your fragrancerises up to my old, declining face.But I know you far longer than that childwho glimpsed you in the layers of a dreamor here, in this garden, once upon a morning.The whiteness of the sun may well be yoursor the moons gold, or else the crimson stainon the hard sword-edge in the victory.I am blind and I know nothing, but I seethere are more ways to go; and everythingis an infinity of things. You, you are music,rivers, firmaments, palaces and angels,O endless rose, intimate, without limit,which the Lord will finally show to my dead eyes.( from The Unending Rose by J. L. Borges ) In his poem, Borges uses the qualities of the flower (e.g. fragile, brittle) to remind us of our emphemeral nature and of the passing of time. He projects his thoughts on the rose and sees in it our aspirations, the manifold nature of life.The poet is not interested in the flower as much as in man and in life. As Tennyson mentions in his poem that trying to understand even a little flower means trying to understand the whole world and finding the answers to all the questions, Borges uses a similar concept in observing the rose. He sees the rose infinite, unending like the Universe and its mysteries. He contrasts two different ways of looking at life, one of a young child full of hope and dreams and his, an old man, by relating them to the ways in which they perceive the flower. Hence, age and experience become two important factors in determining the approach to a flower, together with the field of study the observer comes from. In this case, the child would probably examine the flower and ask questions about it. His approach would be rather similar to a scientists determined by his curiosity and desire to know everythinhg. The old man would consider the flower differently, depending on his experience and perception, on his memories and feelings. While looking at the different approaches to knowing a flower a scientist, an economist and a poet might have we must not forget, however, that a single individual might also look at it from different perspectives. The fact that a biologist will observe the structure of the flower and try to classify it doesnt mean that he wouldnt be able to admire the beauty of the flower as an artist does. The following example can illustrate this point it is part of a speech delivered by a quantum gravity specialist Paul Davies People often ask me whether being a scientist robs my world of romance, whether in my rush to analyze the physics of light and air I miss the splendour of the sunset. I dont miss the splendour of the sunset. I watched the sun set from Henley Beach last week-end in rapture, waiting - unsuccessfully as it turned out - to see the famous green flash. I would turn the question on its head and ask whether the beauty of the sunset may distract us from discovering a still beauty of the underlying mathematical physics. But you dont have to choose you can celebrate both. Hence, different fields of study might have various methods of approach and describe the same object, phenomenon etc. quite differently. The important thing is to remember is that we should not limit ourselves by looking at something from a single point of view, but from different perspectives, in order to achive a better understanding of it. Please note that this sample paper on Flower in the Crannied Wall by Alfred, Lord Tennyson is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Flower in the Crannied Wall by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Flower in the Crannied Wall by Alfred, Lord Tennyson will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Model Marketing Plan

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Executive Summary & Table of Contents

Due to the fact that in the Macadamia Nut processing industry there is a high demand for the end product, and that there is much competition among processors to gain supply side customers (producers), marketing efforts need to be focused of the attraction of suppliers apposed to end users customers. Green Farms' objectives are to increase their supply base by 0% in the next financial year, as well as increase output capacity by 0 %. Other goals include the improvement of relations with demand side customers, re retail outlets & wholesalers.

Table of Contents Current Marketing Situation Page 1 - 4

Opportunity & Threat Analysis Page 4 - 6

Financial Objectives Page 6

Marketing Objectives Page 6

Marketing Strategy Page 7

Action Programs Page 8

Controls Page 8

Current Marketing Situation

Market Situation

Currently South Africa is producing 1.7% of the total global Macadamia Nut production, and Green Farms' production accounts for approximately 0% of this figure. Last year foreign market growth amounted to 86.67% indicating the market is still in the growth phase. Local markets are more saturated, and only experienced a growth rate of 15%. Further growth in both local and foreign markets is expected in the forthcoming years. SA's largest market base is in Europe and the USA, of which SA produces 4.5% of the total consumption in these areas. Foreign markets are also accessible in Asia and Australia, where SA's market share amounts to roughly 6% of the market. Strong domestic competition is faced in Australia though.

Supply side clients are generally private farmers, between the ages of 5 and 60. Qualities demanded by them include best prices, quality service, quick payment, technical backup, integrity, good information flow, and credit facilities.

Demand side clients are comprised of large retail wholesalers in both foreign and domestic markets. Long term stable service, consistent quality and supply, low prices, trusted brand name, money back guarantee regarding quality, good information flow, customer requests (bar coded products, sell-by dates), discounts for sustained buying, credit lines, proof of good agricultural practice (labour relations, safe production methods) are all qualities demanded by these clients.

Product Situation

1 000

Industry Sales 50 0000

South African Sales 65 87

Green Farms Sales 451 477

Green Farms Market Share 4.8 % . %

Average Price US$ 6 US$ 6.

Source Green Farms Nut Company

Units Kernel tons

The decrease in SA share of industry sales is due to the alternative bearing nature of the Macadamia Nut trees. This refers to the fact that the trees produce good/poor crops on an alternative season basis, which resulted in poor 000 crop performance. Production in 001 is estimated to increase due to alternative bearing as well as favorable climatic conditions.

Competitive Situation

Supply Side The Royal Macadamia Nut Factory is the main local competitor for Green Farms with regards to acquisition of unprocessed nuts. Competition is fought on price and marketing security (ability to sell supplier's products) aspects. One advantage Royal has over Green Farms is that offers superior production methods and is ISO 000 compliant.

Demand Side Due to the low global market share SA has, local Macadamia Nut marketing competitors efforts are insignificant, however on a global scale USA (Hawaii) had a 15% increase in market share, and Australia a 17% increase. Brazil is also major competitors. These countries have a major hold on the current global market, but are however hindered by high input costs.

Generally Green Farms' international promotion is done through SAMAC, a SA Macadamia Nut production board, which has its own promotion agenda for SA marketers and producers.

Distribution Situation

Green Farms sells 7% of its product to domestic wholesalers, and % to exporters.

Green Farms Distribution Process

Macroeconomic Situation Due to the fact that Green Farms hasn't reached a level where it distributes products directly to end users, an in-depth analysis of the wholesalers is more important. End users are seen to be middle to upper class, health conscious people. Approximately 70% of the world's population consumes nuts.

Opportunity and Threat Analysis

Opportunities - The product is in the growth phase of its product life cycle.

- Nuts are seen to have health benefits

- The devaluation of the Rand makes SA products more attractive to foreign markets.

- There has been an increase in the use of Macadamia Nuts in other products (sweets & cereals)

- Rapid population growth.

- Bio-technological developments resulting in improved plant species and hybrids (improved quality and disease resistance)

- A largely un-penetrated Asian market.

Threats - Large capital base in foreign competition

- Strict production control in foreign super-markets

- Importation of machinery is expensive due to devaluation of the Rand

- Recent strength of trade unions raising labour costs, which result in increased prices

- High transportation costs to foreign markets raises prices

Strengths - High quality product is produced according to world standards

- Established domestic supply resulting in an established supply by Green Farms to retailers

- Good reputation among local suppliers

Weaknesses - Lack of extensive capital base

- Firm has no R&D programs, nor official market research program.

- Green Farms does not produce under the ISO 000 production method qualification

- Production is dependant on suppliers and farming output due to climatic changes, and alternative bearing of Macadamia Nut trees

- No website providing potential clients access to Green Farms

Issue Analysis - Should Green Farms consider the production and marketing of other forms of nuts

- Should attempts be made to enter the possibly lucrative Australian market, although it has established local producers.

- Current land claims on many Macadamia Nut farms, which if realized could result in decreased supply.

- Should Green Farms consider vertical and horizontal integration

Financial Objectives

Financial objectives could not be realistically formulated as Green Farms kept these figures for the previous year confidential, due to fears it could affect perceptions held by its supply base. However increases in profit were realistically determined, due to the fact that production levels are expected to increase by 50% due to favourable climatic conditions, and market demand is expected to increase by 5%. A profit increase of 0% and a turnover increase of 40% is also expected.

Marketing Objectives

- Achieve sales volume of 680 tons, up from from 477 tons. Thus a 44% market growth

- Bypass importers and increase marketing directly to wholesalers by 5%

- Attempt to be made to market and produce Malawian nuts by Green Farms, thus obtaining a larger supply base, and establishing a constant supply as the Malawian season produces at a different time to the SA season

- Keep prices stable at US$ 6,

Marketing Strategy

Target Market Foreign market importers and wholesalers involved in supplying good to supermarkets. Emphasis to be shifted to wholesalers, thereby shortening the distribution chain.

Positioning The aim is to position Green Farms as a supplier of high quality Macadamia Nuts at competitive price.

Product Line It consists of a generic Macadamia Nut

Distribution Outlet Wholesalers

Sales Force An additional marketing manager will be hired to oversee the Asian market which is seen as a high growth area. The nature of the product (high volume sales, few customers) implies that a small sales force is required.

Service Highly flexible service is required where specific demand specifications are met.

Sales Promotion The hired marketing manager aims to improve sales promotion. Green Farms' reputation is aimed to be improved through improved product quality. All sales will take place through personal selling. Product price, quality, and stable supply will be emphasized.

Advertising A member of Green Farms is currently at the May 001 International Nut Conference in Spain.

R & D This is primarily done through SAMAC for the benefit of all SA Macadamia Nut producers and suppliers. This is due to a limited capital base Green Farms has.

Marketing Research Due to the low number of clients, marketing research is done on a small scale, however marketing managers are expected to know the needs of demand and supply side clients on a personal basis.

Action Programs

- For June The employment of a marketing manager based in Asia will facilitate Green Farms' market growth in this area.

- For May A member of the board is currently attending the International Nut Conference in Spain.

- An extention of the Tzaneen factory is planned, which will increase production by 40%

- A marketing manager will be sent to Malawi to establish contacts regarding the processing of Malawian grown nuts, as there exists no processing facilities in Malawi.

- An increase in the supply of Macadamia Nuts is planned through the running of seminars on improved farming methods for farmers. This will also improve social ties with suppliers.

Controls

Preliminary controls are done through the marketing board, whereas more important controls and problems will be overseen by the Board of Directors, who meet on a quarterly basis. All managers are expected to report their progress to the board on a monthly basis.

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Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes

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During the Victorian era as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created various adventures of Sherlock Holmes, he was surrounded by a patriarchal society. The assumption that women were inferior to men was true of that period. Women were expected to stay inside, raise the children, and perform "social" tasks. Men ate meat while women ate cake, strawberries, and custard (Bird 1). In various Sherlock Holmes stories featuring females, Doyle devises plots that depend on women, however they are often silent or physically absent even though they are vital to the narrative. Females are marginalized, controlled, and contained like colonized foreign subjects (Favor 8). Conan Doyle's views pertaining to women colored Sherlock's as he created three damsels- in distress stories, "A Case of Identity," "The Copper Beeches," and "The Speckled Band," however, Doyle's first story, "A Scandal in Bohemia" reveals opposite outlook of women (Harrison 1). According to Redmond (8), "all the women of the canon were victims-of the times they lived in….there was no need to be actually a victim, in 185; it was quite enough to be a woman." It is not surprising that these women are not upper-class women as they would hardly find themselves in the sitting room of a middle-class detective. Sherlock Holmes's victims are the outcasts and prostitutes who are socially vulnerable enough to have problems that Holmes can solve; therefore they are the perfect damsels-in-distress (Redmond 8). "A Case of Identity" is the first so-called damsel-in-distress story in which Sherlock Holmes's role is to rescue a female victim (Redmond 81). Miss Mary Sutherland arrives to 1b Baker Street to meet Sherlock Holmes as her fiance had disappeared on the way to the church (Doyle 48). Mary Sutherland's stepfather Mr. Windibank, had committed fraud as he disguised himself as an eligible bachelor, scheming to claim her income. His disguise involves false whiskers, dark glasses, a whispering voice, and he does not allow Miss Sutherland to see his hand writing. The interest of the story is of Mary Sutherland, and Holmes's and Watson's attitude towards her. Dr. Watson, depicted so far as a ladies man, shows no interest in her. Holmes's however, falls hard for Miss Sutherland, and takes an intense interest in solving her troubles but also in soothing the lady. This is the only damsel-in-distress story in which Sherlock Holmes refers to his client as the "maiden" which carries a sexual connotation of sexual eligibility. Holmes is sympathetic towards Miss Sutherland as he says, "You have been shamefully treated," and when he is outraged with Mr. Windibank, he shouts, "there never was a man who deserved punishment more." Watson reveals that Sherlock Holmes works hard to help the women, to prevent them from danger as they are vulnerable and require protection (Redmond 8-85). Conan Doyle's second damsel-in-distress story "The Speckled Band," is quite similar to "A Case of Identity" as it is a tale of action whereas its predecessor requires only ratiocination. It is also a story of a young woman whose stepfather covets her profits, and is prepared to go to great lengths to prevent her from marrying. Helen Stoner's stepfather, Dr. Grimesby Roylott, is much more violent than James Windibank as he stoops to the murder of his older daughter Julia. She was to be married, and in order to prevent access of her income this had to be stopped. He does so through the use of his "speckled band," the deadliest snake in India. Mr. Roylott also attempted to murder his younger daughter Helen as she was to be wedded, however Sherlock Holmes rescued this damsel-in-distress from the danger of her stepfather. Holmes and Watson exchange rooms with Miss Stoner and prepared for the snake to enter from Mr. Roylott's room through the convenient ventilator and up the dummy belt. Holmes drives "The Speckled Band" back into Mr. Roylott's room turning on its owner and killing him. Through this extreme plot, Helen Stoner's exaggerated feminine qualities and Sherlock Holmes's macho behavior contributes to the stories effectiveness of the rescuing of this damsel-in-distress (Redmond 8-87). Holmes is presented as the masculine hero of this innocent female victim, while Mr. Roylott is seen as the villain, tainted by the East due to Doyle's imperialistic views. Doyle has justified the villain's death, thus, satisfying the reader's desire for justice in this patriarchal society (Favor - 405).

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"The Speckled Band" was published in 18 , and four months later the third damsel-in-distress story, "The Copper Beeches," was presented. This story had attracted much attention from various Sherlockians as it was important in the revelation of Sherlock Holmes's love life. Holmes's client is Violet Hunter, not Alice Rucastle who does not appear in the story due to her imprisonment by her father as she was to be married. If Alice married her fiance Mr. Fowler, similar to the previous story, "The Speckled Band," her father would not have access of her income. Hence, Miss Hunter has been lured into impersonating Mr. Rucastle's daughter, Alice. Mr. Fowler would perceive that Miss Rucastle was no longer interested in marriage and leave the premises of their home. Violet Hunter is presented by Doyle as a helpless woman, struggling to escape from a strong man. "The Copper Beeches," contains the right combination of fear and excitement. The fear stems from the deserted rooms, the savage dog Carlo, and the imprisonment of Alice Rucastle behind the barred door. Miss Hunter's isolation in a male household creates excitement for the reader, however, Sherlock Holmes feels that this is no place for an innocent woman. Holmes is determined to save her from the danger of her surroundings, therefore, applies his masculine abilities, with the help of Watson and rescues her (Redmond 87-0). The three damsels-in-distress stories contrast Conan Doyle's first story, "A Scandal in Bohemia," as "Holmes had encountered a woman on the same intellectual plane as himself, someone to match his wits and never be sure of the outcome….someone from much the same mold [as himself] had entered and touched his life" (Redmond 58). Irene Adler is not like the average woman of looser morals, but attains an intellectual, patriarchal attitude believing men are smarter than women. Adler's "tomboyish and assertive personality," allows her to triumph over Sherlock Holmes (Redmond 55-). Miss Adler outwits Sherlock and escapes the country with the photo that he was set out to procure. Women are presented as potentially harmful in "A Scandal in Bohemia" (Favor 40). "The little Irish spy in her twenties gave him his first real taste of indomitable courage, resolution….that he was ready to rise above the most cruel privation and degradation" (Edwards 50). To Sherlock Holmes Irene Adler was always "the woman," and while he remembers her with dubious affection who had outwitted him, he maintains an "aversion to women." Sherlock reveals that "women and their accompanying emotions are a distracting factor to male powers of reason and deduction" (Favor 40). The various adventures of Sherlock Holmes "were acts of creative partnership between Doyle and the women to whom he was closest his two wives, his mother and his sisters" (Barsham 11). According to Redmond (15), Conan Doyle's mother should be given credit for her "son's triumphant belief in the superiority of women" as presented in the story, "A Scandal in Bohemia," as Irene Adler triumphs over Sherlock Holmes. This work is indeed a contrast of Doyle's patriarchal stories and also of the Victorian era as women were considered innocent victims, unable to solve their problems, therefore, depending on the help of men. Women were to be protected from the dangers of the world, thus, they were expected to stay inside and raise the children, while the male sex would go out into the world (Bird 1). The patriarchal society in which Conan Doyle was immersed and his attitude towards women enabled him to create three damsels-in-distress stories to represent his views of life. Doyle saw women as victims of society who must be rescued by a male such as the typical Sherlock Holmes (Favor 8- 405). Reference ListBarsham, Diana. Arthur Conan Doyle and the Meaning of Masculinity. Burlington Ashgate Publishing Limited, 000.Bird, Isabella. Theatre & Dance atcu. 1 June 00 http//www.colorado.edu/theaterdan ce/oldsite/000/000%0season/otvpreview/otvtravelers.htmlDoyle, Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. United States of America Tom Doherty Associates Inc., 188.Edwards, Owen D. The Quest for Sherlock Holmes The Biographical Study of Arthur Conan Doyle. Totowa, New Jersey Mainstream Publishing Company Edinburgh LTD, 18. Favor, Lesli J. "The Foreign and the Female In Arthur Conan Doyle Beneath the Candy Coating." English Literature Transition 4.4 (000) 8-40.Harrison, Michael. Miscellany III. 1 June 00 http//www.homestead.com/holmes1 b/holmes7.htmlRedmond, Christopher. In Bed with Sherlock Holmes Sexual Elements in Arthur Conan Doyle's Stories of The Great Detective. Toronto, Canada Simon & Pierre, 184. Bibliography is at the end of the paper Please note that this sample paper on Patriarchal Society of Sherlock Holmes is for your review only. 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Atherosclerosis

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A Review and discussion of the evidence for a genetic link to AtherosclerosisIntroductionAtherosclerosis is a disease more commonly referred to as a Hardening of the arteries (1), and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world (). It is believed to be a multifactorial process, which can in some cases start in utero (). Patients with atherosclerosis represent a heterogenous group of individuals, with diseases that progress at significantly different rates and in distinctly different patterns (5). It is described by the deposition of fatty material (atherosclerotic plaques) in, not on, arterial vessel walls - due to an excess in-flow of cholesterol. This can lead to occlusion of the artery - in most cases this occurs due to a sudden rupturing of the plaque that triggers the emergence of a blood clot/thrombus that blocks blood flow (as oppose to direct occlusion by the plaque) leading to complications such as strokes or heart attacks (1/4). There are many risk factors for this disease diet and lifestyle (environment) works synergistically with genetic factors predisposing to or protecting from the disease. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

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This essay will review some of these genetic factors (both predisposing and protecting) and discuss their contribution to the risk of developing Atherosclerosis.Predisposing factorsThere have been many predisposing factors discovered using clues from the pathology of the disease including genes/proteins associated with blood lipids, endothelial cell changes (lipid deposition), macrophage responses, inflammation, oxidative damage, vascular repair control, thrombosis and diabetes/obesity (1).Blood lipids One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia (quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins), (). Atherogenic dyslipidemia has been genetically linked, is characterized by increased plasma triacylglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, low HDL concentrations and the development of small dense LDL particles (8), and predisposes for atherosclerosis. HDL in particular is very important in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which is the major protective system against atherosclerosis (7), (clears excess cholesterol from arterial cell walls (6)). It has been found that a cellular ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) called ABCA1 mediates the first step of RCT. Mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease (TD), a severe HDL deficiency syndrome characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in tissue macrophages and prevalent atherosclerosis. Studies of TD heterozygotes revealed that ABCA1 activity is a major determinant of plasma HDL levels and therefore predisposes for coronary vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis (6). Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the development of small, dense LDL (LDL subclass phenotype B) can also be genetically influenced (15/16). Other factors genetically linked to the changes in blood lipids include liver x receptors (LXRs). LXRs (LXRalpha and LXRbeta) are nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by certain oxysterol derivatives of cholesterol. Millatt et al reported that LXRs play an important role in the response to excess cholesterol and by using an LXR agonist (Ghr65) they were able to demonstrate a dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effect in mice (11). This can be taken as evidence of a genetic link of LXR genes to atherosclerosis.Endothelial cell changes endothelial dysfunction is characterised by reduced bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO). Channon et al reported an important role for both the NAD(P)H oxidases and endothelial NOS in the increased vascular superoxide production associated with endothelial dysfunction predisposing human vascular disease states (10). Macrophage responses During the process of atherosclerosis, the homeostatic mechanisms (which are genetically controlled) of a macrophage fail and uncontrolled cholesterol deposition is promoted by the scavenger functions of the macrophages (1). Diabetes/Obesity People with diabetes tend to be predisposed to atherosclerosis due to their accelerated synthesis of LDLs ().Protective factorsThere have been a lot less factors (genetically linked) identified that protect against the development of atherosclerosis. It is known however that pre-menopausal women are to a degree protected from developing the disease. Walters et al reports that oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, together with other modifiable risk factors and that the absolute risk of coronary disease is greater for men than for pre-menopausal women (1). This suggests that oestrogen somehow protects women from atherosclerosis. Most risk factors for atherosclerosis are associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation due to reduced NO production. Folate/folic acid not only reduces plasma homocysteine levels but also enhances eNO synthesis and shows anti-inflammatory actions thereby also providing protection against the development of atherosclerosis (14). The LPL S447X cSNP has been reported to be associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all atherosclerosis risk factors) (17). Clee et al reported a reduced risk of coronary artery disease suggesting that this polymorphism is protective against atherosclerosis. Observations that apoE deficient mice develop spontaneous atherosclerosis, whereas transgenic mice expressing a defective apoE from the liver do not, suggesting that macrophage apoE secretion may indeed play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility ().ConclusionAtherosclerosis is a multi factorial process that can start in utero, it progresses over decades and leads to cardiovascular complications such as heart attacks and strokes. This disease accounts for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality in the western world and is affected by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors (predisposing to or protecting from) can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.For example, mutations in the ABCA1 gene lower HDL levels thereby predisposing the subject to atherosclerosis. Knowing how this mutation affects the development of atherosclerosis allows for possible gene/protein therapy methods to be investigated. It is also known that macrophage apoE secretion may play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility, therefore methods can now be investigated as to possibly inducing apo E synthesis/secretion to help protect patients with a high risk of developing the disease.References1. University of Otago Genetics 1 Laboratory manual for 00.. CRISP - project title Bone marrow transplantation and atherosclerosisURL crisp.cit.nih.gov/. Szitanyi, P; Janda, J; Polende, R; Intrauterine undernutrition and programming as a new risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Physiol. Res. 5 8 - 5, 004. Libby, P; Atherosclerosis a new view Scientific American pp. - 7 may 005. The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular clinical research centreURL www-med.stanford.edu/reynolds/summary.htm6. Oram, JF; Lawn, RM; ABCA1 The gatekeeper for eliminating excess cholesterol. Lipid Res. 001 Aug; 4(8) 117 - 7. Zhang, Z; Yamashita, S; Hirano, K; Nakagawa-Toyama, Y; Matsuyama, A; Nishida, M; Sakai, N; Fukasawa, M; Arai, H; Miyagawa, J; Matsuzawa, Y; Expression of cholesterol ester transfer protein in human atherosclerotic lesions and its implications in reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 001 Nov; 15(1 ) 67 - 758. Berthier, MT; Houde, A; Bergenon, J; Prudacte;homme, D; Despres, JP; Vohl, MC; Effect of the factor V11 R5Q missense mutation on plasma apolipoprotein B levels impact of visceral obesity. J. Hum Genet. 00 Jul; 48(7) 67 - 7. Cottrell, DA; Marshall, BJ; Falko, JM; Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Curr. opin Cardiol. 00 Jul; 18(4) 01-810. Channon, KM; Guzik, TJ; Mechanisms of superoxide production in human blood vessels relationship to endothelial dysfunction, clinical and genetic risk factors. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 00 Dec; 5(4 pt 1) 515 - 4 11. Millatt, LJ; Bocher, V; Fruchart, JC; Staels, B; Liver x receptors and the control of cholesterol homeostasis potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 00 Mar 17; 161() 107 - 181. Rainio, S; Ikomen, E; Macrophage cholesterol transport a critical player in foam cell formation. Ann. Med 00; 5() 146 - 551. Walters, J; Skene, D; Hampton, SM; Ferns, GA; Biological rhythms, endothelial health and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 00 Jan; (1) RA 1 - 814. Das, UN; Folic acid says NO to vascular diseases. Nutrition 00 Jul - Aug; 1(7 - 8) 686 -15. Austin, MA; Genetic epidemiology of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 16 Oct; 8(5) 45 - 616. Superko, HR; Did grandma give you heart disease? The new battle against coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 18 Nov 5; 8(A) 4Q - 46Q17. Clee, SM; Loubser, O; Collins, J; Kastelein, JJP; Hayden, MR; The LPL S447X cSNP is associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides, and reduced risk of coronary arter ease. Clinical genetics 001 Oct; 60(4) Please note that this sample paper on Atherosclerosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Atherosclerosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Atherosclerosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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