Social Integration of Women

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Social Integration of Women, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Social Integration of Women paper at affordable prices!When starting a family in contemporary American society, women are faced with greater challenges and fewer supports, increased and confusing choices about work and family arrangements, ambiguities about men's and women's proper roles, and demanding expectations of themselves to be both a knowledgeable and nurturing partner and parent. In a detailed, qualitative study, Arlie Hoschilds (18) notes that working mothers come home to a "second shift," where they are working an extra month a year in comparison to their husbands. This paper explores the assumption that the gender roles of men and women influence the institution of marriage and lead to the social isolation of women.This study examines the satisfaction men and women derive from their social system, in particular the institution of community. Social integration can be defined as the degree to which an individual is psychologically linked to others in a group. Katz and Kahn (178) argued that the integration of a social system results from a number of causes but is most directly a function of affective factors rather than role requirements. This suggests that within a group, individuals' personal satisfaction with other members and motivation to sustain those relationships are important indications of integration. Social integration, therefore, can best be thought of as a multifaceted phenomenon that reflects attraction to the group, satisfaction with other members of the group, and social interaction among the group members (Katz & Kahn, 178). It is hypothesized that women will feel less socially integrated because of the "stalled revolution", which refers to the friction between faster-changing women and slower changing men. Rates of change which themselves result from the different rates at which the industrial economy has drawn men and women into itself has created an inequality occurring in the home between husband and wife. While the mobility of women is supported by the industrial economy, once employed, the workplace remains inflexible in the face of family demands in their female workers (Hoschilds 11-1). Women are confused as to the social role they must fulfill. Men, on the other hand, will have a strong sense of social integration as they are fulfilling their social role as the breadwinner. Women are feeling a heightened sense of anxiety due to their dueling commitments to their relationships in the home and in the workplace. In sum, women are struggling to reconcile the demand of a job with a happy family life. Females will feel less socially integrated because they are uncertain as to where they belong, in work or at home? Historically, women's place has been in the home. Today, the perception of men and women working is equal. However, women will feel socially isolated because of the "extra month" of work. They are attributed the role of caretaker for husband and children as well while simultaneously encourage to move out of the home and into the workplace. Women will work the "extra month" at home to ensure they are fulfilling the traditional role of wife and mother. Men use this time that their wives are using in the home, to form meaningful social relationships within the community. Therefore, men will be more socially integrated than their wives.

In addition, it is also hypothesized that single working women in comparison to married working women will be more socially integrated. Single workingwomen don't have the obligation to the institution of marriage, meaning that don't have to evaluate and alter their role as women in the workforce. They do not have to partake in the stalled revolution or the second shift, endured by married workingwomen. This research question is of importance because individuals become part of society through processes of socialization, where they become members of groups and institutions that contribute also to their individuality. Women in the processes of social integration will have bonds with tradition and be devoted to the transmission of norms and values, or they will attempt to innovate this domain as they had little influence in the past. Social integration can improve people's life satisfaction because it will attribute to the individual a sense of contribution. The data analyzed for this research project was collected from the National Geographic Survey 000, which garnered responses from 178 nations around the world. Eighty thousand people participated in the interactive questionnaire about their demographics, use of the Internet, mobility, social world, community, cultural practices, and preferences regarding literature, music, and food. The magnitude of social integration of men and women in relation to their participation and personal sentiment within their community was examined. The data collected from the National Geographic 000 survey relevant to the study was entered into a spreadsheet data editor where it was modified and transformed. A series of cross tabulations was run using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). This program is a comprehensive statistical analysis software program that is widely used by behavioral researchers. Data was selected from those respondents who were married and employed, married and employed with children, and single and employed. SPSS helped to create nine contingency tables or cross tabulations that displayed the value of individuals who have each value on each of the two variables (SPSS for Windows; Stangor 6).In order to define the hypothesis, variables from the National Geographic 000 URL were used to measure non-integration, by specifically focusing on variables indicative of alienation. Those variables include My community is a source of comfort, I feel close to other people in my community, and I have something valuable to give to the world . The responses of men and women to the above statements were examined. The variables selected are indicative of the conceptual variable of satisfaction derived from the community. My community is a source of comfort is a valid measure of alienation because if respondents disagree they are less socially integrated. If a person derives comfort from his or her community, and agrees with the statement, it shows a reciprocal relationship between that person and other members within their community. He or she feels comfortable in their position as an individual member within the context of society. I feel close to other people in my community will measure that persons that feel part of their community care about it's well being, and therefore become more involved and have a greater sense of faith in the establishment. Thus, he or she will feel as a contributing member of their community and be socially integrated. I have something valuable to give to the world responses will show that if persons disagree they will belittle their role as a contributing member to their society. He or she will have little less motivation to establish social relationships in the community, and they will be defined as less socially integrated. Due to the ambiguity of the responses ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, with several degrees of responses in-between, agree/disagree answers were collapsed. The "don't know" response was omitted. In the analysis of the data, all results found were contrary to the original hypothesis. For the variable of My community is a source of comfort sex crosstabulation (see Figure 1), it was found that 18% of married employed fathers feel that there community is not a source of comfort; 1% of married employed mothers felt the same. Thirty percent of single employed males and females disagreed with the statement (see Figure ). For the variable of I feel close to other people in my communitysex crosstabulation (see Figure ), 0% of married employed fathers disagreed about feeling close to others in their community; 1% of married employed mothers disagreed as well. Thirty-Three percent of single employed males do not feel close to others in their community and thirty-two percent of single employed females don't feel close to other people in their communities (see Figure 4). The final variable of I have something valuable to give to the world sex crosstabulation (see Figure 5) shows that 5.% of married employed fathers disagreed with the statement, and 4.1% of married employed mothers disagreed. Six percent of single employed males do not believe that they have something valuable to contribute to the world; four percent of females also feel this way (see Figure 6). It is evident from the results that the original hypothesis that men will be more socially integrated than women is incorrect. Rather, women are equally socially integrated as their male counterparts, give or take a few percentage points. It is necessary to further examine the nature of these results. In regard to the crosstabulations concerning feelings of closeness to other members of the community and deriving comfort from one's community, married males and females with children agreed more often so than single employed males and females. Married and working fathers felt 14% closer to other people in their communities as compared to single workingmen. Sixteen percent more of married working mothers felt a connection to those in their community than did single working women. In addition, 16% more of married working fathers find comfort in their communities than do single working men; 11.4% more of married working mothers view their communities as comforting in comparison to single working women. It was originally hypothesized that women would feel less socially integrated in comparison to men, and even more so if those women were married with children. However, the results do not support this hypothesis. A pattern was discovered where married employed mothers felt equally socially integrated with married employed fathers and more socially integrated than single employed men and women. The diminishing social distance between the sexes can be explained in terms of the emancipation of women from their traditional social role. As women moved into the workforce, they were strongly confronted with problems relating to male sentiment of women attaining power equal to their own. Thus, both men and women were forced to unlearn their outdated social expectations of each other. These centered on sexuality and marriage. At work, both men and women had to learn how to better relate to one another regardless of sexual attraction. This implied that women had to unlearn their old societal roles and attitudes. Today, women have not only come to run and organize the social sphere of society, but also function as its gatekeepers (Wouters, 15).To explain additional differences from the original argument, the variances in agreement between married working mothers and single working, women were scrutinized. It is possible that single employed females feel more alienated than married employed mothers because they are less involved in community affairs and feel less confident in their contributions to society. Perhaps, this is due to married women having more opportunities to benefit from social involvement. For instance, they have the advantage of partaking in their husbands' relationships in the community as well as that of their children. A wife has the advantage of utilizing her husbands' social relationships in order to ensure the well-being and future of her children. For example, if a mother is not satisfied with the administration at her child's school, she may join the PTA and foster a change because of her husband's social influence in the community. Single women lack these resources to drive their involvement in their society. They will be more interested in addressing self-concerning matters, where the circle of concern that a married woman has encompasses other people than herself. In addition, perhaps because married mothers are working they will feel a heightened concern for the well being of their children while they are at work. To secure the welfare of their children working mothers will contribute more to their community. Thus, they are more socially involved in the community that fosters care for their children, giving them more satisfaction than single working, women. In sum, children are the driving force in getting women to be more socially involved. As seen from the results, this argument also pertains to married, working fathers.The differences in agreement between married, working mothers and fathers and single, employed men and women is very small. Both groups almost equally that they have something valuable to give to the world. However, it is interesting to note that although married, working mothers and single workingwomen equally agree with this statement. As shown from the other two variables, married, working mothers are the actual contributors to their society. While both groups are saying they feel they have something to give, married, working, women are doing so by 10% more than single, working women. In conclusion, it is now hypothesized that children make the difference in a person's (male or female) amount of social integration. Contrary to what was originally believed to influence a person's social integration it is not marriage that is the main factor. To illustrate this new research question a crosstabulation was run for the preceding variables on married, employed men and women (with no children).For the variable My community is a source of comfort sex crosstabulation (see Figure 7), 4% of males and 5% of females did not find comfort from their community. For the variable I feel close to other people in my community sex crosstabulation (see Figure 8), 7% of men disagreed and 8% of females disagreed with the statement.. Lastly, for the crosstabulation of I have something valuable to give to the world sex (see Figure ) 6.4% of men and 4.% of women disagreed. In the analysis of these values, married workingmen without children don't differ greatly, as compared to married, working men with children. On average, women without children are 10% more likely than women with children to feel alienated from their community. Thus, the hypothesis that children foster the greater social integration of women is proven. In 150, 8 percent of married women with children between six and seventeen worked outside the home; in 186, it had risen to 68 percent. In 150, percent of married women with children under six worked. By 186, it had grown to 54 percent. Today, half of the women with children under one work outside the home. Two-thirds of all mothers are in the labor force, and more mothers have paid jobs than non-mothers (Hoschilds ). Furthermore, studies show that working mothers have higher self-esteem and get less depressed than housewives (Hoschilds 4). Although marriage promotes the social integration of women, it is children who drive it. Occupation is a strong contributing factor, but it is not the primary one. The workforce provides greater opportunities for women to become and stay financially independent, in turn giving them a strengthened belief that tasks such as providing care for the children and maintaining the home should be shared equally with their spouse. As these more egalitarian rules take time to "sink in", this shift in the traditional division of labor between husbands and wives has intensified the tug-of-war between old and new ideals, and the related feelings of ambivalence in both sexes. As noted by Hoschilds, most men and women seem to be egalitarian "on top" and traditional "underneath". Women may sometimes seem to be more extreme because they are the ones putting their husbands under pressure. Most men react by not wanting to accommodate and not easily perceiving the "civilized" pleasures of a more egalitarian relationship. Most men will therefore use the "gender strategy" of appealing to the old identity underneath, trying to bring it back on top.As a solution to this problem Wouters (15) emphasizes the importance of men and women exercising emotional management, which refers to both sexes relying on their past experiences as well as experimenting. "Through this process men and women will come to find new balances between ways and means of intimacy and distance and feelings of uselessness and feelings of power". By finding a new balance of power in their relationship, segregation between the two sexes will diminish and feelings of integration will increase. In turn women will gain a stronger sense of self and believe in their ability to change society through their contributions.In contemporary American society, the family is a crucial agent in reproducing existing societal arrangements. Until they go to school, many children are wholly dependent on their families, thus their sense of self and competency is largely shaped in the home. Parents tend to pass on to their children the outlooks that are suited to their own experiences in the world. For example, if a mother values her level of social integration as adults her children will most likely reproduce this value. The process of generating the importance of being involved in one's community can be seen as a reciprocal. A mother will become involved in social activities for the benefit of children. In turn, the child will see her commitment and come to value it as well. Finally, the social integration of the sexes, most specifically women, has increased dramatically. Women now view themselves as important members of the community who have something valuable to contribute. Social integration is a dynamic process of give and take between people and others in their environment. People do not receive their social selves passively. Rather, individuals help to create their selves as contributing members in this process. Women have realized their ability to actively and effectively participate. The primary factor in this recognition is their children, the growing equality of their marriage, and the mobility they have acquired in the workforce. Figure 1Married, employed, with childrenFigure Single and employedFigure Married, employed, with childrenFigure 4Single and employedFigure 5Married, employed, with kidsFigure 6Single and employedMarried and Employed no childrenFigure 7Figure 8Figure Works CitedHoschilds, Arlie Russell. The Second Shift. Avon Books New York, 18. Katz and Kahn. "Work group demography, social integration, and turnover."Administrative Science Quarterly March 18 v4 1-.McIntyre, Lisa J. The Practical Skeptic Core Concepts in Sociology. McGraw Hill Co. New York, 00.Wouters, Cas. "The integration of the sexes." Journal of Social History. Carnegie Mellon University Press Winter 15 v, 5-40.Please note that this sample paper on Social Integration of Women is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. 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