How concentration affects rate of reaction

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IntroductionA chemical reaction is a process by which one or more substances called reactants changes into or more other substances, called products. Reactions occur at different speeds, they have different rates of reaction.There are two ways to judge how fast a reaction takes place. Rate of reaction is the rate of disappearance of a reactant or the rate of appearance of a product. In the case of our investigation, one of the products we get reacting hydrochloric acid with marble chips is carbon dioxide, that is what we are going to measure to see what is the rate of this reaction.Knowing rates of reaction is especially important for manufacturers, in industry a slow reaction means less production and that means less money. On the contrary, if the reaction is quick, there is more product and that means more money. Chemical engineers must understand the factors affecting rate of reaction and use them to make the product form more quickly.

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There are different factors that affect the rate of reaction• The temperature of the solution is higher• The solid is in smaller particles (surface area)• The solution is more concentratedConcentration Concentration effects the rate of a reaction because the higher the concentration of particles the greater the chance of a successful collision. The general trend for the concentration is the rate doubles as the concentration doubles (they are directly proportional) PredictionI predict that as the concentration of hydrochloric increases, the amount of carbon dioxide given out will increase and the time taken for a certain amount of it to be produced will be less.I think this because the higher the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is, the higher the chance of the bonds breaking because the stronger the hydrochloric acid is the more energy the molecules have so they travel with more force which means the bonds break. If the molecules do not have much energy they will just bounce of the bonds harmlessly. The energy is needed to break the bonds and get the reaction started. Particles in a material don't all have the same amount of energy, most have roughly an average amount while some have more or less than the average. This is illustrated graphically below with a Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution In the diagram, the number of particles capable of reacting at low concentration is represented by the light brown area, while at a higher concentration the number of particles capable of reacting is represented by both the light and dark brown areas. If the number of particles capable of reacting is higher, the rate of reaction will be greater. According to the collision theory, the more and harder the particles in a reaction collide the faster the rate of reaction. More concentrated acid has more acid per cubic centimetres, so acid particles will collide with the marble chips more often. Since the particles are rapidly moving around this means that there will be a greater number of collisions every second.Apparatus• Marble chips• Thermometer• 100cm beaker• pestle and mortar • different concentrated hydrochloric acids(0.5 .0)• stopclockPlanI am planning to investigate how rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips (Calcium carbonate (CaCO)) is affected by increasing the concentration of acid. CO is produced as product of this reaction. Therefore, the rate of reaction can be measured by collecting and measuring the volume of gas given. We will do this by reacting marble chips with different concentration of acid and collecting the gas given off in a gas syringe.To carry out the investigation I must keep the same the temperature because if it increases the kinetic energy also increases makin the rate of reaction increase. We must also not stir it because if not kinetic energy will increase. The surface of the marble chips must also be kept the same because an increase in surface area makes volume increase, if there is less solid for reactant to penetrate; there is a large surface to work on causing an increase in reaction.As we are planning to investigate how rate of reaction is affected by increasing the concentration of acid, we must change the concentration of HCL acid and record the results given. The concentration will be changed every 10-15 minutes, after the results are recorded. We must measure the volume of CO given out at regular interval. To measure it we are going to use a glass syringe to collect it inside. Like this the results recorded will be exact so the risk of a mistake because of human error decreases.My test will be fair because results will be recorded exactly by the syringe. Also I am going to be careful not to change things like the temperature, surface area of marble chips and kinetic energy (not stirring the solution), because all this things will alter the rate of reaction. My tests will also be safe because I am going to use goggles so no acid hurts my eye. I am also going to be careful and in case any acid falls on the skin I am going to have a water supply next to me so I can wash quickly. I am also going to have the supervision of an adult and if any glass breaks, is the adult who is going to pick it up and throw it to the bin so we don't have any chance of being injured. MethodThe apparatus will be set up like this(stick here diagram)In order for not affecting the reaction by external factors such as temperature I am going to measure the temperature with a thermometer and record it every experiment. As the beaker can't be moved because if not it will be stirred I am going to keep it in a separate place so I don't move it by accident or even throw it. I am also going to make into small pieces the marble chips and use always .45 g. for each investigation because like this the reactions will happen faster and also so the surface area and the mass of all the tested marble chips is equal.I am going to start using HCL 0.5 concentrated, make three tries with it and then pass to the next one and like that with all 4 different concentrations. The volume of acid, although the concentration changes I am going to keep it the same because if not in one there will be more acid particles because there will be more space. The way I am going to record the results is watching how much CO is filled in 10 seconds with each concentration of acid and recording it in a table.ResultsOne table per each different concentration of acidExperiment 1 Vol. acid (cm)

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5Temp. of acid (ºC) Room temp. Room temp. Room temp.Concentration of acid 0.5 0.5 0.5CO amount in 10 seconds (Cm) 5 7

8 Experiment 1 Vol. acid (cm)

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5Temp. of acid (ºC) Room temp. Room temp. Room temp.Concentration of acid 1.0 1.0 1.0CO amount in 10 seconds (Cm) 4 45

48 Experiment 1 Vol. acid (cm)

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5Temp. of acid (ºC) Room temp. Room temp. Room temp.Concentration of acid 1.5 1.5 1.5CO amount in 10 seconds (Cm) 75 78

81 Experiment 1 Vol. acid (cm)

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5Temp. of acid (ºC) Room temp. Room temp. Room temp.Concentration of acid .0 .0 .0CO amount in 10 seconds (Cm) 4 8

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