Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative paper at affordable prices with !Newspapers represent the facts through text and pictures (Bignell 00 p. 7). The front page is an introduction eager to achieve several functions; it is an advertisement for the newspaper itself and it frames an attractive format for other advertisers. Only a few large corporations control media outlets in Australia. News Ltd owns The Advertiser and The Australian but the format of the newspapers is dissimilar (Schultz 00 p. 110-11). The Advertiser is a tabloid while The Australian is a broadsheet. To successfully compare and contrast the newspaper structures I will analyse the content, language, layout and visual techniques.

A quick comparison of the differences between the tabloid and broadsheet, are as follows

The Advertiser The Australian

• A size • Double the size of The Advertiser

• Cost $1.00 • Cost $1.0

• Sports theme • /11 (terrorism) theme

• Local events • World events

• articles • 4 articles

• Part articles • Full articles

• Large font in articles • Smaller font in articles

• Sparse paragraphs in articles • Dense paragraphs in articles

• Minimal written text • Excess written text

• Unsuitable, misleading main headline • Suitable, clever main headline

• Bright, celebratory colours • Reddish, emotive colours

• Humourous language overtones • Serious language overtones

• Photograph celebratory atmosphere • Main photograph tone of despair

• Product placement in photograph • An ideological cartoon is present

The front page reconstructs and describes events rather than merely reflecting reality. (McKee 00 p. 6-6). Representation of an event is an intentional process, constructed according to established expectations through preceding similar events and attitudes. The Advertiser has epitomised South Australians as sports fanatics and The Australian has portrayed a dangerous world (Bowles 00 p. 7-74). To construe society in a particular way is a deliberate choice (Bignell 00 p. 8). As The Australian shows, broadsheets provide more information from abroad whilst tabloids concentrate on an ordinary event involving extraordinary people, such as sport 'celebrities' (Lumby 00 p. 7). In this case, the broadsheet is producing an ideological viewpoint of current chosen world events, within the content and language structure (McKee 00 p. 64-67). The Australian exploits the date and constructs four linked stories to suit the /11 genre under the sensational headline, 'Terror Circles the Globe'. It was emotive and fear driven and riddled with reminders of the goings-on over the past twenty-four months. To fit the genre, the '…Bali bomber…' update is newsworthy enough to be front-page news.

Cost and time restraints affect the story gathering process (Bantz, McCorkle, Baade 17 p. 76). The events described in The Advertiser were not discovered via investigative journalism, rather through advance warning. Similarly, The Australian relied on a media release and an update from an ongoing judicial trial for half of its front-page content (Bignell 00 p. 8). Another consequence of economic effectiveness is the transformation of broadsheets towards tabloid processes. Larger headlines and photographs are displayed on the front page with accompanying information about what is inside the pages to grab the attention of the passerby (Bignell 00 p. 81). The Australian supports this as it displays a large title, headline, photograph, and two contents lists. The tabloid style is more entertainment driven than the broadsheet (Schultz 00 p. 101). The trend to view the 'tabloid' style as serious news is indicative of the changing attitudes towards public rights to information (Lumby 1 p. 115-116). The front page of The Advertiser is devoted to local sporting celebrities. Australian Rules football is included, as the finals loom. The Australian cricket season begins shortly so the audience is subjected to SACA . A large visual image of two 'celebrity cricketers' with others gathered around the table is the only photograph on the front page. The other article directly quotes a local sportsperson, further incorporating netball within the sports theme. The language in the article is simple and straightforward, adhering to established journalistic rules to allow for space constraints and customer attention spans (Harris & Spark 14 p. 74-85). It uses a verbal conversation approach, applying uncomplicated words and shorter sentences to ensure quick consumption in a fast-paced society. Techniques that break up the monotony of a paragraph are implemented, such as, bold type, exclamation marks, exploits of humour such as irony and puns. This is demonstrated in 'Dinner? It's enough to make you dizzy' , a question mark, underlining and a pun is orchestrated. While the second sentence manufactures a humorous reference to a disgraced celebrity cricketer. As Bignell mentions, this format does not intend to belittle the readership but this style brings comfort and familiarity. For example, the cricketers' nickname '…Dizzy…' and '…Boof…' and Warne's weight issue, '…baked beans and pizza…' the language relies on assumed prior knowledge and thus encourages allegiance (Bignell 00 p. 8). The Advertiser constructed an article advertising SACA's competition and presented an anchoring photograph to prove its benevolence. As well as advertising SACA it also provided indirect (but deliberate) coverage for its major sponsor, West End Breweries through product placement (Sinclair 00 p. 0-10). It proves to be a powerful tool, confirming sporting 'celebrities' consume their product in a social setting. The Australian presented crisis and terror filled photographs connoting fear and anxiety to anchor the surrounding articles (Bignell 00 p. ).

A broadsheet will depend on traditional written communication formats. Broadsheets imply a higher level of authority by upholding a serious tone. For example, broadsheets construct longer sentences; do not use practices to break up the text and no misspelling or bold/italic setting (Bignell 00 p. 8-0). For example, the article 'Enemies of open society will not prevail' has an accompanying head shot of Howard and the article is in its entirety. The item reads like an essay, with full sentences and a definite introduction, purpose and conclusion, it is noticeably a media release , fitting the /11 (terrorism) theme. Howard relies on newspapers as the most influential political tool in a democratic society (Schultz 00 p. 101-10). As The Advertiser connotes fun and entertainment, so does The Australian connote a more serious authority that demands respect, both of these stances are constructed representations. The extra cost of The Australian also connotes quality. No additional respect should be given to the broadsheet just because it appears to be more important, over other newspapers (Bignell 00 p. 0). Newspaper discourse creates feelings of exclusiveness by using particular words to incorporate the reader. For example, The Advertiser presents just under its name, 'C'mon make a noise', and it successfully commands on an individual level to reply to the appeal because of the system of address (Bignell 00 p. 0). Bignell further explains, '…dialogic modes of discourse have the effect of presupposing an ongoing, comprehensible reality which is the referent of a conversation between newspaper and reader. Both parties, it seems, know what they are referring to, and do not need to analyse or define the subject…' (Bignell 00 p. 0). The 'C'mon make a noise' statement with the accompanying visuals did not require further explanation. It assumes that everyone realises the importance of Australian Rules football. The Australian follows the same practice, the opening statement underneath its name, 'Two Years After September 11 The Carnage Continues' assumes that the reader appreciates a certain magnitude of the day. The paper goes further to use similar assumptions, for example, the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians , '…the second Bali bomber…' and '…the ideologies of totalitarianism…'

The tabloid is colourful and sensational, even resorting to displaying a very large, misleading, emotive headline to demand attention. The broadsheet presents a serious, tragic theme and exploits the date and ties together four articles within the /11 genre. Even with the use of regularity, tradition, sections and colour both newspapers are still bulky and awkward compared to other media outlets such as television and Internet (Schultz 00 p. 101-10).

Bibliography

Bignell, J., 'Newspapers'. Media Semiotics. 17. Manchester Manchester University Press, 00. 7- 104.

Schultz, J., 'The Press'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 101 116.

McKee, A., 'Textual Analysis'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

Lumby, C., Media Culpa Tabloid Media, Democracy and the Public Sphere. The Sydney Papers An address to The Sydney Institute on Monday 8 June 1.

Lumby, C., 'The Future of Journalism'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 1 - .

Bantz, C.R., McCorkle, S. & Baade, R.C., 'The News Factory'. Social Meanings of News A Text Reader. Ed. D. Berkowitz. Thousand Oaks Publications, 17. 6-85.

Harris, G. & Spark, D., Practical Newspaper Reporting nd Etition. 166. Oxford Focal Press, 14.

Bowles, K., 'Representation'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 7 - 84.

Sinclair, J., 'Advertising'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

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Global Warming - Fact or Fiction

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Global Warming 1Global Warming Fact or FictionDebbie S. MoranColumbia Southern University

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Global Warming Global Warming Fact or Fiction For many years now, the subject of global warming has been the cause of heated debates throughout the world. The theory is based on the idea that greenhouse gasses are accumulating in Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise. Debates have covered its causes and effects, and whether or not it actually exists and is a true threat to the planet. I, for one, do not believe that global warming is a real issue, but one created by environmentalists and scientists with a need for funding for additional and continuing research. I believe that research shows while there may be cyclical changes in temperature and weather on our planet, they occur naturally and not affected by man in any real way. One of the most popular theories being debated is the "greenhouse effect" which is caused by greenhouse gasses - naturally occurring gasses such as water vapor, methane, oxygen and carbon dioxide. As the Earth is a living planet, it is constantly undergoing change. Plate tectonics continue to change the face of the planet. The sea floor is still spreading, and we still have earthquakes and volcanoes. Convection currents created by the tremendous heat and pressure at the core of the Earth move the plates. These processes release tremendous amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor (greenhouse gasses). We know that these processes have been taking place since the beginning of time and, according to the geologic record, there have been numerous greenhouse and icehouse ages. Additionally, we know that the motion of the Earth, known as the Milankovitch cycles, also affect the Earth's atmosphere. These Global Warming cycles - the Earth's elliptical orbit, the tilt of the Earth's axis, and the procession of the equinoxes - all have an effect on the Earth in various ways. The Earth's orbit brings the planet closer to the Sun at one point in its 100,000 year trip. The Earth's tilt also changes just a few degrees over a period of 40,000 years or so, but enough to change the position of the polar ice caps relative to the Sun. Finally, the procession of the equinoxes also moves the poles closer to or further away from the Sun over a period of approximately ,000 years. Each of these cycles by itself may not have a noticeable effect, but taken together, the effects could be profound. Geologists have found direct relationships between these cycles and the weather extremes present during greenhouse and icehouse ages. As for the man-made greenhouse gasses, according to many environmentalists and the EPA, since the beginning of the industrial revolution atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 0%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15% . These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capabilities of the Earth's atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived and vary regionally. Some scientists believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. The Committee on the Science of Climate Change states that temperatures are, indeed, rising with the global mean surface air temperature warmed by about 0.4-0.8°C during the 0th century. The Committee also states that the changes observed over the last several decades are "likely mostly due to human activities, but Global Warming 4the Committee cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes are also reflections of natural variability". This committee believes that human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 1st century. The secondary effects they expect include increases in rainfall rates and increased susceptibility of semi-arid regions to drought. They predict warming of 5.4°F by the end of the 1st century. It seems, however, that even the environmentalists have a hard time deciding if the Earth is warming up or cooling down. According to the NewScientist.com Greenhouse Timeline, it was during the 1800's that "greenhouse gasses" began to be studied and the idea of global warming was first introduced. But, during 140 through the 170's, worldwide cooling dampened scientific interest in the greenhouse effect. Some climatologists even predicted a new ice age. So in light of all this evidence, is global warming actually occurring? According to Accu-Weather, the world's leading commercial forecaster, "Global air temperatures as measured by land-based weather stations show an increase of about .45 degrees Celsius over the past century. This may be no more than normal climatic variation… [and] several biases in the data may be responsible for some of this increase". According to the Cooler Heads Coalition, a subgroup of the National Consumer Coalition, satellite data indicate a slight cooling in the climate in the last 18 years. These satellites use advanced technologies and are not subject to the "heat island" effect around major cities that alters ground-based thermometers. They have also found the projections of future climate changes to be uncertain. Some computer Global Warming 5models predict warming over the next century, but these models are very limited. Scientists who work on these models are quick to point out that they are far from perfect representations of reality, and are probably not advanced enough for direct use in policy implementation. It is interesting that as computer climate models have become more sophisticated, the predicted increase in temperature has been lowered. These and many other discrepancies have prompted the World Climate Report to develop a list of their top 10 fallacies about global warming and climate change. Some of the fallacies that they site are 1. Most climate scientists agree that disastrous global warming is here. Few recent surveys have addressed greenhouse warming. One, in 10, demonstrated that there is a wide range of opinion on critical issues (that climate models do not accurately depict the ocean atmosphere or the possibility of attributing observed warming of about 0.5°C since 180 to human impacts). . Model forecasts are correct, but confounded by sulfates, volcanoes, etc. They feel it is convenient to blame climate model errors on rare events such as volcanoes, El Nino, solar flares, etc. They state that models do not do a good job of handling rudimentary atmospheric variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. . Melting of the polar ice caps will cause the sea level to rise. In Antarctica, there is absolutely no evidence of increasing temperatures since the mid-160's. 4. All bad weather is evidence of global warming. It seems that everything that occurs in our world lately has been blamed on global warming - hurricanes, droughts, fires, floods, blizzards, and even insect plagues.Other fallacies sited are In the United States, recent years have been the warmest on record; northern hemisphere temperature increases over the last century correspond to Global Warming 6human-induced warming; more CO yields much higher surface temperatures; climate models are correct but are limited by computer technology; the climate will be more extreme; and, summers will be extremely hot and dry. None of these theories have been proven by any scientific data that is available to date. With all the uncertainty regarding projections of future climate changes, can we really say that humans are causing the climate to change? At present, 8% of total global greenhouse gas emissions are natural. Only % are from man-made sources. Although the climate has warmed slightly in the last 100 years, most of that warming occurred prior to 140, before the upsurge in greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes. Actually, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climatologist Thomas Karl, in a paper published in 18, temperatures have been showing a downward trend since their peak in 140. Additionally, a Gallup survey indicated that only 17% of the members of the American Meteorological Society and the American Geophysical Society thought the warming of the 0th century was the result of an increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions. In conclusion, when one takes all of the differing scientific evidence and interpretation into consideration, it would be very hard to agree with the theory "that artificial greenhouse gasses are causing unnatural global warming". I believe that it is too large of a leap for mankind to make to think that he can actually affect the global climate that has its own checks and balances and has been in the making for some 4 billion years. Global Warming 7References Tarbuck, E. J. & Lutgens, F. K. (000). Earth Science, (Ninth Edition), Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1//0), Global Warming - Climate, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/climate.html. Committee on the Science of Climate Change, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (001), Climate Change Science An Analysis of Some Key Questions, Washington, DC, National Academy Press NewScientist.com (1//00), Climate Change, A Greenhouse Timeline, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/climatetimeline.jsp Global Warming Information Page (1/11/0), Global Warming In Brief, Retrieved December 11, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.globalwarming.org/brochure.html. World Climate Report (1//0), Top 10 Global Warming Myths, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.coandclimate.org/climate/previous_issues/vo11/v1n5/feature1.htm. Please note that this sample paper on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ueeeeeee

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The world of modern agriculture is ever changing. We have been purchasing, for longer than we may know, a new variety of the same old vegetable. These plants that become our food are, in some ways, stronger and smarter than any conventional species. They are armed with new defenses against unwanted predation. They are protected from diseases that have bothered their species for centuries. They are already replacing many long used modern technologies. These new breeds are no miracle, however. They are the result of our highly ambitious scientific community and its interests in developing genetic engineering. The intensively studied science of genetic manipulation is both feared and loved by the world's people. Its power is immense and promising but it is an infant science, and is therefore a looming and unknown force. It entered our lives silently, and even now we purchase the product unaware of its highly unusual origin. These are reasons why genetically modified crops scare and worry the public. However, the practice of modifying food does have its endearing qualities. If people don't know about them, or much else about biotech foods, for that matter, it is understandable that they would be cautious. No one wants to eat his or her food without knowing what else is in it.Genetic engineered food is hailed by the Biotech industry as a new, better way of growing food, that will allow farms to produce more food, thereby helping to feed the hungry. They also state that they make food healthier, and more convenient for a farmer to use by eliminating the need for certain inputs. These new breeds are substantially different than their organic counterparts, and may contain materials not present in any natural plant. When we buy them, however, we are sold on the companies' claims of; nothing at all. Genetically altered food is not labeled as such, and is sold in the same fashion that normal vegetables are sold. Michael Pollan, in Playing God in the Garden, an excerpt his book on agriculture, The Botany of Desire, shares his experiences and opinions on biotechnology, along with those of several others. He speaks about the biotech companies, saying, the industry has succeeded in depicting these plants simultaneously as the linchpins of a biological revolutionpart of a new agricultural paradigm that will make farming more sustainable, feed the world and improve health and nutritionand, oddly enough, as the same old stuff… [Pollan, 507] If genetically engineered vegetables are indeed as amazingly beneficial to our agricultural system as the companies that engineer them claim, then why do we hear nothing about it once the products reach us? It seems like the biotech companies are afraid to tell the consumer that the species of veggie they have just purchased has been created in a lab, and contains foreign DNA, from say, some virus. Perhaps it is because they know that genetic engineering is not a common household term, and a large portion of the general public would not readily accept food created through the process. Or perhaps it is due to the fact that not all the uncertainties of this brand new technology have been figured out as of yet.Many questions remain regarding the complete safety of bio-engineered vegetables. Their long-term usefulness in fulfilling the tasks they are made to is also questionable. Pollan uses a type of potato, the New Leaf Superior, as his primary example of a genetically modified food. The altered potato contains an organic insecticide, Bt. Organic farmers have used Bt for decades as a spray insecticide, to control potato beetles. Monsanto, the leading Genetic foods corporation, created the New Leaf to grow its own Bt, giving the plant its own innate defense against pests, namely the potato beetle. Organic farmers do not see this as being a good thing. Instead of being flattered by the imitation, however, organic farmers are up in arms the widespread use of Bt in biotech crops is likely to lead to insect resistance, thus robbing organic growers of one of their most critical tools; that is, Monsanto's version of sustainable agriculture may threaten precisely those farmers who pioneered sustainable farming. [Pollan, 508]

If beetles became resistant to Bt, the ecosystem would be polluted. This would be unlike chemical pollution, which can be controlled. Pollution of a biological nature is uncontrollable. It consists of an organism's DNA, and therefore spreads as fast as a species can breed its offspring. Much like a genetic disease, once it is loosed upon the population, it becomes a part of it, permanently.Organic farmers are very upset about the idea of genetic engineering coming in and disrupting their method of growing food. Organic farming is a very complex process, and cannot easily accept disruptions of its delicate balance. Bt is an important asset to organic farmers, and they could not afford to lose it. Insect resistance to Bt…could end the effectiveness of one of the safest insecticides we haveand cripple the organic farmers who depend on it. The theory, which is now accepted by most entomologists, is that Bt crops will add so much of the toxin to the environment that insects will develop resistance to it. [Pollan, 51] Organic farmers need to use Bt, because it is non-toxic and can be consumed safely by humans. The USDA requires, for farmers to be Certified Organic, that they follow a certain set of rules. Before their crops can be certified, all organic farmers must use only approved materials that will not harm humans, animals, or soil life. They must develop an organic farm management plan, keep detailed records, and be inspected annually by an accredited certification agency. [Rules of certified organic, OrganicGardening.com] Without a safe pesticide such as Bt, organic farmers would have to develop a new method of pest control, which would be a costly endeavor. Otherwise they would be forced to forfeit their status of an organic farmer, and additionally, the right to have their food labeled organic.To hold off the problem of insects developing resistance to the pesticides, companies like Monsanto have proposed a resistance management plan. How this works is farmers who plant genetically engineered crops would leave some of their land as conventional crops with unaltered produce growing. This method of prevention does have some faults, which may justify some of the concerns among those who oppose genetic farming. For one, it is not required that farmers include non-engineered crops in their farm. The EPA will not require or enforce this. Additionally, the size the refuges must be to be effective, as well as where they must be located, is not known. Of course, if the company that develops the plan doesn't know how the refuges must be set up, farmers surely will not either. Pollan writes about his observations of some farmers' refuges. This proved to be a joke. I guess that's a refuge over there, one Washington farmer told me, pointing to a cornfield. [Pollan, 517] Of course, a cornfield is useless as a potato beetle refuge, because they don't live in cornfields. This is a prime example of one of the shortcomings of this method of resistance control. Organic farmers do not take the refuge plans seriously, because it will be ineffective unless it is refined more, and properly enforced. The Monsanto corporation and the EPA have not yet taken the idea of resistant insects very seriously, so it seems that the refuges are maybe more a way of calming people down due to a lack of a more effective method of resistance control. Monsanto did offer Pollan information on what they plan to do if refuges should be ineffective, or if they are, what to do when mutated bugs eventually start to overcome the refuges, and become a problem. He was told that even if resistant pests appear, the biotech companies have different chemicals that could be used in the place of Bt. In this way the practice of food engineering could be continued for much longer. Jerry Hjelle, vice president of Monsanto, told Pollan, There are a thousand other Bts out there. [Pollan, 51] Instead of dealing directly with the problem of resistance, Monsanto will instead allow resistance to occur, and deal with it by developing a new product, with a different chemical in the vegetable, every time one loses effectiveness. Whether there are enough effective pesticides that are safe for human consumption for this to be practical is not mentioned. However, if this were the case, it would seem unusual that organic farmers would be so upset over the loss of their ability to use Bt.Pollan brings the field of biotech into question once more in his essay. He notes that the practice of monoculture, which is planting one type of crop only on a field, continuously, is what really creates the problem of pests and the need for all the pesticides used on conventional farms. Because of companies that mass-produce certain products, such as McDonalds, there is a demand for huge amounts of certain species of produce. McDonalds, for example, uses only Russet Burbanks to make their french fries. Crops using monoculture are more vulnerable to pests, because without crop rotation, the animals that eat and destroy the crops remain on the fields for the next planting. Genetic engineering is a development that alleviates the problem of pests attacking fields. However, the real problem may be the entire process of monoculture itself. Genetically altered foods only sustain the practice of monoculture. Biotechnology is the new silver bullet that will save monoculture. But a new silver bullet is not a new paradigmrather, it's something that will allow the old paradigm to survive. [Pollan, 50] What Pollan is saying is that biotechnology is helping us preserve the practice of monoculture; though monoculture may the very thing we should be trying to eliminate. All in all, the practice of biotechnology is potentially a powerful alternative to spraying large amounts of pesticides. That it preserves monoculture is inevitable. In a world like today's, where so much is produced in mass quantities, there must be uniformity in the quality of the product. Biotech is the answer our nation's agricultural industry has provided us at this time, and we are stuck with it if we want to continue our habit of eating prepared foods. Until any shocking evidence against the use of genetic engineering comes to the surface, we will surely go on being consumers. Please note that this sample paper on ueeeeeee is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ueeeeeee, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on ueeeeeee will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Charles Whitman: The Mad Man in The Tower

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The Mad Man in the TowerIn the United States Constitution, the second amendment gives citizens the right to bare arms. This right was granted to help protect us from both foreign and domestic enemies and to be used as a weapon of last resort. For centuries that right was abused, but no one had ever abused that right as Charles Whitman did. Whitman used that privilege as a right to cause destruction and inflict pain in an attempt to solve problems of his own demise. On August 1st, 166, Whitman opened fire upon innocent bystanders, 07 feet about ground level from a tower located on the University of Texas campus. For an unimpeded 6 minutes, Whitman fired upon everyone that he set his sight on, injuring 1 people and ultimately resulting in the death of 17 others.As a child, Whitman received harsh discipline from his father, C.A Whitman. Usually belts, paddles and fist were used to be sure this family complied with his rules and met his expectations. C.A Whitman was a wife beater. Whitman would later loathe his father for the beatings he received throughout his life. C.A Whitman was a gun enthusiast. He gave his sons guns, motorcycles and other gifts that he felt fit as a reward for meeting his expirations. In Whitman's mind, all of the luxuries that his father gave to him would never make up for all of the beating that he had received and the household problems. Shortly before Whitman's 18th birthday, Whitman nearly drowned after being tossed into a pool during a brawl with his father. Whitman arrived home one night drunk with some friends and upon sight of this and for other reasons unknown; the tensions became too great for Whitman's father to handle. C.A Whitman pounced on his son and proceeded to throw his son in the pool. A few days after the fight between the two, Whitman applied for enlisted in the United States Marines; he left for basic training on July 6th, 15. Now it was Whitman's chance to prove to his father that he was becoming a man.

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Whitman was stationed at Guantanamo Naval Base in Cuba. Within months, Whitman excelled in shooting. He excelled especially in rapid fire from long distances and scored high on shooting test, 15 out of 50 possible points. He earned a Good Conduct Medal, the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, and a Sharpshooter's Badge. These traits would later prove to end in catastrophic results and become part of one of the bloodiest shooting rampages in American history. Anxious to prove himself as a man, Whitman set his top priority on becoming the best Marine possible. To Whitman, his advancements were another step further from his brutal upbringing. He was now becoming a man.Whitman took interest in the Naval Enlisted Science Education Program (NESEP). The NESEP was made for up-and-comer Whitman fancied himself to be. NESEP was a scholarship program designed to train engineers who would later become officers. Whitman took a competitive exam and then went before a selection committee, which chose him for the prominent award. Everything was paid for by the Marines, he would also receive an extra $50 a month for his own expenses. Now that Whitman was attending the University of Texas, he found himself suddenly free to use his time as he pleased, but his free time would ultimately lead him to trouble.Whitman was arrested for poaching deer and accumulated debts from gambling. Whitman refused to pay his debts, which only aggravated dangerous characters. On top of it all, his grades were unimpressive. The Marine Corps were unforgiving for his actions; they withdrew his scholarship and Whitman was returned to active duty in 16.Whitman started to show improvement after his marriage to his girlfriend, Kathy Leissner in August 16, but his improvement were not impressive to the Marine Corps.Whitman was stationed at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, leaving his wife behind in Texas. Whitman was lonely and wanted out of the Marine Corps. In November 16, he was court-martialed for gambling, usury and unauthorized possession of a non-military pistol. As punishment, he was stripped of a promotion that he received when he returned to active duty, sentenced to 0 days confinement and 0 days hard labor. Seeking help, Whitman turned to his father. Through business connections, his father was able to have Whitman's enlistment time reduced by one year. In December 164, he was honorably discharged from the Marines and returned to Texas to rejoin his wife.Whitman was embarrassed. Not only did he fail as a Marine, but he also failed as a student. Whitman re-enrolled at the University of Texas and shifted his major from mechanical engineering to architectural engineering. Now the signs of Whitman's mental and physical distress started to become more evident. Whitman pushed himself harder than ever before. Trying to make up for being a failure in the Marines, Whitman would work on projects and go on for days without eating or sleeping. Whitman seemed to lack a foundation. Constantly searching for ways to improve himself, he kept journals of countless self-improvement schemes and lists ways that he felt he could improve himself. He was beginning to worry about himself. He knew that if he did not get any help soon, he might "explode" one day. Without a foundation, he was unsuccessful to build his character and become the man he setout to be.Whitman hated himself for this. Whitman was described by friends as, "like a computer. He would install his own values into a machine, then program the things he had to do, and out would come the results." Whitman saw himself as nothing more than a failure, even though he was successful in the eyes of others. Whitman found a wonderful wife who loved him and he did better than most in the Marines, being awarded many metals and received awards, but none of this was able to fulfill his need to become better and rise above the rest.Kathy started to worry about her husband as his depression and anxiety worsened. She finally convinced him to see a doctor about his problems. Whitman went to see Dr. Jan D. Cochrum. Dr. Cochrum was unable to aid Whitman in any way. He prescribed Valium and referred Whitman to Dr. Maurice Dean Heatly, the campus Physiatrist at the University of Texas. On March th, 166, Whitman paid a visit to Dr. Heatly. What Whitman shared would have frightened most people, but not Dr. Heatly.Whitman admitted that he had difficulty controlling his temper and like his father, he had beaten his wife. He mentioned that he had been "thinking about going up to the tower with a deer rifle and start shooting people." He expressed his hatred towards his father and his worries about being unable to control his temper. Surprisingly, Dr. Heatly was not alarmed by what Whitman shared. Many of his patients made references to the Tower. He asked Whitman to return another day, but Whitman never did.Whitman was seeking help and felt that if he did not receive any soon, he will explode violence, but he did not just give up all hope. He was prescribed amphetamine Dexedrine and he pushed himself even harder than before, trying to excel ever so much, but reactions to the drug immediately made him inefficient and . Working more than ever, Whitman was unsuccessful in accomplishing his goals, his self-esteem suffered even further. As the summer came along, so did Whitman's fantasies of killing. On July 1st, Whitman began to sketch out his final act of carnage. The time was 645 P.M. Whitman sat down at a typewriter and started to type out his plans. "I don't quite understand what it is that compels me to type this letter. Perhaps it is to leave some vague reason for the actions I have recently performed." Whitman had planned to kill his wife and mother. In the letter, his reasons for the murdering them were not because of hatred, but because of his tremendous love towards them. He did not want them to live with the embarrassment that his actions would cause. He wanted them to die a quick and painless death. By 00 A.M on 8/1, both mother and wife were dead. Kathy was stabbed to death in her sleep, as for Margaret Whitman; she did not receive a quick and painless death. Margaret was choked from behind, then stabbed and finally a blow to the back of the head with a heavy object sadly ended her life. Whitman then went back to writing little notes trying to explain his actions. He also left letters behind for his siblings. In the following hours, Whitman started to pack an assortment of supplies into his Marine footlocker. From the supplies packed, it was obvious that Whitman was planning to put on a long standoff. With three pistols and two rifles packed away, Whitman still visited three gun shops, where he punched two more guns and ammunition. At 110 AM packed with seven guns, over seven hundred rounds of ammunition and a hefty amount of supplies, all in his old Marine footlocker, Whitman arrived at the campus. He made his way up to the 8th floor of the tower. There he made the receptionist, Edna Townsley, his third victim. Whitman hit her in the back of the head, most likely with the butt of a rifle. Then he continued out to the observation deck, where he barricaded himself in and started to unpack his assortment of supplies. 1148 A.M. a gun shot was heard around campus. The bullet found Claire Wilson, striking her in the abdomen, and killing her unborn child. Claire's friend, Thomas Eckman, turned to her aid. Before he was able to realize what had happened, he became victim to Whitman's second shot, he was killed instantaneously with a shot to the chest. The next to fall was Dr. Robert Hamilton Boyer with a hit in the chest. In a matter of minutes, over 100 police officers arrived on scene and immediately returned fire. At this point, local towns' people ran home to pickup their own guns and aid the offices in the apprehension. The people down below were uncertain on how many snipers were atop the tower, but judging by how many people lay dead in the streets, it seemed as if an army was atop the tower. Please note that this sample paper on Charles Whitman: The Mad Man in The Tower is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. 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The Importance of Effective ManagementManagement is a process concerned with coordinating and integrating work activities to achieve the goals of a business, with and through other people. Successful management is about achieving goals. Effectiveness is management is about achieving goals. Efficiency is concerned with the relationship between inputs and outputs. Effective management invariably results in business success, while ineffective management often results in business failure.Management Roles

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Management can be described in terms of roles which are organized sets or patterns of behavior. There are three main groupso Decisional based on work planning, goal setting. Eg. Entrepreneur, Negotiator, Resource Allocator.o Interpresonal positive agreement and cooperation of workers. Eg. Leader, Liasion.o Informational only when junior personnel handle routine tasks, according to established rules and procedures. Eg. Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson.The role of management is one of responsibility to the owners of a business. Management is entrusted with the responsibility for o determining the business objectives in line with the vision of the business, o proactive planning for future growth, o anticipating and planning for changes in the business environment, o integrating all the human, physical and informational resources available, o administering and controlling business activities, and o accountability for the business operation and results.Skills of Managemento Strategic thinking Highly developed conceptual skills; Capacity to view organisation as a whole; Product-related and technical knowledge; and Understanding of what can be done now.o Vision Clear focus on the big picture; Able to perceive opportunity; Clear foresight; Able to integrate component parts into an interacting whole; and Knowledge of support services.o Decision Making Awareness of alternatives through ability to assemble data; Ability to assess alternatives and decide; Creative and lateral thinking skills; Clear understanding of the competing interests of stakeholders; ability to maintain a balance between competing goals; Highly developed conceptual understanding of all interacting parts; and Ability to communicate decisions clearly.o Self Managing Time management skills; Capacity to stay focused; and Understanding of the role of support services in the organisational framework.o Team Work Providing networks for effective information flow; Coach, teacher, mentor roles in creating and developing groups; and Delegation of team roles, tasks and responsibility.o People Skills Understanding how people think and act; Ability to motivate workers; Creation of a harmonious workplace; Effective written and oral communication skills; and Successful delegation.o Complex Problem Solving Ability to gather and assess data to isolate a problem; Sensitivity to the needs of others; Procedures for dispute resolution; and Negotiation skills learned and practised.o High Ethical and Personal Standards Generally agreed qualities of decisiveness, consistency, responsiveness, trustworthiness, friendliness and approachability.o Flexibility and Adaptability to Change Willingness to move in a new direction; Constant evaluation of decisions taken in the light of subsequent performance; and Consistent monitoring of the changing external environment.Responsibilities to StakeholdersA stakeholder is anyone with a vested interest in a business. Stakeholders are not simply the owners. Stakeholders and their major interests include o customers and clients interested in fair pricing, safe products and after sales service o employees interested in fair pay, safe and pleasant working conditions, training opportunities and career paths o owners and shareholders interested in a reasonable return on funds invested o government interested in standards and in receiving taxation o society interested in conformity to morals, customs and beliefs o environment interested in protection of air, water and soil o future societies interested in ecologically sustainable practices.Reconciling Conflicts of Interesto Confrontation face to face problem solving.o Collaboration requires full cooperation of each party.o Compromise giving up something.o Reorganization altering organizational structure.Understanding Business Organizations with Reference to Management TheoriesThis is the pattern of behaviour of managers in performing their functions and in their dealings with employees. A managers style reflects a response to a number of variables in the external and internal environments, as illustrated below o Managers personality and value system, e.g. education, experience. o Nature of workers, e.g. skills, needs, attitudes. o Nature of the internal environment, e.g. structure, stability, physical site. o Immediate situation, e.g. nature of problem, time and cost constraints. Management styles can be classified as o Autocratic a leader who exerts a large degree of control over a group and allows little participation from group members.o Democratic where managers encourage a high degree of employee participation in decision making as well as open communication channels.o collegial, o laissez-faire.Classical Scientific hierarchical organizational structure based on division of labour, which is highly centralized so major decisions would be used through a chain of command. Autocratic leadership style.Approach Specialised efficiency-oriented systems of management Timing From the turn of the century, well into the 10s. A legacy of the Industrial Revolution and the social structure of the times a potentially large workforce of relatively uneducated disempowered people. Management principles Hierarchical systems based on principles of specialisation, centralisation and formality. Specialised tasks exist in specialised departments, with responsibility formally designated. Span of control is narrow and a unitary line of command is in place. Relevance Great benefits from a consumer viewpoint, with the availability of a wide range of consumer goods. Problems centred on the dehumanising, autocratic nature of the efficiency-driven system and the assumption that the needs of workers matched those of management. Behavioral initially characterized by human relations, the idea being that higher morale would lead to grater productivity.Approach Changed approach to the way the work situation was seen. Managers dealt with people aspects of their organisation. The group played a more significant role. Timing Became important following the 1 to 17 Hawthorne studies of the Western Electric Company and the Great Depression of the time. Continued to the 170s. Management principles Supportive leadership. Managerial focus on group support and wide spans of control in a flat organisational structure, consisting of a hierarchy of interlocking groups. Relevance The conflict of interest between management and workers was recognised. Practices appeared to work as prosperity continued into the 170s, with growing domestic markets and high family incomes in Western economies. Behavioural management practices were overwhelmed by the application of systems models of management. Political Power refers to the ability of a person to influence the beliefs or actions of other people. It is not granted by a superior. It comes from a number of sources or bases.o Legitimate Power similar to authority.o Expert Power power a person has because they possess knowledge or expertise that others value.o Referent Power personal character traits or desirable characteristics that other admire.o Reward Power arises from the ability of someone to grant rewards.o Coercive Power forcing someone to do something against their own will.Approach Approaches relate to empowerment in the external environment through loosely structured networks and alliances. Timing The current economic environment, which is characterised by high levels of social, economic and technological discontinuity. Political approaches recognise the speed-up in the rate of change and complexity of the current external environment. Management principles Empowerment and collaborative individualism. The creativity of management and its capacity to innovate are challenged. Management is increasingly willing to experiment with new strategies and cultures in search of solutions to unstructured problems. Alliances are developed inside and outside the organisation. Relevance The use of political power and influence in the creation of alliances is recognised. Organisations have moved increasingly towards decentralisation and chunking. Political approaches are more deliberate strategies to deal with complex and discontinuous environments. Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Scientific, Behavioral and Political ApproachesClassical Scientific Strengths used scientific method to determine the best way of doing something. Managers provided managerial functions to increase efficiency and productivity. Weaknesses workers were treated as machines. Problems with quality of goods because jobs were so specialized they were monotonous. Behavioral Strengths forced managers to reassess the simple machine model, in doing so they made important contributions to our understanding of leadership, employee motivation and job design. Weaknesses no unifying framework for managers. Political Strengths provided insight into understanding power, conflict and organizational design. Weaknesses focused on one aspect of management. Please note that this sample paper on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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