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The world of modern agriculture is ever changing. We have been purchasing, for longer than we may know, a new variety of the same old vegetable. These plants that become our food are, in some ways, stronger and smarter than any conventional species. They are armed with new defenses against unwanted predation. They are protected from diseases that have bothered their species for centuries. They are already replacing many long used modern technologies. These new breeds are no miracle, however. They are the result of our highly ambitious scientific community and its interests in developing genetic engineering. The intensively studied science of genetic manipulation is both feared and loved by the world's people. Its power is immense and promising but it is an infant science, and is therefore a looming and unknown force. It entered our lives silently, and even now we purchase the product unaware of its highly unusual origin. These are reasons why genetically modified crops scare and worry the public. However, the practice of modifying food does have its endearing qualities. If people don't know about them, or much else about biotech foods, for that matter, it is understandable that they would be cautious. No one wants to eat his or her food without knowing what else is in it.Genetic engineered food is hailed by the Biotech industry as a new, better way of growing food, that will allow farms to produce more food, thereby helping to feed the hungry. They also state that they make food healthier, and more convenient for a farmer to use by eliminating the need for certain inputs. These new breeds are substantially different than their organic counterparts, and may contain materials not present in any natural plant. When we buy them, however, we are sold on the companies' claims of; nothing at all. Genetically altered food is not labeled as such, and is sold in the same fashion that normal vegetables are sold. Michael Pollan, in Playing God in the Garden, an excerpt his book on agriculture, The Botany of Desire, shares his experiences and opinions on biotechnology, along with those of several others. He speaks about the biotech companies, saying, the industry has succeeded in depicting these plants simultaneously as the linchpins of a biological revolutionpart of a new agricultural paradigm that will make farming more sustainable, feed the world and improve health and nutritionand, oddly enough, as the same old stuff… [Pollan, 507] If genetically engineered vegetables are indeed as amazingly beneficial to our agricultural system as the companies that engineer them claim, then why do we hear nothing about it once the products reach us? It seems like the biotech companies are afraid to tell the consumer that the species of veggie they have just purchased has been created in a lab, and contains foreign DNA, from say, some virus. Perhaps it is because they know that genetic engineering is not a common household term, and a large portion of the general public would not readily accept food created through the process. Or perhaps it is due to the fact that not all the uncertainties of this brand new technology have been figured out as of yet.Many questions remain regarding the complete safety of bio-engineered vegetables. Their long-term usefulness in fulfilling the tasks they are made to is also questionable. Pollan uses a type of potato, the New Leaf Superior, as his primary example of a genetically modified food. The altered potato contains an organic insecticide, Bt. Organic farmers have used Bt for decades as a spray insecticide, to control potato beetles. Monsanto, the leading Genetic foods corporation, created the New Leaf to grow its own Bt, giving the plant its own innate defense against pests, namely the potato beetle. Organic farmers do not see this as being a good thing. Instead of being flattered by the imitation, however, organic farmers are up in arms the widespread use of Bt in biotech crops is likely to lead to insect resistance, thus robbing organic growers of one of their most critical tools; that is, Monsanto's version of sustainable agriculture may threaten precisely those farmers who pioneered sustainable farming. [Pollan, 508]

If beetles became resistant to Bt, the ecosystem would be polluted. This would be unlike chemical pollution, which can be controlled. Pollution of a biological nature is uncontrollable. It consists of an organism's DNA, and therefore spreads as fast as a species can breed its offspring. Much like a genetic disease, once it is loosed upon the population, it becomes a part of it, permanently.Organic farmers are very upset about the idea of genetic engineering coming in and disrupting their method of growing food. Organic farming is a very complex process, and cannot easily accept disruptions of its delicate balance. Bt is an important asset to organic farmers, and they could not afford to lose it. Insect resistance to Bt…could end the effectiveness of one of the safest insecticides we haveand cripple the organic farmers who depend on it. The theory, which is now accepted by most entomologists, is that Bt crops will add so much of the toxin to the environment that insects will develop resistance to it. [Pollan, 51] Organic farmers need to use Bt, because it is non-toxic and can be consumed safely by humans. The USDA requires, for farmers to be Certified Organic, that they follow a certain set of rules. Before their crops can be certified, all organic farmers must use only approved materials that will not harm humans, animals, or soil life. They must develop an organic farm management plan, keep detailed records, and be inspected annually by an accredited certification agency. [Rules of certified organic, OrganicGardening.com] Without a safe pesticide such as Bt, organic farmers would have to develop a new method of pest control, which would be a costly endeavor. Otherwise they would be forced to forfeit their status of an organic farmer, and additionally, the right to have their food labeled organic.To hold off the problem of insects developing resistance to the pesticides, companies like Monsanto have proposed a resistance management plan. How this works is farmers who plant genetically engineered crops would leave some of their land as conventional crops with unaltered produce growing. This method of prevention does have some faults, which may justify some of the concerns among those who oppose genetic farming. For one, it is not required that farmers include non-engineered crops in their farm. The EPA will not require or enforce this. Additionally, the size the refuges must be to be effective, as well as where they must be located, is not known. Of course, if the company that develops the plan doesn't know how the refuges must be set up, farmers surely will not either. Pollan writes about his observations of some farmers' refuges. This proved to be a joke. I guess that's a refuge over there, one Washington farmer told me, pointing to a cornfield. [Pollan, 517] Of course, a cornfield is useless as a potato beetle refuge, because they don't live in cornfields. This is a prime example of one of the shortcomings of this method of resistance control. Organic farmers do not take the refuge plans seriously, because it will be ineffective unless it is refined more, and properly enforced. The Monsanto corporation and the EPA have not yet taken the idea of resistant insects very seriously, so it seems that the refuges are maybe more a way of calming people down due to a lack of a more effective method of resistance control. Monsanto did offer Pollan information on what they plan to do if refuges should be ineffective, or if they are, what to do when mutated bugs eventually start to overcome the refuges, and become a problem. He was told that even if resistant pests appear, the biotech companies have different chemicals that could be used in the place of Bt. In this way the practice of food engineering could be continued for much longer. Jerry Hjelle, vice president of Monsanto, told Pollan, There are a thousand other Bts out there. [Pollan, 51] Instead of dealing directly with the problem of resistance, Monsanto will instead allow resistance to occur, and deal with it by developing a new product, with a different chemical in the vegetable, every time one loses effectiveness. Whether there are enough effective pesticides that are safe for human consumption for this to be practical is not mentioned. However, if this were the case, it would seem unusual that organic farmers would be so upset over the loss of their ability to use Bt.Pollan brings the field of biotech into question once more in his essay. He notes that the practice of monoculture, which is planting one type of crop only on a field, continuously, is what really creates the problem of pests and the need for all the pesticides used on conventional farms. Because of companies that mass-produce certain products, such as McDonalds, there is a demand for huge amounts of certain species of produce. McDonalds, for example, uses only Russet Burbanks to make their french fries. Crops using monoculture are more vulnerable to pests, because without crop rotation, the animals that eat and destroy the crops remain on the fields for the next planting. Genetic engineering is a development that alleviates the problem of pests attacking fields. However, the real problem may be the entire process of monoculture itself. Genetically altered foods only sustain the practice of monoculture. Biotechnology is the new silver bullet that will save monoculture. But a new silver bullet is not a new paradigmrather, it's something that will allow the old paradigm to survive. [Pollan, 50] What Pollan is saying is that biotechnology is helping us preserve the practice of monoculture; though monoculture may the very thing we should be trying to eliminate. All in all, the practice of biotechnology is potentially a powerful alternative to spraying large amounts of pesticides. That it preserves monoculture is inevitable. In a world like today's, where so much is produced in mass quantities, there must be uniformity in the quality of the product. Biotech is the answer our nation's agricultural industry has provided us at this time, and we are stuck with it if we want to continue our habit of eating prepared foods. Until any shocking evidence against the use of genetic engineering comes to the surface, we will surely go on being consumers. Please note that this sample paper on ueeeeeee is for your review only. 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