Napoleon Bonarparte

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Napoleon Bonaparte rise and claim to power was as multifaceted as was his effect on the people of Europe. He was part of the history of the French Revolution and the ideals; freedom and equality, popular sovereignty, a goal of rational administration, rule of law, the liberation of Europe from feudal oppression, and the legacy of war helped to advance his career. Napoleons lasting contributions were achieved when his personal destiny corresponded with the needs of France. The French Revolution saw the reorganization the Catholic Church in France, sale of much of its property, and the turning of the clergy into salaried public servants. A Civil Constitution of the Clergy was introduced with no reference to the Pope what so ever. In addition to this an oath of loyalty to the Revolution was demanded of the clergy, this caused a split between the clergy and the country and broke universal religious practice. As Bonaparte grew into power there was the beginning of a religious revival happening, in order to gain control over his regime he needed to come to terms with this and the Pope. Both men flexed their muscles in this struggle for power, both finally agreed to the Concordat. Church property that had been auctioned during the Revolution were to be honored, but compensation was to been given to the church, a sum to be determined by Napoleon himself. Catholicism was restored not as the universal religion but the religion of the great majority. The clergy did remain salaried employees of the state and did have to pledge loyalty to the government. Bonaparte had the authority to nominate bishops, while the Pope gave them their spiritual authority. The church was no longer independent from the state but a corporation dependant upon the government.

This corporation was relieved of its monopoly over the education the French youth; they were left with the educational duties of girls and younger children. Ecoles Centrales created by the Directory were the Republics best attempt at secondary education; they were eventually replaced by the lycees. These have government appointed teachers who used a similar curriculum as the Ecoles Centrales. There was to be uniforms and military discipline at the lycees. They did not solely focus on the scientific syllabus or professional training. There was tow steady streams of instruction, the first based on Latin and literature and the second based upon mathematics which included geography, technical drawing, natural history and chemistry. The libraries contents were to be determined by the government to ensure that the government schools all used the same texts. In 180 Napoleon introduced the baccalureat, a national exam which include all areas of secondary study; it eventually became a requirement for any professional career. The Civil Code or Code Napoleon was another unifying project taken on by Bonaparte; it became an instrument of French rule in Europe and an object of replication all over the world. The main purpose of the Civil Code was to give order to the various legal systems of the past. The same laws would apply equally to all citizens regardless of social status. Economic liberalism was encouraged by the Code; this gave employees advantages over their workers. It embodied the modern notion of property ownership, ?the right to enjoy and dispose of one?s property, provided it is not used in a manner prohibited by law. All children were given the right to inherit the family?s estate equally. Marriage had become secularized and divorce permitted on the grounds of; parental consent, ill treatment, criminal conviction or adultery by a women. Women had been granted several civil rights during the Revolution; Napoleon put a stop to that. They were stripped of their property when married, treated like minors in law suits, and denied any political rights. The Codes have been adapted to recognize modern concepts but their basic structures still stays intact, abolishing privilege, recognizing individualism and equality and eradicate the legal system from a religious framework. The Counsel d?Etat was a committee of experts who advised the first Counsel on administrative and legal business and were responsible for drafting legislation. They were not selected for their political loyalties but for their expertise they had. Prefects were present in every department of the Republic. Appointed by the First Counsel they became the essential agent for gathering information and of central control. They were given wider powers of administration and more freedom due to their distance form Paris. The prefects were agents of the government not supporters of revolutionary factions, they stood above all parties and their first loyalty was to the state. Appointments to the Senate were a way for Napoleon to pay his debts and reward his supporters. They held office for life, received a comfortable salary and given estates by Napoleon. As he grew comfortable with the thought that the Senators would comply with his wishes he used it to his advantage. The Senate had the power to issue decrees which would bypass the legislature, he could nullify parliamentary opposition. A new formation of social hierarchy was achieved, Napoleon gathered unto him notables, bound by a personal allegiance to the Emperor and loyal service to the state. There were three tiers, elected at local, departmental and national levels. State service and propertied wealth not birth and inherited rank would now determine social and political hierarchy. Land owners, administrators, professional men and businessmen were most representative of the new hierarchy. The military did not figure into this hierarchy, they were fully recognized in the creation of the imperial nobility, legion d?honneur.

The Imperial Nobility also had a hierarchy, Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers and Legionnaires. At the summit of the military hierarchy stood the Marshals, they were an exclusive group never more than sixteen were active at one time. They were proof of the new opportunities for social promotion; talent would give rise no matter what the origin of birth. They enjoyed their titles, princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights, by 1814 Napoleon had created more than 00 imperial titles. They were and open elite not a feudal order bound by blood, marriage. This seemed to be a return to the very principle that caused the Revolution, but these nobles did not enjoy tax exemptions and had no legal privileges. They received a title, land in a conquered territory and a coat of arms. If they wanted to make their title hereditary they needed enough francs to maintain it. Napoleons affect on the economy of France can be broken down into three sections; agriculture, international trade and industrial change. The war and maritime blockades deprived of good, especially dyes and sugars which were in heavy demand form the expanding cotton industry. Substitute crops were introduced but were of minimal consequence. Champagne and wine sales flourished during this time. Share croppers and laborers received little material benefit, but larger land owners saw a different story. There were no spectacular advances in agriculture, they found it better extend the areas under cultivation to achieve greater productivity than to apply more sophisticated methods. The Naval war and Continental Blockade disrupted the patterns of international trade. Middlemen and the United States ships inserted themselves more into the exchange network. Many dealers form Bordeaux set up offices in the United States, the enticing prospects offered by the Americans and the use of the Caribbean helped set up New York as an important international commercial center. Port cities were not the only ones affected, the shipyards lay idle and rope makers and sail makers as well as other industries geared towards oceanic trades.

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The Continental System was set up to prevent Britain form exporting her manufactured goods to Europe, as to choke their economy. With out the British competition France could colonize the European markets. New commercial centers of trade were to be established since her seaports were stagnating. The river trade in Rhineland boomed exporting wines and tobacco; Strasbourg handled on-third of Frances imports and the territories exports.

Once the era ended where France competed with Great Britain of global commercial supremacy, France began to emerge as a modern industrial power. The most important industry was textiles, cotton being the most predominate. It responded to the demand for cheaper printed materials, water powered and steam powered mills helped achieve this, as well as several millers taking all the parts of the production over. In the heavy industries like iron, steel and coal, technological advances were limited, but their production increased. In the years 1810-1811 the markets hit a slump due to over production and the economy took a downward turn. The economic balanced shifted permanently form the west to the east.

All that Napoleon Bonaparte truly did was quench his own thirst for power and glory. If that thirst somehow coincided with what was best for France than France profited as well as Bonaparte himself. For all the advances that are still present in some form today in European culture he is still best remembered as the ?little General?. Please note that this sample paper on Napoleon Bonarparte is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Napoleon Bonarparte, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Napoleon Bonarparte will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gatsby

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Examine the opening of 'The Great Gatsby' show how Fitzgerald establishes the character of Nick Carraway as the narrator of the novel. What particular qualities does Fitzgerald create for his narrator? Fitzgerald decided to employ a narrator who was a participant in the story, but was more an observer than an actor. This creates a complex point of view, which involves us, as readers, in acts of interpretation, which eventually lets us make judgments about the narrator. The qualities that Fitzgerald has given to the narrator, Nick Carraway, are those of a privileged background. But from the advice that was given to him by his father, this makes him aware that some people may not have the same privileges and opportunities as himself, which allows him to make good judgments, for example, 'In consequence, I'm inclined to reserve all judgments.' So from this the reader can see that he looks at all sides of opinions, and does not make snap decisions, which allows people to tell him their secrets because he is trustworthy, impartial and holds back his judgments. Which is why in the story, so many people open up to him. This impartiality allows the characters in the novel to be open with him, which is a good quality for a narrator, because he has their confidence, 'Listen, Nick; let me tell you what is said when she was born. Would you like to hear?' This proves that he is the ideal listener and as such is accepted by the reader. In the opening Nick has returned to the Midwest, and is writing a book about events that occurred during a period that he had spent on the East Coast of America. He begins his narration with some self-analysis, trying to pin down relevant aspects of his own character. He remembers his father's advice to show tolerance towards others, and to reserve judgment, adding that, 'Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.' Here the reader can see that Fitzgerald uses a narrator who is aware of his own limitations, so that it gives the impression that he is not biased. However it does reveal that Nick is privy to intimate revelations and secrets, therefore he can make an analysis on what he has been told. Fitzgerald also says that Nick stands back, so Nick does not allow his own judgment to prejudice his own opinion, which means he is confident in his judgments. Later although Nick describes how scornful he is of certain aspects of Gatsby's character and behaviour, other attributes of Gatsby's 'heightened sensitivity to the promises of life' and his 'extraordinary gift of hope' make the reader aware of Nick's ability as a narrator to show not only the negative but the positive sides of a character. Despite his dislike of Gatsby it does not interfere with the unlimited respect he also feels for the man. Therefore the reader aware of this can respect Nick's role as the narrator. It is the romantic dream that Nick admires and stimulates his curiosity about Gatsby, 'what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.' Although this is a subjective judgment the reader now trusts the narrator in Nick Carraway sufficiently, to become as interested in Gatsby as Nick himself.

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But Nick does say little about his own family, although his father runs the hardware business, at the time of the American civil war, in which he avoided service. Nick, on the other hand, was caught up in the First World War, and that had caused considerable disruption in his life. On his return from Europe, he found that the Midwest that was once, 'the warm centre of the world' now seemed 'the ragged edge of the universe.' Nicks experience of the world has grown therefore when he comes back he naturally sees things that he does not like, 'makes me restless.' This makes Nick more aware of life, so due to his experiences he is more understanding to other people, and their problems, which makes him sympathetic. The privileged background shows the reader that Nick's family is well educated, for example he was well read, 'one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News.' But despite all these things, it makes him less critical of other people, which makes him more tolerant and open minded, and these are good qualities, and establish his character. Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway as the narrator, because it allows the reader to feel closer to the action, 'I enjoyed the counter raid so thoroughly that I came back restless.' At the same time, it is clear that the act of telling is part of the process by which he comes to terms with those experiences and develops his understanding of them. Nevertheless, it is immediately noticeable that Nick's style of writing is challenging his sentences can be grammatically complex, and his vocabulary is at times obscure. For example, 'frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or hostile levity when realised by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon.' Which means, that he sometimes pretends to be asleep, when someone always wants to confide in him. Fitzgerald gives Nick pretentious literary qualities, to emphasise that he is well educated, enjoys writing and is intellectual. This is good for a narrator, as it gives a voice of authority to the reader to inform, educate and entertain, so the reader will respect and listen to Nick, and not question his ability as a good storyteller. Nick also establishes at the start that he is writing an account and Fitzgerald has attributed to him a certain amount of self- consciousness as a writer.Nick's self analysis of his own character reveals to the reader his open mindedness and therefore he appears to be more impartial, an important skill for a narrator, convincing the reader of his worthiness and ability in telling a story from an unbiased view point. ''Now, don't think my opinion on these matters is final,' he seemed to say, 'just because I'm stronger and more of a man than you are.'' So the information he offers to the reader, although coloured by his own character, allows Nick's narration to be more neutral. However this is also a reminder to the reader that Nick's assessment of the other characters in the novel is inevitably going to be coloured by his own analysis. He even says, 'after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit.' But by openly placing Nick as the narrator, Fitzgerald is allowing Nick to express his own limitations, and this allows the reader to access Nick's ability as a storyteller. Nick's reference to his father's advice establishes one of the novel's major themes, that of the relationship between the present and the past and with what is transferred from one generation to another. It is also relevant to the twentieth century history of America, for having broken away from the father-like rule of European monarchy, it declared itself a new country, free from the limitations of the past. So this American commitment to the future, where anything might happen, is also suggested by Nick's evidence on 'reserving judgment' as a matter of 'infinite hope'. The national faith that it is never too late to start again continues. We can see that it is Gatsby's 'extraordinary gift of hope', which ultimately draws Nick to him. So whatever Nick is drawn to, so is the audience, because of his skill as a narrator, he makes them read the story.What attracts Nick is the dream of a new beginning, which has long been associated in the American mind, with movement westward. After moving east in order to seek material success, Nick has now returned to the Midwest, to the heart of America, where he is able to pause and reflect upon the past few years. Nick declares with irony, that in going east he 'was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler.' Nick and Gatsby both live in the New York suburb of West Egg. It is less fashionable than nearby East Egg, and its name carries with it implication of America's Frontier past. Here the suggestion is that both Nick and Gatsby preserve American ideals that have been lost in the modern cities of the East. This is, of course, ironic, as both Eggs are located on the East Coast. There is even more irony from the name 'Egg's' as they are supposed to promise new life, when in fact they are lifeless rocks. Because both Nick and Gatsby share a common ideal, these values allow Nick as a narrator to let Gatsby confine in him and give more credence to his role as a narrator in the eyes of the reader. In my opinion the success of the novel is due to Fitzgerald's control of how the figure of Gatsby is presented to the reader through Nick's narration. The character and personality of Gatsby has been filtered through Nick's narration at a suitable pace and with appropriate emphasis to maintain the reader's interest without eliminating the enigmatic qualities of Gatsby. When Nick expresses his doubts as well as his pride at the beginning of the novel we appreciate that he has his faults too. However his honesty as a narrator overcomes this and the reader can believe in him. So as the reader is piecing together the puzzle of Gatsby, he at the same time has to adjust to the values that are being put forward by the narrator Nick Carraway, who is telling Gatsby's story. It is easy to imagine that if Fitzgerald had been too hasty in the narration, or had revealed too much at the wrong time, we could have a very different book, one in which Gatsby appeared a ridiculously comic or unambiguously threatening character. It is Nick's skill as the narrator which is partially responsible for this. Word Count = 1,645 Bibliography The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby

York Notes Advanced

The Collection of Critical Essays Arthur Mizener Please note that this sample paper on Gatsby is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gatsby, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Gatsby will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Murray River

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Murray River. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Murray River paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Murray River, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Murray River paper at affordable prices!STAGE TOURISM- Murray River

Eric Russell SS

All Australians rely on the Murray, even if they don't know it!

Not only is it Australia's largest river system, the Murray River is Australia's lifeline. Wherever you are in Australia chances are you consume food or wine from the Murray Darling Basin. Fresh fruit, meat, cereals, dairy products, natural fibres and timbers and not to forget our most valuable natural resource- water, all of which come from the same river. These also earn export income.

The health of the river is a crucial element for tourism and recreation. For many years the Murray River has seen much tourism. People visit for a range of purposes including recreation, tourism, to meet up with relatives and even for business. The main reasons for visiting are for fishing, boating, camping, water sports, local produce, and winery tours. All of these activities rely on a healthy River to sustain them.

Visitors to the River Murray contribute significantly to the local economy and in some areas catering for visitors is the major sector of the economy. Therefore, it is very important to support tourism and recreation along the river, but also to manage and promote appropriate behaviour.

Recreation, leisure, relaxation, attractions, education, skiing, cruises, holiday homes, fishing, art and crafts, restaurants, national parks, houseboats and even golf courses. The list goes on.... The Murray River has it all. With all this tourism happening it is obvious that it is hard to achieve sustainable tourism.

Sustainable tourism is tourism that runs smoothly and in good working order by catering for all tourists. It involves rules and regulations to help keep everybody happy, all though these rules and regulations need to be upheld and controlled. There are all sorts of strategies in place to ensure sustainable tourism it all goes down to even the smallest things such as the noise and racket that jet skies make. It varies in each community but there is rules set up such as times allowed to jet ski. To make everybody there are times that you are not allowed to jet ski such as early in the morning and late at night.

Others may complain about how there are not enough natural areas around with too much shops etc about. Therefore some areas must be subject to privacy without big buildings around.

Considering the recreational time spent in the River Murray region by visitors there is an obvious significant impact on the river environment. Some of the impact people have when visiting the Murray River include-

Impact on water quality due to disposal of waste

Destruction of vegetation and native animal habitat, mainly due to collection of fire woods.

Erosion of the river banks

Noise pollution

Litter and vandalism

Disturbance or destruction of native animals and introduction of feral plants and animals

Over use of certain areas leading to damage and spoiling of there natural character.

The lower lakes system and mid-Murray regions are easily accessible and are therefore under the most pressure.

In many cases management practices in recreation areas do not promote behaviour that preserves the natural environment e.g. camping areas do not have designated camping sites, therefore surrounding areas are degraded. It is very important that management in all recreation areas, including camping areas, on the water, holiday homes and marinas promotes the preservation and restoration of native plants and habitats and don't worsen the quality of the water. In recent years boating activities have tremendously increased this needs to be investigated and considered.

It's so important that the impact of visitors is minimised. The good news is that there are numerous organizations working in collaboration to help this problem. They will hope to get results by encouraging responsible behaviour via education and changes the way the visitor impact is managed. By educating the people about the value of the Murray River and how important it is and the right way of behaviour it is hoped that the impact will decrease. There are already many information centres around educating people and users on how they can help and make a difference. There are already the television and radio ads on how to save water and presentations to various communities and schools groups promoting responsible behaviour. There are also 100s of websites on the Internet all to do with the Murray River.

Here is a character from one of the campaigns. He is targeted not only to the older generations but the younger generation as well.

Here is his bush and country code-

Don't muck up the Murray

Drive carefully and keep to roads and tracks

Consider local people and respect their property and stock

Leave no litter. Take it home

Think of others. Avoid being noisy

Respect the past. Leave old things as you find them

Care for our native plants and animals. Respect their habitat

Safeguard water. Don't waste it and keep it clean

Take care with fires. Wildfires destroy

Be cautious with firearms. Do you really need them?

Think safety and take care of others

This is just one of the many ways organizations are trying to get through to people that good behaviour will help for the future of our Murray River.

It is important to look after this beautiful, valuable yet vulnerable resource and to satisfy the many different ways in which humans and animals use the River Murray environment. It is hard to take into account the varied needs of humans and animals.

To help us to manage this important River of which is of utmost importance of the state. The Murray Valley has been divided into "valley character units" these units suggest how the environment has been altered by use, what should continue in the future and they will continue. By separating uses into the most likely unit, proper planning will enable the planners to prevent the problems caused by conflict between users and avoid future damage to the River Murray and its natural environment.

The different character units for planning and management include-

Natural valley character units are areas where natural environment has the highest priority. People are encouraged to use these areas in a manner that won't harm the environment. To help preserve the quality of these areas toilets and kiosks are to facilitate to enable less visitor use. In this way people and wildlife can experience true wilderness.

Rural valley character units are areas that have been changed already recreation and other activates, but which retain many of the natural qualities that attract people and wild life. Planning includes some small changes to the environment in order to provide facilities to prevent degradation such as toilets, rubbish, bins and boat ramps for bush camping.

Recreation and tourism valley character units are areas that keep the features of the river environment that make it so popular, but in which big changes have already occurred. These areas are related to large tourist developments that may mean more changes to the environment like caravan parks with blocks and kiosks or marinas.

Urban waterfront valley character units are areas that allow access to the waterfront for visitors and tourists. They include existing waterfront areas in towns along the River Murray. Development that helps peoples access to the waterfront and prevents damage is encouraged like toilets, car parks, picnic tables and lawns

Irrigated agriculture valley character units are areas in which agriculture has the highest priority. These nature of these areas have been changed a great deal, if the land isn't needed for agriculture than other uses that may involve further changes to the environment are acceptable.

We all know that many domestic people visit the Murray River but let not forget the international visitors as well. To keep up with the tourism boom and to ensure international visitors stay interested we must constantly keep upgrading. A large range of goods and services caters for all visitors, including transport and tour operators, accommodation establishments, theme parks and attractions, entertainment and art venues, recreational facilities, museums, and historical sites, restaurants, travel agents and souvenir retailers.

For Australia as a whole, tourism contributes about 5.5% GDP and accounts for about 6% of total employment.

Cultural diversity is also a factor that needs to be taken into account. Different cultures are interested in different things so keeping a wide range of activities available is a good idea. Things like foods and drink also need to be considered. With all different nationalities visiting the Murray River each year why not have food and drink available which will resemble particular cultures. The more effort we put in for overseas visitors the more they and we will get out of it. The more they enjoy their experience the more they are likely to pass on that the Murray River is an ideal place to stay. Word of mouth is powerful. Many businesses rely on it!

It is also is important that a tour guide taking a tour based on the Aboriginal culture should be actually aboriginal. It will make the tour a better experience.

There are many places along the Murray River, which are sacred to the Aboriginal people and these needs to be kept this way. Trespassers must be kept out, as these are a piece of history.

Generally it is a good idea to cater for all including the local people.

It is now obvious just how much we rely on the River Murray. It accounts for many things. It is good to see all of these organizations now realising that something needs to be done in ensuring the Murray River is there for a long time in the future. It won't be easy and it will take a lot of time but it will all be worth it in the end. I just hope our children's children can enjoy the beauty of the River in the same way we have.

Many year ago in the times of paddle steamers the Murray River was used as river highway that helped draw the nation together. Now it can unite us again. We can all be proud of doing our bit to save the Murray.

Please note that this sample paper on Murray River is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Murray River, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Murray River will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sigtek

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Sigtek. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Sigtek paper right on time.

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John Smithers at SigtekSummary In some companies, several things can undermine the implementation of change such as lack of corporate commitment, overly formalized programs, inflated expectations, and lack of initial successes. "A systemic approach goes to the heart of an organization through the attitudes, beliefs, habits, and expectations of all individuals from the top to the front lines." (Juechter 1)

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Three Western Electric veterans founded Sigtek, a small telecommunications company 5 years ago. The last remaining founder, Charles Bradley was serving as an absentee president. The company manufactured printed circuit boards for signal handling which it sold primarily to AT&T and other long-distance carrier. The large technology company that purchased Sigtek ten years ago was hands-off. During this time Sigtek enjoyed sales of $60 million and had a workforce of 1,000 employees. This was short lived due to the stockpile of product Sigtek had in their inventory. The company attempted to install software into a computer system for signal handling. They were unsuccessful in meeting the schedule and sales dropped to about $40 million and the workforce was reduced to 800 employees. During this time another company Telwork, a $500 million European telecommunication company, purchased Sigtek. Unlike the previous company, Telwork made it clear that it would be involved in the business' operation. They wanted to implement a Total Quality Program at each of its subsidiaries. In this case, John Smithers describes how Sigtek failed at its efforts to implement a total quality program. John Smithers was a dedicated engineering manager who was chosen by his manager to become an instructor of the new total quality program. He believed in whatever techniques that would bring about the greater good for the company. This case outlines the difficulties of the quality program, which only lasted about six months.Problem Definition To say that the business environment has become turbulent, uncertain, and fiercely competitive is now a worn-out clich. Many people think the topic of Organization Design is simply a useless academic exercise, which has little practical utility for the real world. Other people think managing and leading organization change simply requires good common sense. But what does it take to manage in a highly competitive and chaotic environment? What sorts of skills, abilities and competencies are needed to become an effective change leader and organizational designer? At Sigtek their approach to change was to implement a Total Quality Program (TQM), which was based on a highly acclaimed model. The purpose of a TQM program is to, "increase the effectiveness of the organization and to develop the potential of all individual members." (Harvey 66) This model was intended to improve product quality and encourage better management practices. Unfortunately the efforts to institute this program failed because those who promoted the TQM did not support it. Evaluation of Problem Causes There were several causes that hindered the success of the Total Quality program. We have diagnosed some of the problems in the following section. 1. Not creating a powerful guiding coalitionTelwork, the parent company wanted to gather all of its subsidiaries under one corporate umbrella. However they provided limited support or direction in implementing the program to Sigtek. A team was sent to explain the TQM to managers at Sigtek, but no questions were asked during the training. Smithers felt that because of the lack of response, either "no one cared, or they did not understand the program." (Rosegrant 4)Charles Bradley, Sigtek's president more or less had a hands-off approach toward the TQM program and appointed Patricof as Sigtek's representative. Patricof was not a change agent and "leaned more toward style and less toward substantive results." (Rosegrant ) Patricof also "rewarded those who parroted his beliefs and those who rarely questioned the status quo." (Rosegrant ) Therefore Sigtek's management team did not have the urgency and desire to change, which was mandated by Telwork. . Not creating a vision As an engineering services manager, Smithers had experience with restructuring and reorganizing departments. He was an enthusiastic leader and had the focus and skill sets to accomplish the Telwork plan. During the training classes with employees, Smithers felt the line workers were all sold on the Total Quality concept. They brought lists of examples of how things were not working in their departments according to the TQM program. Smithers led the workshop participants in locating solutions to their problems and encouraged them to share their ideas with their supervisors. However, the management, which was lead by Patricof did not have the same vision as Smithers, therefore all the training for the line workers was not supported by the management. No meetings were held no grievances were addressed. In the article, "Why Transformation Efforts Fail" it states, "A vision says something that clarifies the direction in which an organization needs to move." (Kotter 6) Without a vision an organization transformation can become confusing and disorganized, which can take the organization into the wrong direction or nowhere at all. (Kotter 6) Smithers, eventually resigns from the program because he felt the TQM began to seem inflated and over ambitious for his organization "instead of being too little, to late, it was way to much, too late." (Rosegrant 7). Barriers between engineering and operations Many barriers existed between the engineering department and operations, not only a physical distance but emotional as well. The conflicts between the two departments had existed for many years and had led to many problems within the organization. There were philosophical differences between Cross and Patricof which formulated a power struggle for months. When Patricof grew more powerful due to the promotion to general manager, and Cross was demoted to overseeing a single faltering product line, this lead to Patricof having full control over TQM. Another barrier was the inflated expectations of the employees. They felt through the training with Smithers there would be constructive changes within the organization, but hopes were dashed when not supported by management. Lastly there was a cultural resistance to change. It is important to note the level in which change is institutionalized in the organization. First, people should be made aware how the new approaches, behaviors, and attitudes would help improve performance. Second, take time with the next generation of management in understanding the new approach. (Kotter 67)Evaluation of Affected Systems The systems that were affected are ethics, finance, human resources and management. Ethically, Smithers agreed to take the teaching position as long as he did not have to lie. He stated that if he had to lie that he would stop doing it, and that he was skeptical about their ability to effect change. Smithers did feel some "ambivalence" (Rosegrant ) and wanted to make sure that he was being honest and credible to his trainees. As the problems with delivery and lack of support by management became greater, Smithers felt that he could have been more direct and to the point than he had been. Since there is not anything specifically mentioned in the article about the finance system, it does mention incorporating Sigtek under the corporate umbrella of Telwork, as well as, "improve product quality and encourage better management practices." (Rosegrant ) The article also mentions "Telwork made it clear that it planned to influence how its new subsidiary operated." (Rosegrant ) It can be assumed that the systems of the organizations would be altered to reflect the overall umbrella and integrate to the Total Quality program. The human resources system was affected with the implementation of a Total Quality training program. This includes new trainers from different departments, as well as, the budget, time, and expenses of running this program would be some of the responsibilities of the human resources department. The management system at Sigtek was heavily bureaucratic. When attempting to implement a Total Quality program, this became the way for Patricof to posses ownership and power within the organization. Smither's perspective of Cross and Patricof is that "Cross appeared to be committed to bringing in new blood and new management practices, while Patricof seemed to lean more toward style and less toward substantive results, as well as, rewarding those who rarely questioned his status quo." (Rosegrant ) The total effect of the program was for Patricof to minimize the influence of Cross, as well as, control the organization without competing. The effort of the organization to create a strong quality program where workers could have input on their productivity became an even stronger dictatorship under the rule of Patricof.

Works CitedHarvey, Don and Donald R. Brown. An Experiential Approach to Organizational Development. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6th Edition. 001.Kotter, John P. "Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail." Harvard Business School Publishing. May 15.Rosegrant, Susan. "John Smithers at Sigtek." Harvard Business School Publishing. 10. Juechter, Fisher, and Alford. "Five Conditions for High-Performance Cultures." Training And Development, May 18.

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Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative paper at affordable prices with !Newspapers represent the facts through text and pictures (Bignell 00 p. 7). The front page is an introduction eager to achieve several functions; it is an advertisement for the newspaper itself and it frames an attractive format for other advertisers. Only a few large corporations control media outlets in Australia. News Ltd owns The Advertiser and The Australian but the format of the newspapers is dissimilar (Schultz 00 p. 110-11). The Advertiser is a tabloid while The Australian is a broadsheet. To successfully compare and contrast the newspaper structures I will analyse the content, language, layout and visual techniques.

A quick comparison of the differences between the tabloid and broadsheet, are as follows

The Advertiser The Australian

• A size • Double the size of The Advertiser

• Cost $1.00 • Cost $1.0

• Sports theme • /11 (terrorism) theme

• Local events • World events

• articles • 4 articles

• Part articles • Full articles

• Large font in articles • Smaller font in articles

• Sparse paragraphs in articles • Dense paragraphs in articles

• Minimal written text • Excess written text

• Unsuitable, misleading main headline • Suitable, clever main headline

• Bright, celebratory colours • Reddish, emotive colours

• Humourous language overtones • Serious language overtones

• Photograph celebratory atmosphere • Main photograph tone of despair

• Product placement in photograph • An ideological cartoon is present

The front page reconstructs and describes events rather than merely reflecting reality. (McKee 00 p. 6-6). Representation of an event is an intentional process, constructed according to established expectations through preceding similar events and attitudes. The Advertiser has epitomised South Australians as sports fanatics and The Australian has portrayed a dangerous world (Bowles 00 p. 7-74). To construe society in a particular way is a deliberate choice (Bignell 00 p. 8). As The Australian shows, broadsheets provide more information from abroad whilst tabloids concentrate on an ordinary event involving extraordinary people, such as sport 'celebrities' (Lumby 00 p. 7). In this case, the broadsheet is producing an ideological viewpoint of current chosen world events, within the content and language structure (McKee 00 p. 64-67). The Australian exploits the date and constructs four linked stories to suit the /11 genre under the sensational headline, 'Terror Circles the Globe'. It was emotive and fear driven and riddled with reminders of the goings-on over the past twenty-four months. To fit the genre, the '…Bali bomber…' update is newsworthy enough to be front-page news.

Cost and time restraints affect the story gathering process (Bantz, McCorkle, Baade 17 p. 76). The events described in The Advertiser were not discovered via investigative journalism, rather through advance warning. Similarly, The Australian relied on a media release and an update from an ongoing judicial trial for half of its front-page content (Bignell 00 p. 8). Another consequence of economic effectiveness is the transformation of broadsheets towards tabloid processes. Larger headlines and photographs are displayed on the front page with accompanying information about what is inside the pages to grab the attention of the passerby (Bignell 00 p. 81). The Australian supports this as it displays a large title, headline, photograph, and two contents lists. The tabloid style is more entertainment driven than the broadsheet (Schultz 00 p. 101). The trend to view the 'tabloid' style as serious news is indicative of the changing attitudes towards public rights to information (Lumby 1 p. 115-116). The front page of The Advertiser is devoted to local sporting celebrities. Australian Rules football is included, as the finals loom. The Australian cricket season begins shortly so the audience is subjected to SACA . A large visual image of two 'celebrity cricketers' with others gathered around the table is the only photograph on the front page. The other article directly quotes a local sportsperson, further incorporating netball within the sports theme. The language in the article is simple and straightforward, adhering to established journalistic rules to allow for space constraints and customer attention spans (Harris & Spark 14 p. 74-85). It uses a verbal conversation approach, applying uncomplicated words and shorter sentences to ensure quick consumption in a fast-paced society. Techniques that break up the monotony of a paragraph are implemented, such as, bold type, exclamation marks, exploits of humour such as irony and puns. This is demonstrated in 'Dinner? It's enough to make you dizzy' , a question mark, underlining and a pun is orchestrated. While the second sentence manufactures a humorous reference to a disgraced celebrity cricketer. As Bignell mentions, this format does not intend to belittle the readership but this style brings comfort and familiarity. For example, the cricketers' nickname '…Dizzy…' and '…Boof…' and Warne's weight issue, '…baked beans and pizza…' the language relies on assumed prior knowledge and thus encourages allegiance (Bignell 00 p. 8). The Advertiser constructed an article advertising SACA's competition and presented an anchoring photograph to prove its benevolence. As well as advertising SACA it also provided indirect (but deliberate) coverage for its major sponsor, West End Breweries through product placement (Sinclair 00 p. 0-10). It proves to be a powerful tool, confirming sporting 'celebrities' consume their product in a social setting. The Australian presented crisis and terror filled photographs connoting fear and anxiety to anchor the surrounding articles (Bignell 00 p. ).

A broadsheet will depend on traditional written communication formats. Broadsheets imply a higher level of authority by upholding a serious tone. For example, broadsheets construct longer sentences; do not use practices to break up the text and no misspelling or bold/italic setting (Bignell 00 p. 8-0). For example, the article 'Enemies of open society will not prevail' has an accompanying head shot of Howard and the article is in its entirety. The item reads like an essay, with full sentences and a definite introduction, purpose and conclusion, it is noticeably a media release , fitting the /11 (terrorism) theme. Howard relies on newspapers as the most influential political tool in a democratic society (Schultz 00 p. 101-10). As The Advertiser connotes fun and entertainment, so does The Australian connote a more serious authority that demands respect, both of these stances are constructed representations. The extra cost of The Australian also connotes quality. No additional respect should be given to the broadsheet just because it appears to be more important, over other newspapers (Bignell 00 p. 0). Newspaper discourse creates feelings of exclusiveness by using particular words to incorporate the reader. For example, The Advertiser presents just under its name, 'C'mon make a noise', and it successfully commands on an individual level to reply to the appeal because of the system of address (Bignell 00 p. 0). Bignell further explains, '…dialogic modes of discourse have the effect of presupposing an ongoing, comprehensible reality which is the referent of a conversation between newspaper and reader. Both parties, it seems, know what they are referring to, and do not need to analyse or define the subject…' (Bignell 00 p. 0). The 'C'mon make a noise' statement with the accompanying visuals did not require further explanation. It assumes that everyone realises the importance of Australian Rules football. The Australian follows the same practice, the opening statement underneath its name, 'Two Years After September 11 The Carnage Continues' assumes that the reader appreciates a certain magnitude of the day. The paper goes further to use similar assumptions, for example, the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians , '…the second Bali bomber…' and '…the ideologies of totalitarianism…'

The tabloid is colourful and sensational, even resorting to displaying a very large, misleading, emotive headline to demand attention. The broadsheet presents a serious, tragic theme and exploits the date and ties together four articles within the /11 genre. Even with the use of regularity, tradition, sections and colour both newspapers are still bulky and awkward compared to other media outlets such as television and Internet (Schultz 00 p. 101-10).

Bibliography

Bignell, J., 'Newspapers'. Media Semiotics. 17. Manchester Manchester University Press, 00. 7- 104.

Schultz, J., 'The Press'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 101 116.

McKee, A., 'Textual Analysis'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

Lumby, C., Media Culpa Tabloid Media, Democracy and the Public Sphere. The Sydney Papers An address to The Sydney Institute on Monday 8 June 1.

Lumby, C., 'The Future of Journalism'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 1 - .

Bantz, C.R., McCorkle, S. & Baade, R.C., 'The News Factory'. Social Meanings of News A Text Reader. Ed. D. Berkowitz. Thousand Oaks Publications, 17. 6-85.

Harris, G. & Spark, D., Practical Newspaper Reporting nd Etition. 166. Oxford Focal Press, 14.

Bowles, K., 'Representation'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 7 - 84.

Sinclair, J., 'Advertising'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

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