Murray River

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Eric Russell SS

All Australians rely on the Murray, even if they don't know it!

Not only is it Australia's largest river system, the Murray River is Australia's lifeline. Wherever you are in Australia chances are you consume food or wine from the Murray Darling Basin. Fresh fruit, meat, cereals, dairy products, natural fibres and timbers and not to forget our most valuable natural resource- water, all of which come from the same river. These also earn export income.

The health of the river is a crucial element for tourism and recreation. For many years the Murray River has seen much tourism. People visit for a range of purposes including recreation, tourism, to meet up with relatives and even for business. The main reasons for visiting are for fishing, boating, camping, water sports, local produce, and winery tours. All of these activities rely on a healthy River to sustain them.

Visitors to the River Murray contribute significantly to the local economy and in some areas catering for visitors is the major sector of the economy. Therefore, it is very important to support tourism and recreation along the river, but also to manage and promote appropriate behaviour.

Recreation, leisure, relaxation, attractions, education, skiing, cruises, holiday homes, fishing, art and crafts, restaurants, national parks, houseboats and even golf courses. The list goes on.... The Murray River has it all. With all this tourism happening it is obvious that it is hard to achieve sustainable tourism.

Sustainable tourism is tourism that runs smoothly and in good working order by catering for all tourists. It involves rules and regulations to help keep everybody happy, all though these rules and regulations need to be upheld and controlled. There are all sorts of strategies in place to ensure sustainable tourism it all goes down to even the smallest things such as the noise and racket that jet skies make. It varies in each community but there is rules set up such as times allowed to jet ski. To make everybody there are times that you are not allowed to jet ski such as early in the morning and late at night.

Others may complain about how there are not enough natural areas around with too much shops etc about. Therefore some areas must be subject to privacy without big buildings around.

Considering the recreational time spent in the River Murray region by visitors there is an obvious significant impact on the river environment. Some of the impact people have when visiting the Murray River include-

Impact on water quality due to disposal of waste

Destruction of vegetation and native animal habitat, mainly due to collection of fire woods.

Erosion of the river banks

Noise pollution

Litter and vandalism

Disturbance or destruction of native animals and introduction of feral plants and animals

Over use of certain areas leading to damage and spoiling of there natural character.

The lower lakes system and mid-Murray regions are easily accessible and are therefore under the most pressure.

In many cases management practices in recreation areas do not promote behaviour that preserves the natural environment e.g. camping areas do not have designated camping sites, therefore surrounding areas are degraded. It is very important that management in all recreation areas, including camping areas, on the water, holiday homes and marinas promotes the preservation and restoration of native plants and habitats and don't worsen the quality of the water. In recent years boating activities have tremendously increased this needs to be investigated and considered.

It's so important that the impact of visitors is minimised. The good news is that there are numerous organizations working in collaboration to help this problem. They will hope to get results by encouraging responsible behaviour via education and changes the way the visitor impact is managed. By educating the people about the value of the Murray River and how important it is and the right way of behaviour it is hoped that the impact will decrease. There are already many information centres around educating people and users on how they can help and make a difference. There are already the television and radio ads on how to save water and presentations to various communities and schools groups promoting responsible behaviour. There are also 100s of websites on the Internet all to do with the Murray River.

Here is a character from one of the campaigns. He is targeted not only to the older generations but the younger generation as well.

Here is his bush and country code-

Don't muck up the Murray

Drive carefully and keep to roads and tracks

Consider local people and respect their property and stock

Leave no litter. Take it home

Think of others. Avoid being noisy

Respect the past. Leave old things as you find them

Care for our native plants and animals. Respect their habitat

Safeguard water. Don't waste it and keep it clean

Take care with fires. Wildfires destroy

Be cautious with firearms. Do you really need them?

Think safety and take care of others

This is just one of the many ways organizations are trying to get through to people that good behaviour will help for the future of our Murray River.

It is important to look after this beautiful, valuable yet vulnerable resource and to satisfy the many different ways in which humans and animals use the River Murray environment. It is hard to take into account the varied needs of humans and animals.

To help us to manage this important River of which is of utmost importance of the state. The Murray Valley has been divided into "valley character units" these units suggest how the environment has been altered by use, what should continue in the future and they will continue. By separating uses into the most likely unit, proper planning will enable the planners to prevent the problems caused by conflict between users and avoid future damage to the River Murray and its natural environment.

The different character units for planning and management include-

Natural valley character units are areas where natural environment has the highest priority. People are encouraged to use these areas in a manner that won't harm the environment. To help preserve the quality of these areas toilets and kiosks are to facilitate to enable less visitor use. In this way people and wildlife can experience true wilderness.

Rural valley character units are areas that have been changed already recreation and other activates, but which retain many of the natural qualities that attract people and wild life. Planning includes some small changes to the environment in order to provide facilities to prevent degradation such as toilets, rubbish, bins and boat ramps for bush camping.

Recreation and tourism valley character units are areas that keep the features of the river environment that make it so popular, but in which big changes have already occurred. These areas are related to large tourist developments that may mean more changes to the environment like caravan parks with blocks and kiosks or marinas.

Urban waterfront valley character units are areas that allow access to the waterfront for visitors and tourists. They include existing waterfront areas in towns along the River Murray. Development that helps peoples access to the waterfront and prevents damage is encouraged like toilets, car parks, picnic tables and lawns

Irrigated agriculture valley character units are areas in which agriculture has the highest priority. These nature of these areas have been changed a great deal, if the land isn't needed for agriculture than other uses that may involve further changes to the environment are acceptable.

We all know that many domestic people visit the Murray River but let not forget the international visitors as well. To keep up with the tourism boom and to ensure international visitors stay interested we must constantly keep upgrading. A large range of goods and services caters for all visitors, including transport and tour operators, accommodation establishments, theme parks and attractions, entertainment and art venues, recreational facilities, museums, and historical sites, restaurants, travel agents and souvenir retailers.

For Australia as a whole, tourism contributes about 5.5% GDP and accounts for about 6% of total employment.

Cultural diversity is also a factor that needs to be taken into account. Different cultures are interested in different things so keeping a wide range of activities available is a good idea. Things like foods and drink also need to be considered. With all different nationalities visiting the Murray River each year why not have food and drink available which will resemble particular cultures. The more effort we put in for overseas visitors the more they and we will get out of it. The more they enjoy their experience the more they are likely to pass on that the Murray River is an ideal place to stay. Word of mouth is powerful. Many businesses rely on it!

It is also is important that a tour guide taking a tour based on the Aboriginal culture should be actually aboriginal. It will make the tour a better experience.

There are many places along the Murray River, which are sacred to the Aboriginal people and these needs to be kept this way. Trespassers must be kept out, as these are a piece of history.

Generally it is a good idea to cater for all including the local people.

It is now obvious just how much we rely on the River Murray. It accounts for many things. It is good to see all of these organizations now realising that something needs to be done in ensuring the Murray River is there for a long time in the future. It won't be easy and it will take a lot of time but it will all be worth it in the end. I just hope our children's children can enjoy the beauty of the River in the same way we have.

Many year ago in the times of paddle steamers the Murray River was used as river highway that helped draw the nation together. Now it can unite us again. We can all be proud of doing our bit to save the Murray.

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Sigtek

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John Smithers at SigtekSummary In some companies, several things can undermine the implementation of change such as lack of corporate commitment, overly formalized programs, inflated expectations, and lack of initial successes. "A systemic approach goes to the heart of an organization through the attitudes, beliefs, habits, and expectations of all individuals from the top to the front lines." (Juechter 1)

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Three Western Electric veterans founded Sigtek, a small telecommunications company 5 years ago. The last remaining founder, Charles Bradley was serving as an absentee president. The company manufactured printed circuit boards for signal handling which it sold primarily to AT&T and other long-distance carrier. The large technology company that purchased Sigtek ten years ago was hands-off. During this time Sigtek enjoyed sales of $60 million and had a workforce of 1,000 employees. This was short lived due to the stockpile of product Sigtek had in their inventory. The company attempted to install software into a computer system for signal handling. They were unsuccessful in meeting the schedule and sales dropped to about $40 million and the workforce was reduced to 800 employees. During this time another company Telwork, a $500 million European telecommunication company, purchased Sigtek. Unlike the previous company, Telwork made it clear that it would be involved in the business' operation. They wanted to implement a Total Quality Program at each of its subsidiaries. In this case, John Smithers describes how Sigtek failed at its efforts to implement a total quality program. John Smithers was a dedicated engineering manager who was chosen by his manager to become an instructor of the new total quality program. He believed in whatever techniques that would bring about the greater good for the company. This case outlines the difficulties of the quality program, which only lasted about six months.Problem Definition To say that the business environment has become turbulent, uncertain, and fiercely competitive is now a worn-out clich. Many people think the topic of Organization Design is simply a useless academic exercise, which has little practical utility for the real world. Other people think managing and leading organization change simply requires good common sense. But what does it take to manage in a highly competitive and chaotic environment? What sorts of skills, abilities and competencies are needed to become an effective change leader and organizational designer? At Sigtek their approach to change was to implement a Total Quality Program (TQM), which was based on a highly acclaimed model. The purpose of a TQM program is to, "increase the effectiveness of the organization and to develop the potential of all individual members." (Harvey 66) This model was intended to improve product quality and encourage better management practices. Unfortunately the efforts to institute this program failed because those who promoted the TQM did not support it. Evaluation of Problem Causes There were several causes that hindered the success of the Total Quality program. We have diagnosed some of the problems in the following section. 1. Not creating a powerful guiding coalitionTelwork, the parent company wanted to gather all of its subsidiaries under one corporate umbrella. However they provided limited support or direction in implementing the program to Sigtek. A team was sent to explain the TQM to managers at Sigtek, but no questions were asked during the training. Smithers felt that because of the lack of response, either "no one cared, or they did not understand the program." (Rosegrant 4)Charles Bradley, Sigtek's president more or less had a hands-off approach toward the TQM program and appointed Patricof as Sigtek's representative. Patricof was not a change agent and "leaned more toward style and less toward substantive results." (Rosegrant ) Patricof also "rewarded those who parroted his beliefs and those who rarely questioned the status quo." (Rosegrant ) Therefore Sigtek's management team did not have the urgency and desire to change, which was mandated by Telwork. . Not creating a vision As an engineering services manager, Smithers had experience with restructuring and reorganizing departments. He was an enthusiastic leader and had the focus and skill sets to accomplish the Telwork plan. During the training classes with employees, Smithers felt the line workers were all sold on the Total Quality concept. They brought lists of examples of how things were not working in their departments according to the TQM program. Smithers led the workshop participants in locating solutions to their problems and encouraged them to share their ideas with their supervisors. However, the management, which was lead by Patricof did not have the same vision as Smithers, therefore all the training for the line workers was not supported by the management. No meetings were held no grievances were addressed. In the article, "Why Transformation Efforts Fail" it states, "A vision says something that clarifies the direction in which an organization needs to move." (Kotter 6) Without a vision an organization transformation can become confusing and disorganized, which can take the organization into the wrong direction or nowhere at all. (Kotter 6) Smithers, eventually resigns from the program because he felt the TQM began to seem inflated and over ambitious for his organization "instead of being too little, to late, it was way to much, too late." (Rosegrant 7). Barriers between engineering and operations Many barriers existed between the engineering department and operations, not only a physical distance but emotional as well. The conflicts between the two departments had existed for many years and had led to many problems within the organization. There were philosophical differences between Cross and Patricof which formulated a power struggle for months. When Patricof grew more powerful due to the promotion to general manager, and Cross was demoted to overseeing a single faltering product line, this lead to Patricof having full control over TQM. Another barrier was the inflated expectations of the employees. They felt through the training with Smithers there would be constructive changes within the organization, but hopes were dashed when not supported by management. Lastly there was a cultural resistance to change. It is important to note the level in which change is institutionalized in the organization. First, people should be made aware how the new approaches, behaviors, and attitudes would help improve performance. Second, take time with the next generation of management in understanding the new approach. (Kotter 67)Evaluation of Affected Systems The systems that were affected are ethics, finance, human resources and management. Ethically, Smithers agreed to take the teaching position as long as he did not have to lie. He stated that if he had to lie that he would stop doing it, and that he was skeptical about their ability to effect change. Smithers did feel some "ambivalence" (Rosegrant ) and wanted to make sure that he was being honest and credible to his trainees. As the problems with delivery and lack of support by management became greater, Smithers felt that he could have been more direct and to the point than he had been. Since there is not anything specifically mentioned in the article about the finance system, it does mention incorporating Sigtek under the corporate umbrella of Telwork, as well as, "improve product quality and encourage better management practices." (Rosegrant ) The article also mentions "Telwork made it clear that it planned to influence how its new subsidiary operated." (Rosegrant ) It can be assumed that the systems of the organizations would be altered to reflect the overall umbrella and integrate to the Total Quality program. The human resources system was affected with the implementation of a Total Quality training program. This includes new trainers from different departments, as well as, the budget, time, and expenses of running this program would be some of the responsibilities of the human resources department. The management system at Sigtek was heavily bureaucratic. When attempting to implement a Total Quality program, this became the way for Patricof to posses ownership and power within the organization. Smither's perspective of Cross and Patricof is that "Cross appeared to be committed to bringing in new blood and new management practices, while Patricof seemed to lean more toward style and less toward substantive results, as well as, rewarding those who rarely questioned his status quo." (Rosegrant ) The total effect of the program was for Patricof to minimize the influence of Cross, as well as, control the organization without competing. The effort of the organization to create a strong quality program where workers could have input on their productivity became an even stronger dictatorship under the rule of Patricof.

Works CitedHarvey, Don and Donald R. Brown. An Experiential Approach to Organizational Development. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6th Edition. 001.Kotter, John P. "Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail." Harvard Business School Publishing. May 15.Rosegrant, Susan. "John Smithers at Sigtek." Harvard Business School Publishing. 10. Juechter, Fisher, and Alford. "Five Conditions for High-Performance Cultures." Training And Development, May 18.

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Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Broadsheet and Tabloid Front Page Comparative paper at affordable prices with !Newspapers represent the facts through text and pictures (Bignell 00 p. 7). The front page is an introduction eager to achieve several functions; it is an advertisement for the newspaper itself and it frames an attractive format for other advertisers. Only a few large corporations control media outlets in Australia. News Ltd owns The Advertiser and The Australian but the format of the newspapers is dissimilar (Schultz 00 p. 110-11). The Advertiser is a tabloid while The Australian is a broadsheet. To successfully compare and contrast the newspaper structures I will analyse the content, language, layout and visual techniques.

A quick comparison of the differences between the tabloid and broadsheet, are as follows

The Advertiser The Australian

• A size • Double the size of The Advertiser

• Cost $1.00 • Cost $1.0

• Sports theme • /11 (terrorism) theme

• Local events • World events

• articles • 4 articles

• Part articles • Full articles

• Large font in articles • Smaller font in articles

• Sparse paragraphs in articles • Dense paragraphs in articles

• Minimal written text • Excess written text

• Unsuitable, misleading main headline • Suitable, clever main headline

• Bright, celebratory colours • Reddish, emotive colours

• Humourous language overtones • Serious language overtones

• Photograph celebratory atmosphere • Main photograph tone of despair

• Product placement in photograph • An ideological cartoon is present

The front page reconstructs and describes events rather than merely reflecting reality. (McKee 00 p. 6-6). Representation of an event is an intentional process, constructed according to established expectations through preceding similar events and attitudes. The Advertiser has epitomised South Australians as sports fanatics and The Australian has portrayed a dangerous world (Bowles 00 p. 7-74). To construe society in a particular way is a deliberate choice (Bignell 00 p. 8). As The Australian shows, broadsheets provide more information from abroad whilst tabloids concentrate on an ordinary event involving extraordinary people, such as sport 'celebrities' (Lumby 00 p. 7). In this case, the broadsheet is producing an ideological viewpoint of current chosen world events, within the content and language structure (McKee 00 p. 64-67). The Australian exploits the date and constructs four linked stories to suit the /11 genre under the sensational headline, 'Terror Circles the Globe'. It was emotive and fear driven and riddled with reminders of the goings-on over the past twenty-four months. To fit the genre, the '…Bali bomber…' update is newsworthy enough to be front-page news.

Cost and time restraints affect the story gathering process (Bantz, McCorkle, Baade 17 p. 76). The events described in The Advertiser were not discovered via investigative journalism, rather through advance warning. Similarly, The Australian relied on a media release and an update from an ongoing judicial trial for half of its front-page content (Bignell 00 p. 8). Another consequence of economic effectiveness is the transformation of broadsheets towards tabloid processes. Larger headlines and photographs are displayed on the front page with accompanying information about what is inside the pages to grab the attention of the passerby (Bignell 00 p. 81). The Australian supports this as it displays a large title, headline, photograph, and two contents lists. The tabloid style is more entertainment driven than the broadsheet (Schultz 00 p. 101). The trend to view the 'tabloid' style as serious news is indicative of the changing attitudes towards public rights to information (Lumby 1 p. 115-116). The front page of The Advertiser is devoted to local sporting celebrities. Australian Rules football is included, as the finals loom. The Australian cricket season begins shortly so the audience is subjected to SACA . A large visual image of two 'celebrity cricketers' with others gathered around the table is the only photograph on the front page. The other article directly quotes a local sportsperson, further incorporating netball within the sports theme. The language in the article is simple and straightforward, adhering to established journalistic rules to allow for space constraints and customer attention spans (Harris & Spark 14 p. 74-85). It uses a verbal conversation approach, applying uncomplicated words and shorter sentences to ensure quick consumption in a fast-paced society. Techniques that break up the monotony of a paragraph are implemented, such as, bold type, exclamation marks, exploits of humour such as irony and puns. This is demonstrated in 'Dinner? It's enough to make you dizzy' , a question mark, underlining and a pun is orchestrated. While the second sentence manufactures a humorous reference to a disgraced celebrity cricketer. As Bignell mentions, this format does not intend to belittle the readership but this style brings comfort and familiarity. For example, the cricketers' nickname '…Dizzy…' and '…Boof…' and Warne's weight issue, '…baked beans and pizza…' the language relies on assumed prior knowledge and thus encourages allegiance (Bignell 00 p. 8). The Advertiser constructed an article advertising SACA's competition and presented an anchoring photograph to prove its benevolence. As well as advertising SACA it also provided indirect (but deliberate) coverage for its major sponsor, West End Breweries through product placement (Sinclair 00 p. 0-10). It proves to be a powerful tool, confirming sporting 'celebrities' consume their product in a social setting. The Australian presented crisis and terror filled photographs connoting fear and anxiety to anchor the surrounding articles (Bignell 00 p. ).

A broadsheet will depend on traditional written communication formats. Broadsheets imply a higher level of authority by upholding a serious tone. For example, broadsheets construct longer sentences; do not use practices to break up the text and no misspelling or bold/italic setting (Bignell 00 p. 8-0). For example, the article 'Enemies of open society will not prevail' has an accompanying head shot of Howard and the article is in its entirety. The item reads like an essay, with full sentences and a definite introduction, purpose and conclusion, it is noticeably a media release , fitting the /11 (terrorism) theme. Howard relies on newspapers as the most influential political tool in a democratic society (Schultz 00 p. 101-10). As The Advertiser connotes fun and entertainment, so does The Australian connote a more serious authority that demands respect, both of these stances are constructed representations. The extra cost of The Australian also connotes quality. No additional respect should be given to the broadsheet just because it appears to be more important, over other newspapers (Bignell 00 p. 0). Newspaper discourse creates feelings of exclusiveness by using particular words to incorporate the reader. For example, The Advertiser presents just under its name, 'C'mon make a noise', and it successfully commands on an individual level to reply to the appeal because of the system of address (Bignell 00 p. 0). Bignell further explains, '…dialogic modes of discourse have the effect of presupposing an ongoing, comprehensible reality which is the referent of a conversation between newspaper and reader. Both parties, it seems, know what they are referring to, and do not need to analyse or define the subject…' (Bignell 00 p. 0). The 'C'mon make a noise' statement with the accompanying visuals did not require further explanation. It assumes that everyone realises the importance of Australian Rules football. The Australian follows the same practice, the opening statement underneath its name, 'Two Years After September 11 The Carnage Continues' assumes that the reader appreciates a certain magnitude of the day. The paper goes further to use similar assumptions, for example, the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians , '…the second Bali bomber…' and '…the ideologies of totalitarianism…'

The tabloid is colourful and sensational, even resorting to displaying a very large, misleading, emotive headline to demand attention. The broadsheet presents a serious, tragic theme and exploits the date and ties together four articles within the /11 genre. Even with the use of regularity, tradition, sections and colour both newspapers are still bulky and awkward compared to other media outlets such as television and Internet (Schultz 00 p. 101-10).

Bibliography

Bignell, J., 'Newspapers'. Media Semiotics. 17. Manchester Manchester University Press, 00. 7- 104.

Schultz, J., 'The Press'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 101 116.

McKee, A., 'Textual Analysis'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

Lumby, C., Media Culpa Tabloid Media, Democracy and the Public Sphere. The Sydney Papers An address to The Sydney Institute on Monday 8 June 1.

Lumby, C., 'The Future of Journalism'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 1 - .

Bantz, C.R., McCorkle, S. & Baade, R.C., 'The News Factory'. Social Meanings of News A Text Reader. Ed. D. Berkowitz. Thousand Oaks Publications, 17. 6-85.

Harris, G. & Spark, D., Practical Newspaper Reporting nd Etition. 166. Oxford Focal Press, 14.

Bowles, K., 'Representation'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 7 - 84.

Sinclair, J., 'Advertising'. The Media & Communications in Australia. Ed. S. Cunningham & G. Turner. Crows Nest Allen & Unwin, 00. 6 - 71.

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Global Warming - Fact or Fiction

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Global Warming 1Global Warming Fact or FictionDebbie S. MoranColumbia Southern University

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Global Warming Global Warming Fact or Fiction For many years now, the subject of global warming has been the cause of heated debates throughout the world. The theory is based on the idea that greenhouse gasses are accumulating in Earth's atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise. Debates have covered its causes and effects, and whether or not it actually exists and is a true threat to the planet. I, for one, do not believe that global warming is a real issue, but one created by environmentalists and scientists with a need for funding for additional and continuing research. I believe that research shows while there may be cyclical changes in temperature and weather on our planet, they occur naturally and not affected by man in any real way. One of the most popular theories being debated is the "greenhouse effect" which is caused by greenhouse gasses - naturally occurring gasses such as water vapor, methane, oxygen and carbon dioxide. As the Earth is a living planet, it is constantly undergoing change. Plate tectonics continue to change the face of the planet. The sea floor is still spreading, and we still have earthquakes and volcanoes. Convection currents created by the tremendous heat and pressure at the core of the Earth move the plates. These processes release tremendous amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor (greenhouse gasses). We know that these processes have been taking place since the beginning of time and, according to the geologic record, there have been numerous greenhouse and icehouse ages. Additionally, we know that the motion of the Earth, known as the Milankovitch cycles, also affect the Earth's atmosphere. These Global Warming cycles - the Earth's elliptical orbit, the tilt of the Earth's axis, and the procession of the equinoxes - all have an effect on the Earth in various ways. The Earth's orbit brings the planet closer to the Sun at one point in its 100,000 year trip. The Earth's tilt also changes just a few degrees over a period of 40,000 years or so, but enough to change the position of the polar ice caps relative to the Sun. Finally, the procession of the equinoxes also moves the poles closer to or further away from the Sun over a period of approximately ,000 years. Each of these cycles by itself may not have a noticeable effect, but taken together, the effects could be profound. Geologists have found direct relationships between these cycles and the weather extremes present during greenhouse and icehouse ages. As for the man-made greenhouse gasses, according to many environmentalists and the EPA, since the beginning of the industrial revolution atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 0%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15% . These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capabilities of the Earth's atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols cool the atmosphere by reflecting light back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived and vary regionally. Some scientists believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. The Committee on the Science of Climate Change states that temperatures are, indeed, rising with the global mean surface air temperature warmed by about 0.4-0.8°C during the 0th century. The Committee also states that the changes observed over the last several decades are "likely mostly due to human activities, but Global Warming 4the Committee cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes are also reflections of natural variability". This committee believes that human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 1st century. The secondary effects they expect include increases in rainfall rates and increased susceptibility of semi-arid regions to drought. They predict warming of 5.4°F by the end of the 1st century. It seems, however, that even the environmentalists have a hard time deciding if the Earth is warming up or cooling down. According to the NewScientist.com Greenhouse Timeline, it was during the 1800's that "greenhouse gasses" began to be studied and the idea of global warming was first introduced. But, during 140 through the 170's, worldwide cooling dampened scientific interest in the greenhouse effect. Some climatologists even predicted a new ice age. So in light of all this evidence, is global warming actually occurring? According to Accu-Weather, the world's leading commercial forecaster, "Global air temperatures as measured by land-based weather stations show an increase of about .45 degrees Celsius over the past century. This may be no more than normal climatic variation… [and] several biases in the data may be responsible for some of this increase". According to the Cooler Heads Coalition, a subgroup of the National Consumer Coalition, satellite data indicate a slight cooling in the climate in the last 18 years. These satellites use advanced technologies and are not subject to the "heat island" effect around major cities that alters ground-based thermometers. They have also found the projections of future climate changes to be uncertain. Some computer Global Warming 5models predict warming over the next century, but these models are very limited. Scientists who work on these models are quick to point out that they are far from perfect representations of reality, and are probably not advanced enough for direct use in policy implementation. It is interesting that as computer climate models have become more sophisticated, the predicted increase in temperature has been lowered. These and many other discrepancies have prompted the World Climate Report to develop a list of their top 10 fallacies about global warming and climate change. Some of the fallacies that they site are 1. Most climate scientists agree that disastrous global warming is here. Few recent surveys have addressed greenhouse warming. One, in 10, demonstrated that there is a wide range of opinion on critical issues (that climate models do not accurately depict the ocean atmosphere or the possibility of attributing observed warming of about 0.5°C since 180 to human impacts). . Model forecasts are correct, but confounded by sulfates, volcanoes, etc. They feel it is convenient to blame climate model errors on rare events such as volcanoes, El Nino, solar flares, etc. They state that models do not do a good job of handling rudimentary atmospheric variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. . Melting of the polar ice caps will cause the sea level to rise. In Antarctica, there is absolutely no evidence of increasing temperatures since the mid-160's. 4. All bad weather is evidence of global warming. It seems that everything that occurs in our world lately has been blamed on global warming - hurricanes, droughts, fires, floods, blizzards, and even insect plagues.Other fallacies sited are In the United States, recent years have been the warmest on record; northern hemisphere temperature increases over the last century correspond to Global Warming 6human-induced warming; more CO yields much higher surface temperatures; climate models are correct but are limited by computer technology; the climate will be more extreme; and, summers will be extremely hot and dry. None of these theories have been proven by any scientific data that is available to date. With all the uncertainty regarding projections of future climate changes, can we really say that humans are causing the climate to change? At present, 8% of total global greenhouse gas emissions are natural. Only % are from man-made sources. Although the climate has warmed slightly in the last 100 years, most of that warming occurred prior to 140, before the upsurge in greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes. Actually, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climatologist Thomas Karl, in a paper published in 18, temperatures have been showing a downward trend since their peak in 140. Additionally, a Gallup survey indicated that only 17% of the members of the American Meteorological Society and the American Geophysical Society thought the warming of the 0th century was the result of an increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions. In conclusion, when one takes all of the differing scientific evidence and interpretation into consideration, it would be very hard to agree with the theory "that artificial greenhouse gasses are causing unnatural global warming". I believe that it is too large of a leap for mankind to make to think that he can actually affect the global climate that has its own checks and balances and has been in the making for some 4 billion years. Global Warming 7References Tarbuck, E. J. & Lutgens, F. K. (000). Earth Science, (Ninth Edition), Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1//0), Global Warming - Climate, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/climate.html. Committee on the Science of Climate Change, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (001), Climate Change Science An Analysis of Some Key Questions, Washington, DC, National Academy Press NewScientist.com (1//00), Climate Change, A Greenhouse Timeline, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/climatetimeline.jsp Global Warming Information Page (1/11/0), Global Warming In Brief, Retrieved December 11, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.globalwarming.org/brochure.html. World Climate Report (1//0), Top 10 Global Warming Myths, Retrieved December , 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.coandclimate.org/climate/previous_issues/vo11/v1n5/feature1.htm. Please note that this sample paper on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Global Warming - Fact or Fiction will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The world of modern agriculture is ever changing. We have been purchasing, for longer than we may know, a new variety of the same old vegetable. These plants that become our food are, in some ways, stronger and smarter than any conventional species. They are armed with new defenses against unwanted predation. They are protected from diseases that have bothered their species for centuries. They are already replacing many long used modern technologies. These new breeds are no miracle, however. They are the result of our highly ambitious scientific community and its interests in developing genetic engineering. The intensively studied science of genetic manipulation is both feared and loved by the world's people. Its power is immense and promising but it is an infant science, and is therefore a looming and unknown force. It entered our lives silently, and even now we purchase the product unaware of its highly unusual origin. These are reasons why genetically modified crops scare and worry the public. However, the practice of modifying food does have its endearing qualities. If people don't know about them, or much else about biotech foods, for that matter, it is understandable that they would be cautious. No one wants to eat his or her food without knowing what else is in it.Genetic engineered food is hailed by the Biotech industry as a new, better way of growing food, that will allow farms to produce more food, thereby helping to feed the hungry. They also state that they make food healthier, and more convenient for a farmer to use by eliminating the need for certain inputs. These new breeds are substantially different than their organic counterparts, and may contain materials not present in any natural plant. When we buy them, however, we are sold on the companies' claims of; nothing at all. Genetically altered food is not labeled as such, and is sold in the same fashion that normal vegetables are sold. Michael Pollan, in Playing God in the Garden, an excerpt his book on agriculture, The Botany of Desire, shares his experiences and opinions on biotechnology, along with those of several others. He speaks about the biotech companies, saying, the industry has succeeded in depicting these plants simultaneously as the linchpins of a biological revolutionpart of a new agricultural paradigm that will make farming more sustainable, feed the world and improve health and nutritionand, oddly enough, as the same old stuff… [Pollan, 507] If genetically engineered vegetables are indeed as amazingly beneficial to our agricultural system as the companies that engineer them claim, then why do we hear nothing about it once the products reach us? It seems like the biotech companies are afraid to tell the consumer that the species of veggie they have just purchased has been created in a lab, and contains foreign DNA, from say, some virus. Perhaps it is because they know that genetic engineering is not a common household term, and a large portion of the general public would not readily accept food created through the process. Or perhaps it is due to the fact that not all the uncertainties of this brand new technology have been figured out as of yet.Many questions remain regarding the complete safety of bio-engineered vegetables. Their long-term usefulness in fulfilling the tasks they are made to is also questionable. Pollan uses a type of potato, the New Leaf Superior, as his primary example of a genetically modified food. The altered potato contains an organic insecticide, Bt. Organic farmers have used Bt for decades as a spray insecticide, to control potato beetles. Monsanto, the leading Genetic foods corporation, created the New Leaf to grow its own Bt, giving the plant its own innate defense against pests, namely the potato beetle. Organic farmers do not see this as being a good thing. Instead of being flattered by the imitation, however, organic farmers are up in arms the widespread use of Bt in biotech crops is likely to lead to insect resistance, thus robbing organic growers of one of their most critical tools; that is, Monsanto's version of sustainable agriculture may threaten precisely those farmers who pioneered sustainable farming. [Pollan, 508]

If beetles became resistant to Bt, the ecosystem would be polluted. This would be unlike chemical pollution, which can be controlled. Pollution of a biological nature is uncontrollable. It consists of an organism's DNA, and therefore spreads as fast as a species can breed its offspring. Much like a genetic disease, once it is loosed upon the population, it becomes a part of it, permanently.Organic farmers are very upset about the idea of genetic engineering coming in and disrupting their method of growing food. Organic farming is a very complex process, and cannot easily accept disruptions of its delicate balance. Bt is an important asset to organic farmers, and they could not afford to lose it. Insect resistance to Bt…could end the effectiveness of one of the safest insecticides we haveand cripple the organic farmers who depend on it. The theory, which is now accepted by most entomologists, is that Bt crops will add so much of the toxin to the environment that insects will develop resistance to it. [Pollan, 51] Organic farmers need to use Bt, because it is non-toxic and can be consumed safely by humans. The USDA requires, for farmers to be Certified Organic, that they follow a certain set of rules. Before their crops can be certified, all organic farmers must use only approved materials that will not harm humans, animals, or soil life. They must develop an organic farm management plan, keep detailed records, and be inspected annually by an accredited certification agency. [Rules of certified organic, OrganicGardening.com] Without a safe pesticide such as Bt, organic farmers would have to develop a new method of pest control, which would be a costly endeavor. Otherwise they would be forced to forfeit their status of an organic farmer, and additionally, the right to have their food labeled organic.To hold off the problem of insects developing resistance to the pesticides, companies like Monsanto have proposed a resistance management plan. How this works is farmers who plant genetically engineered crops would leave some of their land as conventional crops with unaltered produce growing. This method of prevention does have some faults, which may justify some of the concerns among those who oppose genetic farming. For one, it is not required that farmers include non-engineered crops in their farm. The EPA will not require or enforce this. Additionally, the size the refuges must be to be effective, as well as where they must be located, is not known. Of course, if the company that develops the plan doesn't know how the refuges must be set up, farmers surely will not either. Pollan writes about his observations of some farmers' refuges. This proved to be a joke. I guess that's a refuge over there, one Washington farmer told me, pointing to a cornfield. [Pollan, 517] Of course, a cornfield is useless as a potato beetle refuge, because they don't live in cornfields. This is a prime example of one of the shortcomings of this method of resistance control. Organic farmers do not take the refuge plans seriously, because it will be ineffective unless it is refined more, and properly enforced. The Monsanto corporation and the EPA have not yet taken the idea of resistant insects very seriously, so it seems that the refuges are maybe more a way of calming people down due to a lack of a more effective method of resistance control. Monsanto did offer Pollan information on what they plan to do if refuges should be ineffective, or if they are, what to do when mutated bugs eventually start to overcome the refuges, and become a problem. He was told that even if resistant pests appear, the biotech companies have different chemicals that could be used in the place of Bt. In this way the practice of food engineering could be continued for much longer. Jerry Hjelle, vice president of Monsanto, told Pollan, There are a thousand other Bts out there. [Pollan, 51] Instead of dealing directly with the problem of resistance, Monsanto will instead allow resistance to occur, and deal with it by developing a new product, with a different chemical in the vegetable, every time one loses effectiveness. Whether there are enough effective pesticides that are safe for human consumption for this to be practical is not mentioned. However, if this were the case, it would seem unusual that organic farmers would be so upset over the loss of their ability to use Bt.Pollan brings the field of biotech into question once more in his essay. He notes that the practice of monoculture, which is planting one type of crop only on a field, continuously, is what really creates the problem of pests and the need for all the pesticides used on conventional farms. Because of companies that mass-produce certain products, such as McDonalds, there is a demand for huge amounts of certain species of produce. McDonalds, for example, uses only Russet Burbanks to make their french fries. Crops using monoculture are more vulnerable to pests, because without crop rotation, the animals that eat and destroy the crops remain on the fields for the next planting. Genetic engineering is a development that alleviates the problem of pests attacking fields. However, the real problem may be the entire process of monoculture itself. Genetically altered foods only sustain the practice of monoculture. Biotechnology is the new silver bullet that will save monoculture. But a new silver bullet is not a new paradigmrather, it's something that will allow the old paradigm to survive. [Pollan, 50] What Pollan is saying is that biotechnology is helping us preserve the practice of monoculture; though monoculture may the very thing we should be trying to eliminate. All in all, the practice of biotechnology is potentially a powerful alternative to spraying large amounts of pesticides. That it preserves monoculture is inevitable. In a world like today's, where so much is produced in mass quantities, there must be uniformity in the quality of the product. Biotech is the answer our nation's agricultural industry has provided us at this time, and we are stuck with it if we want to continue our habit of eating prepared foods. Until any shocking evidence against the use of genetic engineering comes to the surface, we will surely go on being consumers. Please note that this sample paper on ueeeeeee is for your review only. 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